Capítulos de livros

Lisbon airport was constructed in 1940 and needs to be replaced with a more modern and improved infrastructure. The Portuguese Ministry of Public Works, Transportation and Communications, commissioned the LNEC to perform a technical comparison of two alternative locations for the New Lisbon Airport. This paper presents the comparison study of the effects of the two alternatives on surface water resources. The authors needed to develop a sound and expedite methodology that would take into account the most relevant quantitative and qualitative impacts. It is considered that the used methodology may be applied to various spatial scales, being objective, reliable, and able to support a political decision.

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A non – stationary stochastic method was applied to test four different models that have been taken as possible for the source of the 1755 earthquake. Source parameters of the model (corner frequency, stress drop) were estimated based on source spectra of S waves of 12 earthquakes records (corresponding to a total of 25 records) and the upper crustal attenuation parameter was estimated from the high-frequency decay of the acceleration spectra, after correcting observed spectra from geometrical spreading and anelastic attenuation effect. Site effects were evaluated by means of an equivalent stochastic non-linear one-dimensional ground response analysis of stratified soil profile using the LNECloss system and using an available data base containing information about soil classification for Portugal and a data base with stratified soil profile units for the Metropolitan Area of Lisbon (MAL).

A habitação deve proteger de condições ambientais adversas, ajudar na prevenção de doenças, assegurar a higiene, o conforto ambiental, físico e mental, o sossego e as actividades correntes e criativas, bem como a manutenção da saúde humana num sentido amplo que engloba o bem estar; objectivos estes que muito dependem de adequadas condições de desafogo espacial, de boas condiçõesadas ao abastecimento de água potável e ao saneamento básico, e de agradáveis condições de equilíbrio térmico, ventilação e luz natural, insolação e isolamento acústico. No que se refere à reabilitação habitacional, ela é uma medida urgente no conjunto da nossa edificação urbana, que está intimamente ligada aos problemas da saúde, da higiene do bem estar na habitação, e que exige uma abordagem específica em termos de objectivos prioritários, abordagem esta que é apenas esboçada na presente ficha.

O bem-estar no interior do edifício depende de uma boa escolha das suas características, considerando as respectivas condições de identidade, de relação com os espaços de recreio e de lazer da envolvente e de conforto dos respectivos espaços comuns; aspectos estes que podem ser fundamentais para o estímulo do seu uso por crianças e idosos. No interior da habitação são fundamentais as condições de funcionalidade e de adaptabilidade a diversos tipos de usos e de modos de vida, em conjunto com as boas condições de segurança e intervenção de emergência e de relação com o exterior e a natureza, aspectos estes essenciais para crianças, idosos, pessoas doentes e pessoas que vivam sós.

Fazer habitação não se pode limitar ao espaço que fica da soleira da porta de entrada para dentro, sendo essenciais as condições de habitabilidade e de conforto proporcionadas pelo sítio onde habitamos, nas quais se destacam, quer a máxima protecção relativamente às diversas fontes de poluição e aos perigos e incómodos associados à circulação de veículos motorizados, quer a existência de espaços exteriores e equipamentos que sejam verdadeiramente convidativos para uma intensa estadia no exterior em actividades de lazer, recreio e convívio, num contacto estimulante com a natureza e num meio especialmente amigável para crianças e idosos. Resumindo-se, importa sublinhar que no exterior e na envolvente da habitação também se deve poder habitar com saúde e com evidente bem estar.

The hydrodynamics and sediment dynamics of a low energy estuarine beach was analysed. The beach is subjected to local wind waves generated in an area of restricted fetch, wake waves generated by catamarans and a semi diurnal meso-tidal regime. Only storm events of short duration modify the beach profile, which, once the normal hydrodynamic conditions are restored, naturally recovers its initial shape. The beach is characterised by having a steep upper slope until mean sea level, followed, seaward, by a low gradient terrace, and a bimodal sediment distribution. To investigate the hydro sedimentologic beach behaviour, wind, topo-hydrographic and sedimentologic data were used as input and validation of process based numerical modelling. Wave generation and transformation in an area of restricted fetch, nearshore circulation, sediment transport and morphological evolution were simulated for average annual conditions and storm conditions. The statistical analysis of a six-year wind data series allowed to derive the average wind regime, based on which, the average annual wave regime and the average annual longshore sediment budget, 14.5x103 m3year-1, were calculated. The contribution of the individual components of the representative wave regime, discretised by directional sector and height class of incidence, was evaluated as well as the spatial distribution of the longshore sediment transport in the active part of the beach profile. The characteristics of the wave groups generated by the passage of catamarans at different speeds were estimated and their action on the beach morphology was simulated. Although when the catamarans travel at 20 knots speed the average annual wake wave energy dissipated at the beach is 2.5 times higher than the average annual wind wave energy, the erosion effect on the beach profile is still not relevant for the present traffic. In opposition, short duration storm events generate the formation of an erosion scarp at the upper part of the beach face. The numerical modelling of this phenomenon allowed to acknowledge on the protective effect that the low gradient terrace has on the beach face.

This paper addresses groundwater artificial recharge solutions for integrated management of watersheds and aquifer systems under extreme drought scenarios. Based on a lecture presented by Dr. JP Lobo Ferreira at UNESCO’s International Year of Planet Earth (IYPE) Workshop held in Oslo, Norway, August 2009, the conceptual idea of Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) is considered, in this paper, as one of the scientific based solutions towards scientific based mitigation measures to climate variability and change in many parts of the world. In Portugal two European Union sponsored 6th Framework Programme for Research Projects have been addressing this topic, namely GABARDINE Project on “Groundwater artificial recharge based on alternative sources of water: Advanced integrated technologies and management” (cf. http://www.lnec.pt/organizacao/dha/organization/dha/nas/estudos_id/gabardine) and the Coordinated Action ASEMWATERNet, a “Multi-Stakeholder Platform for ASEM S&T Cooperation on Sustainable Water Use” (cf. http://www.lnec.pt/organizacao/dha/nas/estudos_id/asemwaternet and http://www.asemwaternet.org.pt). This paper addresses selected achievements of those Projects.

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