Publications

When dealing with road safety in Africa, one should bear in mind that road safety problems need to be seen in their context as the solutions proposed to address them. While it is relevant to consider international good practices, African stakeholders should become owners of the interventions addressing their problems and take the responsibility for developing and implementing the appropriate solutions, taking advantage of suitable technical assistance, if needed. Based on these considerations, in this paper, a presentation is made of the process used in the European research project SaferAfrica to define suitable Safe System projects in Africa. This project aims at supporting policymakers and stakeholders with evidence on critical risk factors, related actions, and good practices drawn from high-quality data and knowledge. In the project, road safety and traffic management capacity reviews at the country level were carried out in five countries (Cameroon, Burkina Faso, Tunisia, Kenya, and South Africa), following the World Bank guidelines. After conducting such a capacity review, these guidelines recommend the preparation and implementation of Safe System projects, “stand-alone, multisector initiatives targeting high-risk corridors and areas, with outcomes large enough to be reliably measured.” In SaferAfrica, this approach aims at facilitating the implementation of Safe System projects in the considered countries, by identifying detailed short-term improvement plans and producing contextualized terms of reference for some interventions per selected country. These interventions are remedial, they address high-priority concerns and demonstrate the viability of high potential gains within current administrative and legislative frameworks. To design interventions suitable to the existing context, the transferability audit tool was adopted within a “participative” process, involving all possible interested parties, from the institutions to NGOs. Results from the process are presented and discussed.

Introduction: Roadway departure (RwD) crashes, comprising run-off-road (ROR) and cross- median/centerline head-on collisions, are one of the most lethal crash types. According to the FHWA, between 2015 and 2017, an average of 52 percent of motor vehicle traffic fatalities occurred each year due to roadway departure crashes. An avoidance maneuver, inattention or fatigue, or traveling too fast with respect to weather or geometric road conditions are among the most common reasons a driver leaves the travel lane. Roadway and roadside geometric design features such as clear zones play a significant role in whether human error results in a crash.in a crash. Method: In this we used mixed-logit models to investigate the contributing factors on injury severity of single-vehicle ROR crashes. To that end, we obtained five years’ (2010–2014) of crash data related to roadway departures (i.e., overturn and fixed-object crashes) from the Federal Highway Administration’s Highway Safety Information System Database. Results: The results indicate that factors such as driver conditions (e.g., age), environmental conditions (e.g., weather conditions), roadway geometric design features (e.g., shoulder width), and vehicle conditions significantly contributed to the severity of ROR crashes. Conclusions: Our results provide valuable information for traffic design and management agencies to improve roadside design policies and implementing appropriately forgiving roadsides for errant vehicles. Practical applications: Our results show that increasing shoulder width and keeping fences at the road can reduce ROR crash severity significantly. Also, increasing road friction by innovative materials and raising awareness campaigns for careful driving at daylight can decrease the ROR crash severity.

This paper is built around a research project developed with the support of the Regional Planning Authority of the Algarve Region in Portugal which assessed mobility patterns covering all modes of transport using heterogeneous data sources (time-series data). Data mining techniques helped to identify limitations in some data sets. The econometric analysis showed that integrated autoregressive models and moving averages for series with seasonality were successful in the prediction of passenger flows using time-series data gathered by the regional authority from transport operators and other entities. Results from the analysis are useful to support a strategy to reverse current trends on continued car growth (along with public transport decrease) and to devise policy measures to enable a sustainable mobility path towards decarbonisation and social equity goals until 2030.

Roadway departure (RwD) crashes, comprising run-off-road (ROR) and cross-median/centerline head-on collisions, are one of the most lethal crash types. Nationwide, from 2014 to 2016, annual RwD crashes accounted for 53% of all motor vehicle traffic fatalities. Several factors may cause a driver leave the travel lane, including an avoidance maneuver and inattention or fatigue. Roadway and roadside geometric design features (e.g., lane widths and clear zones) play a significant role in whether human error results in a crash. In this paper, we present a hazard-based duration model to investigate the distance traveled by an errant vehicle in a run-off-road crash, the stopping hazard rates, and associated risk factors. For this study, we obtained five years' (2010–2014) of crash data related to roadway departures (i.e., overturn and fixed-object crashes) from the Federal Highway Administration's Highway Safety Information System Database. The results indicate that over 50% of the observed vehicles traveled no more than 36 ft. in a ROR crash and 25% of the observed vehicles traveled at least 78 ft. We also found that seasonal, roadway, and crash variables, along with vehicle information and driver characteristics significantly contributed to the distances traveled by errant vehicles in ROR crashes. This paper presents methodological empirical evidence that the Cox proportional-hazards model is appropriate for investigating the distances traveled by errant vehicles in ROR crashes. In addition, it also provides valuable information for traffic design and management agencies to improve roadside design policies and implementing appropriately forgiving roadsides for errant vehicles.

Stepping away from traditional crash-based road safety measurements, several safety performance indicators (SPI) have been proposed in the past few years. SPI can incorporate quantitative and qualitative information on specific aspects that are known to have influence in the safety levels and, not only measure the influence of various safety interventions but also enable comparisons between different road systems. This paper presents the results of the application of a road network SPI to the entire Portuguese road network. This SPI aims at evaluating at the network level, if the connections between urban centres within a region are made by the adequate type of roads regarding generic safety criteria. To this end, the connections to be assessed were classified into pre-defined theoretical safety classes, based on the population of the connected urban centres. Then, the observed safety class of these connections was assessed according to the characteristics of their cross-section and associated road environment of the existing connection between the two urban centres. If the observed class is ensured by a road of higher or equal class than the pre-defined theoretical level in all its extension, the link is considered to be of the appropriate class. For each connection, the results of its evaluation are expressed as a binary value: 0 when the class is not appropriate; and 1 when it is appropriate. The evaluation results are weighted by the road length and aggregated by connection class and throughout the whole road network. The results show a satisfactory network configuration with an SPI of 94% connections with class equal to or higher than the adequate for the type of connection between urban centres they established. The above insights can help in the identification of potential operational inconsistencies that may require safety-related interventions and used for international benchmarks against existing SPI evaluations.

This paper extends the previous R&D project on the evaluation of intermodal freight transport scenarios (seamless multimodal logistic chains) centered in the Port of Sines in Portugal where a set of alternative investment options were compared: (i) maritime – maritime (short-sea-shipping); (ii) maritime-road; (iii) maritime-rail; (iv) maritime-rail-air. This paper aims to bring the perspective of key stakeholders gathered in a specific workshop and assesses the impact of their views in the evaluation of options. The impact analysis focuses on most critical operational and environmental variables, namely shipping speed and CO2 emissions.

Electric bikes (e-bikes) may help in transport decarbonisation in European cities. To fully assess the market potential of e-bikes, further research is needed to understand users’ preferences and the range of factors that can contribute for people to shift from car use to low carbon vehicles such as e-bikes. This paper is built on the Be4Schools R&D project implemented in the city of Águeda which is considered the first smart city in Portugal. It comprised the former study in the country that examined the willingness of students (aged 15-21 years) to use e-bikes for daily trips to school and that gathered their preferences towards specific ICT related attributes. The methodology comprised a mobility survey and a stated-choice experiment (SC). The SC experiment gathered 2232 observations which were able to provide the relevant attribute trade-off information between car travel and e-bike (with or without specific ICT equipment). An extensive econometric analysis was performed to assess the nature and extent of students’ heterogeneity of preferences which also considered gender issues. The study aimed to contribute to the regional economic cluster on powered two-wheels' industry & innovation. Research results are interesting for city mobility policies and the regional industry as the possible integration of ICT equipment in e-bikes may speed up the market uptake of this technology.

The European Commission (EC) introduced the concept of Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMPs) as a new planning paradigm with a focus on people’s needs - Planning for people. This represents a change from traditional planning approaches centred on motorized road traffic/infrastructure provision and a shift towards more sustainable transport options. SUMPs require a long-term and sustainable vision for cities and these are to pay special attention to the participation of citizens and stakeholders and to coordination of policies across sectors (transport, land use, health, energy, and so on). The EC guidelines on developing and implementing SUMPs (EC, 2013) establish the following primary objectives of this “new way of planning urban mobility”: accessibility and quality of life, as well as sustainability, economic viability, social equity, health and environment quality. Since urban areas in Europe account for 23% to 25% of CO2 emissions from transport (EC, 2013c; EEA, 2014), SUMPs are expected to contribute to meet long-term climate change policy goals. However, it is less clear how SUMPs can contribute to address key societal challenges such as equity issues in accessibility. According to the EC guidelines SUMPs are still non-existing concepts in most European member states. However, several cities in Europe and beyond have already formulated and adopted SUMPs. This paper builds on a review of voluntary SUMPs developed in Portugal. A sample of forty case studies is considered in the analysis. It aims: a) to understand how climate change goals and equity issues in accessibility have been addressed through the first generation of SUMPs; b) to reflect on the role of SUMPs as tools to answer climate change goals without putting at risk social equity issues, and c) to outline further research needs in the SUMP approach. The research results are expected to give insights into social equity needs in urban transport and climate change adaptation policies in Europe.

Neste artigo são apresentadas ferramentas destinadas ao planeamento e gestão das redes viárias que consideram explicitamente a segurança dos utentes vulneráveis. Essas ferramentas referem-se à criação de uma base de dados georreferenciada dos acidentes rodoviários ocorridos em Lisboa entre 2004 e 2007, que permitiu a definição de mapas digitais, com possibilidade de uma grande diversidade de consultas; ao desenvolvimento de modelos de estimativa de frequência de acidentes para redes urbanas, em função de características do elemento rodoviário, que incorporam dados de exposição de utentes vulneráveis de forma a melhorar a capacidade de estimativa da sinistralidade em redes urbanas e á sua aplicação na identificação de zonas de acumulação de acidentes.

With the increasing level of detail of traffic simulation models, the need for a consistent understanding of simulators’ performance and the adequate calibration and validation procedures to control uncertainty is crucial, particularly in applications focusing on complex driving behaviour and detailed outputs, such as road safety analysis. In this work the calibration of traffic microscopic simulation models for safety analysis is analyzed considering four different key uncertainty sources: the input data, the calibration methodology, the model structure and its parameters, and the output data. The use of a multi-step sensitivity analysis (SA) framework is proposed and applied to the simulation of an urban motorway scenario, using a complex traffic simulation model with more than one hundred parameters. A three-level analysis is presented: (1) different advanced SA and calibration methods are described, compared and integrated in a multi-step global SA framework; (2) the proposed method is tested using both vehicle trajectory and aggregated traffic data to assess the impact of model parameters uncertainty and different types of input data on relevant outputs; and (3) accident and non-accident scenario-specific calibrations are performed to test the capacity of the simulator in replicating changes in detailed traffic and safety related measurements. Different techniques are adopted in each phase of the global SA and calibration method, attending to the problem complexity, the dimensionality of the experiment, and minimizing the necessary number of model evaluations. The proposed method successfully identified the role played by all parameters and by the model stochasticity on different safety outputs. The final model calibration, carried out by explicitly considering the presence of uncertainty at different levels, confirmed the potential of advanced microscopic traffic models to adequately replicate detailed traffic and safety measurements, shedding light on different aspects of the interaction between road safety and traffic dynamics.

Neste artigo são apresentadas ferramentas destinadas ao planeamento e gestão das redes viárias que consideram explicitamente a segurança dos utentes vulneráveis. Essas ferramentas referem-se à criação de uma base de dados georreferenciada dos acidentes rodoviários ocorridos em Lisboa entre 2004 e 2007, que permitiu a definição de mapas digitais, com possibilidade de uma grande diversidade de consultas; e ao desenvolvimento de modelos de estimativa de frequência de acidentes para redes urbanas, em função de características do elemento rodoviário, que incorporam dados de exposição de utentes vulneráveis de forma a melhorar a capacidade de estimativa da sinistralidade em redes urbanas.

Neste artigo é apresentado o estudo da avaliação do impacte sobre a segurança rodoviária da implementação de planos de segurança municipais. Este estudo foi desenvolvido num concelho piloto, que já possuía um plano municipal de segurança rodoviária. O seu objectivo centrou-se na avaliação do impacte do conjunto de intervenções de segurança rodoviária previstas para a rede viária do concelho piloto, com a finalidade de ajuizar acerca da viabilidade dos objectivos visados (em termos de indicadores quantitativos) e apoiar as decisões acerca da prioridade e intensidade a atribuir a cada intervenção programada.

estudos rodoviários. Os custos associados às contagens manuais ou automáticas inviabilizam muitas vezes a adaptação destas técnicas para a caracterização do tráfego, pelo que o recurso a estimativas do valor de Tráfego Médio Diário Anual (TMDA) reveste-se de particular interesse. Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia expedita para estimar o TMDA na rede viária urbana da cidade de Lisboa através do estabelecimento de factores de ajustamento horários, diários e mensais, com base em dados de tráfego obtidos a partir de sistemas de gestão de tráfego disponíveis na cidade (GERTRUDE e SICIT).

Transport externalities are an important issue concerning both academic researchers and policy makers. One of the strategic goals of the EU Transport policy, as stated in the Transport White Paper “Roadmap to a Single European Transport area – Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system”, is to reduce 60% of GHG from transport until 2050 (reduction of emissions by 80–95 % below 1990 levels). Within this context, the full application of the user pays/polluter pays principles is required. Local externalities such as noise, air pollution and congestion are envisaged to be internalised through charging for the use of transport infrastructures. Environmental externalities such as traffic noise, local pollution and GHG emissions, along with congestion and the external cost of accidents are key contributors to transport inefficiency. Other externalities may play a role such as biodiversity impacts or changes in landscape-and land use. This paper was developed from a comprehensive literature review of transport externalities’ related research comprising European funded research projects, national projects and scientific papers, as part of the COST-TREND project funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology. It aims to investigate the impact of those studies on transport policies in two countries, having a comparison study of Portugal and Poland. The analysis focused on past and existing policy trends and how monetized unitary value estimates had been used by transport policy makers. Examples include the cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of transport investments and the setting of road charges and pricing policies. The study methodology also include a survey applied to selected transport authorities in Poland and Portugal which will provide useful insights for current applications and helped to identify main barriers and still remaining gaps. Expected results will demonstrate what approaches and values of environmental externalities are currently utilized in transport policies for the case of Poland and Portugal, and what remains as emerging theoretical and practical challenges towards the full internalisation of local externalities.

Integrated energy and urban mobility systems are key components for achieving cities’ sustainability. Several urban metabolism approaches are emerging as leading tools for quantifying energy consumption and use patterns of resources in urban environments. Examples are the mass balance accounting (or energy-materials flux approach) using several quantification methods such as material flow analysis and life cycle assessment and Odum’s emergy methods. In this research we adapt the extended metabolism model of a city developed by Newman (1999) and the material and energy flow accounting by Sheeri (2002) to assess the future role of electric vehicles, renewable energy use for mobility needs and energy efficiency increases for households living in the city of Aveiro, a medium-sized city of 78450 inhabitants in Portugal. The data used comprised an integrated set of energy, transport, socio-economic and solid waste production/treatment collected at the local and National level as part of the research project COST-TRENDS funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology. The analysis of the potential energy mix (energy inputs from different sources) and households’ mobility needs refers to the horizon 2010-2020. Several energy sources were considered: hydric, wind, solar (thermic and photovoltaic) and solid waste (incineration and biogas). Potential accessibility indicators were developed to better convergence towards sustainable mobility objectives, measuring the potential for interaction and exchange of services and opportunities. Different household’s profiles were established to represent consumers’ behaviour. It was found that the above integrated energy system could provide a total of 2,61 MWh/household.year, which represents on average around 38,2% of the total energy needs for households’ daily mobility and 1,2 tonnes CO2/household.year avoided. On the other hand, the replacement of conventional internal combustion engine by battery electric vehicles could allow an energy reduction between 4,7 and 6,1 MWh/household.year until 2020 and a reduction of 1,6 tonnes CO2 /household.year.

The Port of Sines “Terminal XXI” is an Iberian sea container harbour capable of accommodating vessels of the “Postpanamax” type. Located in the South of Portugal´s West Coast, “Terminal XXI” bears a unique location towards the Atlantic (37º57´N, 08º53´W), being the result of a thirty year-long public concession awarded to the Port of Singapore Authority (PSA) on a BOT model basis, in 2004. As a deep water port (16.5m ZH depth), Sines “Terminal XXI”, presents a capacity of handling 1.000.000 TEU´s per year, over a 730m long quayside, and includes a 24 ha (38,4 acre) storage surface. An expansion program is in due course at present, envisaging an increase of the container handling capacity to a level of 1.320.000 TEU´s per year, over a 940m long quayside, with a new configuration including nine “Postpanamax” and “Super-Postpanamax” gantry cranes. Sines “Terminal XXI” presents itself as a logical and key Atlantic outlet to many Spanish Continental Communities, with a particular regard to Greater Madrid (Central Meseta) or Zaragoza (Aragon), with their major and central logistical hubs, known as “Puertos Secos” (dry ports). Being linked to the Portuguese national railway network, “Terminal XXI” relies however on a too lengthy and circuitous rail itinerary, with a new “cut-off” to be materialized before 2020, under the auspices of RTE-T (freight) “Corridor 16”. This scheme will provide Sines “Terminal XXI” with a much more direct rail link to Spain and remaining Europe than the present situation, consisting of a new section of conventional line, from Evora to Badajoz border, and through the Communities of Extremadura and Castilla-la-Mancha, as far as Manzanares, via Merida and Ciudad Real, where another leg from “Corridor 16” originating at the Port of Algeciras will join, with both sections merging, to follow subsequently over existing modernized routes to Madrid and Zaragoza dry ports. A long-term phase of development will see the appearance of a completely new rail freight route from Zaragoza to France, involving a Central Pyrenean Tunnel. This will not be a foreseeable reality before 2030. The Atlantic positioning of “Terminal XXI” acquires a particular importance in the wake of the Panama Canal widening. From 2014 onwards, it will be possible for the “Postpanamax” and “Super-Postpanamax” container carriers, to follow a new planetary route linking the emerging economies of Far East Asia and those of Western Europe, with a passage by North America´s East Coast, as an intermediate point. The economies of scale brought about by the new route, presenting itself as an alternative to the traditional Indic-Suez and Cape Horn-South America routes, is susceptible of originating a re-configuration of the pattern of “Postpanamax” vessel routes worldwide, with an increasing emphasis being conferred to the North Atlantic. Owing to its strategic positioning as a deep-water container port, Sines “Terminal XXI”, is a likely candidate, to become integrated into the new emerging global logistics network, but it is necessary to assess the extent to which it may be an active part of a complex web of sea routes and its operators, rail freight transport and inland final clients, either forwarding or receiving containerized goods. This paper aims to assess the likely developments of the Sines “Terminal XXI” container facility, presenting alternative development scenarios, set at three distinct periods: i) 2014-2020, during the first years after the widening of the Panama Canal; ii) 2020-2030, including the fully completion and bringing into commercial operation of the new RTE-T “Corridor 16” Rail Link; and iii) beyond 2030, contemplating the establishment of a Central Pyrenean Tunnel as an alternative to the historical and traditional rail links, via the Basque Country and Catalonia, and the widespread use of 1435mm standard-gauge tracks, replacing the 1668mm broad-gauge ones, currently existent on virtually all conventional (non-high speed) main line railways of the Iberian Peninsula. Recent proposals concerning the possible constitution of an American-EU Free-Trade Area on a medium-term period, further emphasize the likely importance of Sines “Terminal XXI”. Since the port of Sines presents a unique deep-water Atlantic container terminal in Western Europe, research results are expected to provide useful indicators for policy purposes, leading to more sustainable development patterns of global freight and logistics.

This paper aims to assess the impact of missing income data on estimates of the accuracy of marginal costs of aviation noise externalities, namely missing socio-economic attributes which are normally used to segment the sample for policy purposes. The experimental approach comprised a comparison between the coefficient parameter estimates obtained by fitting multinomial logit models using econometric software to both the complete data set and to data sets where several amounts of income data were replaced by missing values (5%, 10%, 25% and 50%). The latter data sets were analysed employing the two most common methods for missingness: the LD and the Multiple Imputation (MI) method using the expectation-maximization Bayesian bootstrapping algorithm within the Amelia II software program. The most appropriate number of imputations and the set of variables used to obtain the imputations with the MI approach are further investigated. The comparisons will be made through measures of accuracy of parameter estimates and of the combined model.

The knowledge of factors affecting accident occurrence has been a relevant research area for many decades due to enormous costs to society of road accidents. In Portugal, the developments in this area have focused mainly on inter-urban roads. Urban areas, which are characterized by high percentages of injury accidents (about 69% of the total between 2004 and 2008), require priority attention. This paper summarizes the result of a study which contributes to the improvement of road safety in urban areas, through the creation of tools that can be used in intervention methods in the planning and management of road networks. The first tool relates the creation of a geocoded database of road accident occurred in Lisbon between 2004 and 2007, which allowed the definition of digital maps, with the possibility of a wide range of consultations and crossing of information. The second tool concerns the development of models to estimate the frequency of accidents on urban networks, according to different disagregations: according to the road element: at intersections (three legs, four legs and roundabouts) and in segments; and according to the inclusion of explanatory variables related to the road environment: simplified (only with the exposure variables) and global (with all potential explanatory variables). These two tools can be used directly in the management of road infrastructure providing entities with expertise in road safety with accurate and detailed information about the factors involved in accidents in urban areas and their spatial distribution.

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A Economia dos Transportes e do Ambiente constituem bases para a fundamentação teórica dos métodos de avaliação económica de impactos ambientais dos transportes. Todavia, ainda não existem recomendações sobre qual a metodologia de avaliação económica a utilizar na monetarização dos vários impactos. Neste contexto, são várias as questões em investigação, tendo como objectivo contribuir para a melhoria da eficiência da avaliação ambiental estratégica de planos e programas de transporte: - O conhecimento actual permite que todos os impactos dos transportes possam ser monetarizados de igual forma? - Que tipos de impactos devem ser considerados na avaliação ambiental estratégica no sector dos transportes? - Que métodos de avaliação podem ser recomendados para cada impacto? - Quais os futuros desafios em matéria da avaliação ambiental estratégica de planos e programas de transportes? Será abordado o caso dos custos externos ambientais do ruído de tráfego aéreo.

The application of low-cost road and traffic engineering measures (LCEM) is a cost-effective method for reducing accidents and their consequences. Empirical evidence shows that enforcement contributes to improvements on driving behaviour and road safety; however, results from reducing enforcement are seldom presented. In this paper a presentation is made of the impact LCEM and changes in enforcement intensity had on selected driving behaviour variables and safety levels on a 170 km single carriageway trunk road. LCEM were implemented on the road, followed a year later by the commitment of exceptionally intense and severe law enforcement and, after two years, its relaxation. The impacts of these safety interventions were evaluated through observational before-after studies. The expected number of injury accidents was reduced by 41% (less 75% fatalities), when considering the combined effect of LCEM and enforcement; suppression of strict enforcement was related to a 20% increase in the number of fatalities.

This case study refers to a successful application of an asphalt rubber wearing course in the frame of the rehabilitation of the pavement of the National Road EN 1 between Landiosa and Picoto. It concerns asphalt rubber manufactured by the wet process, using gap-graded aggregates. / O presente caso de estudo refere-se à aplicação bem sucedida de misturas com betume modificado com borracha reciclada de pneus em camada de desgaste, no âmbito das obras de reabilitação do pavimento da estrada nacional EN 1, entre Landiosa e Picoto. Diz respeito, em particular, ao fabrico, por via húmida, de mistura betuminosa com borracha utilizando agregados com granulometria descontínua.

Manual de boas práticas para uma mobilidade sustentável, no âmbito do projecto nacional "Mobilidade Sustentável" coordenado pela Agência portuguesa do Ambiente (Vol. II). O projecto Mobilidade Sustentável envolveu uma rede de 15 centros de investigação/universidades do país, incluindo o LNEC.

Nesta publicação apresentam-se os aspectos relativos à concepção do projecto Mobilidade Sustentável, principais conclusões e recomendações.

O tempo decorrido (ou a distância percorrida) até à ocorrência de um evento, ou a duração do mesmo, podem ser analisados através de modelos de duração baseados em risco (hazard-based duration models), os quais têm sido amplamente utilizados em campos como a medicina, as ciências sociais e a engenharia industrial. Contudo, são relativamente escassos os estudos que aplicaram modelos de duração à engenharia de transportes. Este capítulo inclui dois exemplos de aplicação de modelos de duração à investigação em engenharia de transportes. O primeiro diz respeito às distâncias percorridas por veículos descontrolados em despistes ocorridos na Carolina do Norte (E.U.A.). O segundo refere-se ao tempo decorrido até à transferência modal nas deslocações para a escola de um conjunto de alunos de 162 turmas de 51 escolas do ensino básico em Portugal.

Em Portugal, a investigação sobre o conhecimento dos fatores que afetam a probabilidade de ocorrência de acidentes tem-se centrado essencialmente nas estradas interurbanas. No entanto, as zonas urbanas, onde ocorrem elevadas percentagens de acidentes corporais requerem uma atenção prioritária. Com o presente estudo pretendeu contribuir-se para a melhoria da segurança rodoviária em meio urbano, através da criação de ferramentas que podem ser utilizadas em métodos de intervenção em que a segurança dos utentes vulneráveis seja considerada explicitamente nas fases de planeamento e gestão das redes viárias. Uma das referidas ferramentas resultou da elaboração de modelos de estimativa de frequência de acidentes para redes urbanas, segundo diversas desagregações, em função de características do elemento rodoviário: em intersecções (três ramos, quatro ramos e rotundas) e em segmentos; segundo o tipo de acidente (atropelamentos e restantes acidentes com vítimas); e segundo a inclusão de variáveis explicativas relacionadas com o ambiente rodoviário: simplificados (apenas com as variáveis de exposição) e globais (com todas as potenciais variáveis explicativas). O desenvolvimento destes modelos foi apoiado numa base de dados georreferenciada dos acidentes rodoviários ocorridos em Lisboa entre 2004 e 2007, com a qual foi possível explorar os dados de sinistralidade na área geográfica em análise. Estas ferramentas podem ser usadas diretamente na gestão das infraestruturas rodoviárias da cidade de Lisboa e, após pequenas adaptações, estendidas a outros municípios, dotando as respetivas entidades competentes em matéria de segurança rodoviária com informação rigorosa e detalhada sobre os fatores intervenientes na ocorrência de acidentes em meio urbano e a respetiva distribuição espacial.

Os dados discretos ou em escala nominal desempenham um papel fundamental nos transportes porque muitas análises de políticas lidam com estes tipos de dados. Exemplos de dados discretos nos transportes incluem o modo de transporte (automóvel, autocarro, comboio), o tipo ou categoria de veículo e o tipo de acidente rodoviário (despistes, colisões frontais, colisões traseiras, etc.). O conhecimento do efeito das diferentes intervenções de segurança rodoviária na redução da gravidade das lesões resultantes de acidentes rodoviários exige uma avaliação empírica detalhada das interações, reconhecidamente complexas, entre veículos, estrada e fatores humanos. Os avanços mais recentes nas metodologias estatísticas aplicadas a dados discretos sobre sinistralidade rodoviária permitiram o desenvolvimento de modelos sofisticados capazes de serem usados para determinar com rigor a influência dos fatores acima referidos nos níveis de gravidade das lesões resultantes dos acidentes rodoviários. Neste contexto, a aplicação de modelos de resultado discreto permite identificar um conjunto de fatores, relacionados com a envolvente rodoviária, que são estatisticamente relacionáveis com a gravidade das lesões dos utentes envolvidos em acidentes rodoviários, permitindo aperfeiçoar a conceção e o dimensionamento das estradas, bem como orientar políticas conducentes à melhoria da segurança rodoviária. Este capítulo inclui um exemplo de aplicação do modelo logit multinomial usando a gravidade das lesões no condutor como variável de resposta.

Spatial organization in cities has often given a special attention to the requirements of motorized vehicles, neglecting pedestrians and cyclists’ needs. In order to privilege these road users, there is a need to consider their vulnerability and ensure they are provided with comfortable safety levels. Pedestrian safety can be improved with the knowledge of the underlying factors involved in crash occurrence and resulting injuries. The consideration of variables related to the built environment in explanation of crashes and injury outcomes is frequent and helpful. The city of Lisbon was the target for the development of models for the prediction of crash frequencies and their severity, wich could be used to identify high crash risk sites. This procedure contributed to support the intervention in road safety, concerning decisions about the choice of locations for intervention, the characterization of their safety problems, the selection of proper corrective interventions to implement as well as the assessment of the effects obtained with those interventions.

The importance of sustainable urban mobility plans is widely recognized by local and regional authorities across Europe. Technological innovation opportunities such as those offered by current and future ICT can contribute for cities to advance towards sustainable mobility and accessibility for inclusive public spaces. This article is built on an innovative living lab experience of the Intermunicipal Community of the Algarve (AMAL), the regional transport authority, scientifically supported by the LNEC, in Portugal, that comprised the development of the designated “Actions Plans for Sustainable Urban Mobility” (PAMUS) for a network of sixteen cities. Following the Regional Operational Program 2014-2020, these plans were “to support the transition for a low carbon economy in all sectors”, including mobility and transport. Inspired by best practices in Europe, the development of the regional PAMUS included several interconnected components: an integrated approach for the development of the plans that included a collaborative platform of stakeholders, a formal commitment signed by all Mayors to work together towards sustainable mobility goals, a communication strategy to the public, the development of a technological component (app VAMUS) and the acquisition of real-time cycling data using the STRAVA interface. This article is focusing on the potential benefits related to using the technological component of the PAMUS - the app VAMUS which means “we go together” (towards sustainable mobility goals). The app is currently available for two major mobile platforms (iOS and Android) and it provides information on the available public transport options and their connectivity along with other indicators as an incentive for users to choose more sustainable travel options. The PAMUS effort emerges as a disruptive approach to trigger behavioral changes for more cycling and walking (instead of car), leading to enhancing public space and quality of life objectives such as social inclusion and low carbon mobility.

O conhecimento dos factores que afectam a probabilidade de ocorrência de um acidente é uma área de investigação relevante de há muitas décadas devido aos enormes custos para a sociedade dos acidentes rodoviários. Em Portugal, os desenvolvimentos nesta matéria centraram-se essencialmente nas estradas inter-urbanas. No entanto, as zonas urbanas, caracterizadas por elevadas percentagens de acidentes corporais (cerca de 69% do total entre 2004 e 2008), requerem uma atenção prioritária. Com o presente estudo pretendeu contribuir-se para a melhoria da segurança rodoviária em meio urbano, através da criação de ferramentas que podem ser utilizadas em métodos de intervenção em que a segurança dos utentes vulneráveis seja considerada explicitamente nas fases de planeamento e gestão das redes viárias. A primeira ferramenta correspondeu à criação de uma base de dados georreferenciada dos acidentes rodoviários ocorridos na cidade de Lisboa entre 2004 e 2007, que permitiu a definição de mapas digitais, com possibilidade de uma grande diversidade de consultas e de cruzamentos de informação. A segunda ferramenta refere-se à elaboração de modelos de estimativa de frequência de acidentes para redes urbanas, segundo diversas desagregações: segundo o elemento rodoviário: em intersecções (intersecção de três ramos, intersecção de quatro ramos e rotundas) e em segmentos; segundo o tipo de acidente: atropelamentos e restantes acidentes com vítimas; e segundo a inclusão de variáveis explicativas relacionadas com o ambiente rodoviário: simplificado (apenas com as variáveis de exposição) e global (com todas as potenciais variáveis explicativas). Foi considerada a incorporação de dados de exposição relativos aos utentes vulneráveis por forma a melhorar a capacidade de estimativa da sinistralidade em redes urbanas. Estas duas ferramentas podem ser usadas directamente na gestão de infra-estruturas, dotando as entidades com competência em matéria de segurança rodoviária com informação rigorosa e detalhada sobre os factores intervenientes na ocorrência de acidentes em meio urbano e respectiva distribuição espacial.

No período de 1988 a 1993, ocorreram anualmente nas estradas rurais de uma faixa de rodagem e dois sentidos da Rede Rodoviária Nacional de Portugal, em média, cerca de 1471 acidentes corporais anuais em curva fora de cruzamentos. Estes acidentes constituem cerca de 33% dos acidentes corporais fora de cruzamentos participados na referida rede. O objectivo do presente trabalho é contribuir para o conhecimento da influência da estrada na ocorrência de acidentes e para o desenvolvimento de um método para avaliação de traçados rodoviários do ponto de vista da segurança. Foram realizadas in situ campanhas de recolha de dados sobre as distribuições de velocidades dos condutores, os quais foram relacionados com as características geométricas das estradas e com a respectiva sinistralidade. Foram desenvolvidos modelos para estimativa de perfis de velocidade de circulação livre, bem como modelos para estimativa da frequência de acidentes, em estradas de uma faixa de rodagem e dois sentidos, adaptados às condições de tráfego nacionais. Os referidos modelos foram integrados num procedimento para detectar inconsistências de velocidade em especial associadas à ocorrência de acidentes em curva, o qual foi usado para fundamentar uma proposta de quantificação de critérios de homogeneidade de traçado, adaptados à realidade do sistema de tráfego rodoviário português.

As características de utilização do automóvel no que diz respeito à flexibilidade nas distâncias praticáveis, ao conforto e à independência horária tornaram-no no meio de transporte mais utilizado no contexto actual da procura de transportes. A quantificação do uso do automóvel de forma regular e diversificada tornou-se numa necessidade manifesta da nossa sociedade, face aos impactes negativos associados ao tráfego rodoviário, tais como o congestionamento, a poluição ou a sinistralidade. O número de veículos que circulam numa rede rodoviária, ou parte dela, representado pelo volume de tráfego rodoviário, constitui uma fonte de informação fundamental sobre o estado de um determinado sistema de tráfego e na análise dos respectivos impactes. No presente trabalho é analisado o cenário actual em que se enquadram as estimações de volumes anuais de tráfego rodoviário ao nível nacional, lançando as bases para o desenvolvimento de um modelo sistemático de estimação para Portugal. São analisados os diferentes métodos internacionais de estimação de volumes de tráfego rodoviário, referindo as particularidades no seu desenvolvimento e na sua utilização. É feita uma análise dos dados relevantes actualmente disponíveis em Portugal e apresentado o desenvolvimento de um método de estimação de volumes anuais de tráfego rodoviário ao nível nacional, baseado fundamentalmente nas leituras de conta-quilómetros realizadas em inspecções técnicas. Por fim, são apresentadas as estimativas dos volumes de tráfego rodoviário ao nível nacional para os anos de 2004, 2005 e 2006, segundo o método de estimação desenvolvido. Estes valores constituem a primeira estimativa nacional de volumes de tráfego desagregados por tipo de veículo e tipo de estrada, permitindo um melhor conhecimento das distâncias percorridas segundo estas variáveis e uma actualização das estimativas agregadas existentes.

Nesta dissertação de Mestrado aborda-se o tema das medidas correctivas da infra-estrutura e descrevem-se os principais aspectos a considerar num sistema de recolha e organização de informação relevante para avaliação dos resultados obtidos com as medidas aplicadas. Designam-se por medidas correctivas da infra-estrutura as intervenções que se destinam a corrigir as deficiências da infra-estrutura rodoviária que contribuem para a ocorrência de acidentes rodoviários ou a gravidade das suas consequências, para melhoria do nível de segurança do sistema de tráfego. Neste documento são apresentadas as conclusões da análise da aplicação de medidas correctivas da infra-estrutura em diversos países, bem como informação básica sobre as medidas mais comuns, designadamente no que se refere a critérios de selecção, a aspectos gerais de dimensionamento, a resultados obtidos e a custos de construção, contemplando-se, também, as vantagens e desvantagens registadas com a respectiva aplicação. São abordados aspectos relacionados com o necessário acompanhamento da aplicação deste tipo de medidas no nosso País, através de um plano de supervisão sistemática da respectiva eficácia. Por fim, é realizada a análise da evolução da sinistralidade da EN 6 na sequência de um conjunto de intervenções correctivas, através de um estudo antes-depois, no qual são avaliados os efeitos obtidos pela aplicação de medidas correctivas, quer ao nível do comportamento de condução quer quanto ao número de acidentes e respectiva gravidade.

This report presents a synthesis of the activities carried out by Dr. Elisabete Arsenio in her short term scientific mission (STSM) to Technion – Israel Institute of Technology located in Haifa, Israel. This STSM was previously approved by the Permanent Management Committee Meeting of the COST action TU1209 whose chair and co-chairs are, respectively, Professor Floridea Di Ciommo (UPM, Spain) and Prof. Ariane Dupont-Kieffer (IFFSTAR, France). Since both Prof. Yoram Shiftan of Technion and Dr. Elisabete Arsenio are co-coordinators of the WG3 of COST TU1209 Transport Equity Analysis: Assessment and Integration of Equity Criteria in Transportation Planning (TEA), this STSM contributed to strengthen the existing scientific network and to foster joint progress of WG3 planned actions.

O presente relatório foi elaborado no âmbito do projeto de I&D, cofinanciado pela Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, designado SAFESIDE – Sinistralidade envolvendo a área adjacente à faixa de rodagem, o qual está integrado no projeto “Rodovias auto-explicativas e tolerantes” do Plano de Investigação Programada 2009- 2012 do Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil. O propósito do projeto SAFESIDE consiste em desenvolver um método racional de avaliação dos efeitos das características da área adjacente à faixa de rodagem (AAFR) sobre a sinistralidade, baseado nos resultados da análise da sinistralidade ocorrida nas estradas portuguesas. Neste relatório, elaborado no âmbito da tarefa WP 4 designada “Definição de cenários tipo para acidentes envolvendo a área adjacente à faixa de rodagem”, para além da definição propriamente dita dos cenários, apresentam-se os resultados do desenvolvimento de modelos de estimativa de frequência de acidentes (MEFA) para os cenários definidos. Apresenta-se ainda o estado da arte em matéria da modelação de acidentes por saída da faixa de rodagem, com particular atenção aos aspetos metodológicos a ter em conta no tratamento de dados de acidentes.

O presente relatório foi elaborado no âmbito do projeto de I&D, cofinanciado pela Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, designado SAFESIDE – Sinistralidade envolvendo a área adjacente à faixa de rodagem, o qual está integrado no projeto “Rodovias auto-explicativas e tolerantes” do Plano de Investigação Programada 2009- 2012 do Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil. O propósito do projeto SAFESIDE consiste em desenvolver um método racional de avaliação dos efeitos das características da área adjacente à faixa de rodagem (AAFR) sobre a sinistralidade, baseado nos resultados da análise da sinistralidade ocorrida nas estradas portuguesas. Neste relatório, elaborado no âmbito da tarefa WP 8 designada “Arquitetura do Sistema de Avaliação das Alternativas”, é definida e detalhada a estrutura do procedimento de avaliação das alternativas de intervenção na AAFR e de seleção de sistemas de retenção de veículos. Este procedimento tem em consideração o efeito sobre a segurança rodoviária das alterações nas características da AAFR, assim como os seus custos, contribuindo para a fundamentação racional das intervenções na infraestrutura, tendo em vista a redução da sinistralidade em secção corrente das estradas interurbanas.

O presente relatório foi elaborado no âmbito do projeto de I&D, cofinanciado pela Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, designado SAFESIDE – Sinistralidade envolvendo a área adjacente à faixa de rodagem, o qual está integrado no projeto “Rodovias auto-explicativas e tolerantes” do Plano de Investigação Programada 2009- 2012 do Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil. O propósito do projeto SAFESIDE consiste em desenvolver um método racional de avaliação dos efeitos das características da área adjacente à faixa de rodagem (AAFR) sobre a sinistralidade, baseado nos resultados da análise da sinistralidade ocorrida nas estradas portuguesas. Neste relatório, elaborado no âmbito da tarefa WP 9 designada “Desenvolvimento do programa de avaliação”, são apresentadas as principais conclusões do projeto, e descrita pormenorizadamente a estrutura do procedimento de avaliação de alternativas de intervenção na AAFR e de seleção de sistemas de retenção de veículos a aplicar em cada caso. Este procedimento é um instrumento de avaliação dos efeitos das características da AAFR sobre a sinistralidade, baseado nos resultados da análise dos acidentes ocorridos nas estradas portuguesas, que tem em consideração o efeito sobre a segurança rodoviária das alterações nas características da AAFR, assim como os custos dessas alterações, contribuindo para a fundamentação racional das intervenções na infraestrutura, tendo em vista a aplicação eficiente de recursos na redução da sinistralidade em secção corrente das estradas interurbanas.

The ECTRI Transport Economics and Policies (ECOPOL) group consists of 41 experts from 20 Transport Research Institutes and Universities representing 16 countries. Members are: BASt (DE), CDV (CZ), CENIT (ES), DLR (DE), DVS, FhG (DE), HIT (GR), Ifsttar (FR), ITS (PL), KTI (HU), LET (FR), LNEC (PT), POLITO (IT), TOI (NO), TRL (UK), TTI (LV), UPM (ES), UVEG (ES), VGTU (LT), VTI (FI). The scope of the TG-ECOPOL scientific agenda covers the following research areas: -Policy Analysis such as Scenarios, Foresights; -Cost-Benefit Analysis; -Public-Private Partnerships; -Pricing and Externalities. In more detail, methodologies to support transport policy development covered by ECOPOL include social cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, multicriteria analysis, computable general equilibrium modelling, statistical analysis and econometrics, strategic transport and traffic models, stated and revealed preferences, macro and micro models and socio-technical foresight. This position paper is a result of the group reflection on key challenges for Horizon 2020 regarding socio-economic research needs for transport policy in Europe. At the ECTRI Thematic Groups’ Common Meeting held last 13th March in Brussels, gathering all ECTRI groups’ coordinators (Moderators and Rapporteurs), and it was there concluded that the scope of TG ECOPOL represents a core area (cross-sectional challenge) for most thematic groups/topic areas, which may envisage future topics such as “socio-economic and behavioural aspects of future mobility” and the “evaluation framework for a safe, inclusive and secure multimodal transport system”, where social and economic risks can be prevented along social inequalities. Considering the above, the TG ECOPOL sets key “Challenges” and a set of related research topics to be considered for possible inclusion in the next transport research framework 2014-2020 by the EC. These challenges area aligned with the EC Transport White Paper vision for an integrated, efficient, safe, secure and environmentally friendly European Transport System by 2050.

O Livro Brancos dos Transportes da Comissão Europeia “Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area – Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system” perspetiva que, em 2050, apenas circulem nas cidades europeias veículos elétricos, sendo que em 2030, a frota dos veículos convencionais deve ser reduzida para metade, com a sua substituição por veículos elétricos. Um dos objetivos da política de transportes europeia incide na redução da dependência do petróleo importado e na redução das emissões de gases com efeito de estufa de 20% até 2030 e de 70% até 2050 (valores de referência de 2008). Através de um exercício de cenarização (prospetiva) com base em objetivos e estudos estabelecidos pela Comunidade Europeia e Agência Internacional de Energia, este relatório investiga as tendências futuras (até 2030) dos custos associados ao transporte de passageiros, incluindo a análise custo-benefício de tecnologias alternativas em prospetiva, com um caso de estudo aplicado aos utilizadores potenciais na Área Metropolitana de Lisboa/cidade de Lisboa.

O transporte marítimo representa 80% do comércio mundial, sendo que 40% do tráfego de mercadorias intraeuropeu é realizado através de transporte marítimo de curta distância. Em termos de segurança, provisionamento e abastecimento de energia o transporte marítimo é crucial na Europa, pois 90% do petróleo consumido é por este assegurado, observando-se uma tendência crescente para o transporte de Gás Natural Liquefeito. A mercadoria contentorizada tem ganho uma grande importância nas últimas décadas, aumentando de 3 para 16% das trocas internacionais marítimas, entre 1980 e 2012, enquanto o petróleo bruto é a mercadoria mais transportada apresentando uma diminuição percentual no intervalo temporal supra mencionado de 51 para 33%. A maior atividade portuária na Europa encontra-se na zona do Mar do Norte (países como Inglaterra, França, Holanda e Bélgica com longa tradição no transporte de mercadorias) onde todos os portos presentes têm os seus hinterlands ligados a linhas ferroviárias permitindo a difusão da mercadoria para o interior da Europa de forma intermodal e competitiva. O peso das atividades económicas do mar na economia portuguesa pode ser avaliado consoante os efeitos diretos e indiretos traduzidos em impactos no Produto Interno Bruto (PIB), sendo que em 2006, os referidos efeitos foram de 2355 M€ e 4171 M€, respectivamente perfazendo um total de 6526 M€. Em 2009, o Porto de Sines apresentava-se como a infraestrutura portuária em Portugal com o maior transporte de mercadorias associado, perfazendo um total de 40.4%., movimentando mais de 50% do gás natural consumido em Portugal e cerca de 553063 TEUs. No Plano Estratégico dos Transportes 2011 – 2015 e na Estratégia Nacional para o Mar 2020 são estabelecidos um conjunto de princípios orientadores onde o mar constitui um ativo estratégico para Portugal na medida em que, devido à localização geográfica, confluem tráfegos marítimos provenientes de várias regiões do mundo, perspetivando-se vários investimentos para o complexo de Sines. O presente relatório apresenta o caso de estudo previsto no âmbito da tarefa 4 do projecto COST-TREND. Tem por base uma lista de pressupostos devidamente fundamentados na elaboração de cenários de prospetiva para o porto de Sines, e assenta numa metodologia integrada que agrega registos históricos de transporte, energia e ambiente, cujo objetivo visa avaliar cenários alternativos para o transporte de mercadorias e estimar os custos internos e externos (relacionados com as alterações climáticas) associados ao transporte intermodal de mercadorias centrado no porto de Sines. O transporte intermodal de mercadorias considera o porto de Sines quer como ponto de destino (D) quer como ponto de origem (O) da carga, avaliando-se os seguintes cenários de transporte intermodais: (i) marítimo – marítimo (“Short-sea shipping”); (ii) marítimo – rodoviário (“Road transport freight”); (iii) marítimo – ferroviário (“Rail freight”), e (iv) ferroviário– aeroportuário (“Combined Rail-Air freight”). Embora no projecto COST-TREND apenas se tivesse referido no plano da tarefa 4 o estudo do transporte de mercadorias rodoviário (cenário ii) “Road transport freight”), considera-se que a análise integrada constitui um estudo de maior valor acrescentado para a FCT/país, dados os investimentos futuros no sector estarem justificados nas orientações referidas em matéria de política de transportes e de economia do mar.

The main objective of this synthesis report is to provide a description of the case study application of the Health Economic Assessment Tool (HEAT) for walking and cycling at the City of Viana do Castelo, located in the North of Portugal. The work for this report was carried out by the University of Minho and LNEC with close collaboration with the City of Viana do Castelo (“Câmara Municipal de Viana do Castelo”). This report is for World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe as part of the contracted work within the HEPA Europe/Healthy Cities sub-network project group.

The "ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE SAFETY MANAGEMENT EVALUATION TOOLS (RISMET)" project targets objective A (Development of evaluation tools) of the Joint Call for Proposals for Safety at the Heart of Road Design ("The Call"). This project aims at developing suitable road safety engineering evaluation tools that will support the aims of the Call as described in the Guide for Applicants (GfA) and furthermore those of the Directive for Road Infrastructure Safety Management (2008). These evaluation tools allow the easy identification of both unsafe (from accidents or related indicators) and potentially unsafe (from design and other criteria) locations in a road network. With such evaluation tools estimates of potential benefits at the local and the network level can be calculated and potential effects on aspects such as driver behaviour can be estimated. Such tools empower road authorities to improve their decision making and to implement (ameliorative) measures to improve the road safety situation on the roads. Since evaluation tools rely on good quality data, RISMET aims at reviewing available data sources for effective road infrastructure safety management in EU-countries, linked to a quick scan and assessment of current practices. Furthermore, RISMET aims at exploiting results related to the development and use of Accident Prediction Models (APMs) in road safety management. The present deliverable provides APMs for data collected at junctions from the rural road networks of Austria, Norway, Portugal and Holland. For the first three countries it was possible to obtain accident prediction models for each country individually. For Holland, however, and due to restrictions on the dimension of the data set, it was only possible to analyse these data together with the other countries data, i.e. analysing aggregated data sets. The data consists, per junction, of injury accident counts, type of junction, traffic control, speed limit and annual average daily traffics entering from the major and the minor road. The regression models had the injury accident frequencies as the dependent variable and the remaining variables as explanatory and were fitted using Bayesian statistical techniques with vague or non-informative prior and hyper-prior distributions. These models consisted on the Poisson regression model, hierarchical Poisson-Gamma and Poisson Log-Normal hierarchical regression model. The Poisson regression model was found to be not appropriate to model the junction data in any of the data sets due to not being able to capture variations and attributes of the data, namely the over-dispersion. The Poisson-Gamma and the Poisson Log-Normal models obtained similar results and in general performed equally well. It was found that accidents occurring at junctions in all countries depend on the junction?s entering traffic volume as well as the other explanatory variables considered. This report provides descriptions of the several data sets, equations for the expected injury accident frequencies, per year, on rural road network junctions for Austria, Norway and Portugal and for the conjoint set of the combined data (including Dutch data) as well as posterior means of the expected number of accidents for minimum, mean, median and maximum profiles obtained by the explanatory variables and measurements of model fit together with the major results obtained.

The traffic system and cultural dissimilarities are believed to contribute significantly to regional and country differences in road safety performance. Therefore, caution is required when transferring safety management and intervention tools from one region to another. This report deals with the application of two safety evaluation tools, developed at the Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil in Portugal and at the Technical University of Dresden in Germany, to a set of road stretches in both countries. The procedures analysed are intended for the detection of inconsistent horizontal curves and dangerous nonintersection sites. The main questions investigated are related to the direct applicability of both methods outside the region where they were developed. This was investigated by means of a comparison of the detected danger and non-danger zones identified with each method and the corresponding accident rates and by direct comparison of the danger classifications obtained with both methods. Geometric and traffic data on 42 km of Portuguese roads and 190 km of Brandenburg roads were analysed. Data on traffic and registered accidents refer to a four year period in Portuguese roads (1147 accidents) and a three year period in Brandenburg (126 accidents). The main conclusions are that both methods need further recalibration to local conditions, in order to fully take advantage of their potential. When properly used, both methods effectively assist road designers in detecting high accident risk sites at the design stage; however, they are not so successful at discarding low accident rate sites from further safety analysis. Despite incorporating variables intended to represent driver behaviour, there is still a considerable percentage of high accident rate sites not being identified as deserving further study and safety improvements in both methods, indicating that their effectiveness may be improved.

Ce document est la traduction en langue française du manuel destiné à appuyer la mise en oeuvre d'audits de sécurité routière au projet d’infrastructures routières du réseau routier national développé par le Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil portugais. Le document est organisé en quatre sections. La première section présente la notion d’audit de sécurité routière (ASR): ‘un ensemble de procédures visant à intégrer, de manière explicite et formelle, les connaissances et informations sur la sécurité routière dans la planification et la conception de routes, afin d’atténuer les risques d’accidents et de réduire leurs conséquences’. Cette section présente également des informations sur la portée, le but et l'utilité des ASR dans la gestion de la sécurité routière tout au long du cycle de vie de l'infrastructure routière. Les principales compétences souhaitables pour le profil des auditeurs sont également décrites. Dans la seconde section, des recommandations sont formulées quant aux aspects techniques à prendre en compte dans la mise en oeuvre d’un rapport d’audit de sécurité routière, notamment en ce qui concerne l’influence de la route sur le risque d’accident et aux fondements de bonnes pratiques. La troisième section est réservée aux aspects les plus directement liés aux procédures de mise en oeuvre des RSA, en particulier en ce qui concerne les rôles de chacune des parties prenantes. Enfin, dans la quatrième section, neuf listes de contrôle sont présentées, dont l’utilisation est volontaires, ainsi que des exemples de résultats d’ASR en chacune des quatre phases du projet d’infrastructure routière. Ces listes de contrôle, figurant en annexe, concernent les aspects suivants: la phase des études préalables ; la phase des études d’avant-projet ; la phase des études de projet ; la phase immédiatement avant la mise en service ; les traversées d’agglomération ; les intersections au contrôle par règle de priorité ou STOP; les intersections contrôlées par feux de circulation; les carrefours giratoires; et les échangeurs.

O presente documento constitui o primeiro relatório referente à actividade desenvolvida pelo Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC) e pela Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias da Universidade de Coimbra (FCT/UC) no âmbito do projecto IRUMS – Infra-estruturas Rodoviárias Urbanas Mais Seguras. Neste relatório apresenta-se o estado da prática corrente em medidas de engenharia de segurança rodoviária em ambientes urbanos e o estado da arte em modelos de estimativa da frequência de acidentes, elencando-se também variáveis potencialmente úteis para a estimação de volumes de tráfego de utentes rodoviários vulneráveis com especial incidência nos peões.

O presente documento constitui o quinto relatório referente à actividade desenvolvida pelo Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC) e pela Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias da Universidade de Coimbra (FCT/UC) no âmbito do projecto IRUMS – Infra-estruturas Rodoviárias Urbanas Mais Seguras, que se integra também num protocolo assinado com a Câmara Municipal de Lisboa. Neste relatório final do projecto apresentam-se o resumo e as principais conclusões do trabalho desenvolvido no que diz respeito ao estado da arte sobre medidas de engenharia de segurança rodoviária em ambiente urbano e sobre modelos de estimativa da frequência de acidentes; ao desenvolvimento de modelos de estimativa de frequência de acidentes nos arruamentos da cidade de Lisboa; e ao desenvolvimento de uma metodologia capaz de identificar as fragilidades da infraestrutura rodoviária em zona urbana que contribuam para a ocorrência de acidentes e que possam ser tratadas com o objectivo da redução da sinistralidade rodoviária. É ainda sumariada a tarefa de recolha de dados, dada a sua relevância para a concretização deste projecto.

The present document describes prediction models for accident, fatalities, serious injuries and killed and seriously injured victims, adjusted to bidirectional data of Portuguese motorway sections. The study was developed at Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC) in the scope of Workpackage 2 - Safety Impact Assessment and Accident Prediction Model of the RIPCORD-ISEREST project, carried out under the 6th European Framework Program. It covers the issues related to modeling accidents using the Negative Binomial model regressions as well as detailed diagnostic checks of the models obtained. The data used were collected over a five year period, ranging from 1999 to 2003. Several explanatory variables were measured concerning exposure, number of lanes, presence of an additional lane, lane widths, type and widths of the road’s shoulders and medians; response variables include the number of accidents, killed and serious injuries, fatalities and serious injuries that occurred on the five year period. The data set was further divided into four subsets corresponding to all road sections whose variables with missing values were removed, road sections without missing values and the equivalent for road sections with values of the annual average daily traffic greater than 5000 vehicles. Models were fitted to the four data sets with the response variables consisting on the number of accidents, fatalities, serious injuries and killed and seriously injured victims. Statistical techniques of model selection and model checking, including deviance and likelihood ratio tests and the AIC procedure, as well as graphical methods, were intensively used as measures of goodnessof- fit.

The main objective of the project was the benchmarking of road safety performances and developments of ten Latin American countries. The comparison allowed to identify the similarities and differences between countries, not only on the number of crashes and casualties, but also on the factors, circumstances and events that influence the risk of a crash and the severity of its outcome. The analysis was performed in the following areas

Neste relatório é proposta a estrutura organizacional para realização das contagens tendentes ao recenseamento de tráfego rodoviário na rede de estradas interubanas da Argélia, incluindo o dimensionamento do parque de equipamento de contagem a usar, sua configuração (cntagens permanentes e temporárias), bem como a avaliação dos prazos de realização, em função da dimensão das equipas encarregadas da colocação e exploração dos equipamentos nos trechos da rede rodoviária.

The European Conference of Transport Research Institutes (ECTRI) is an international non?profit association that was officially founded in April 2003. It is the first attempt to unite the forces of the foremost multimodal transport research centres across Europe and to thereby promote the excellence of European transport research. Today, it includes 28 major transport research institutes or universities from 21 European countries. Together, they account for more than 4,000 European scientific and research staff in the field of transport. ECTRI as the leading European research association for sustainable and multimodal mobility is committed to provide the scientifically based competence, knowledge and advice to move towards a green, safe, efficient, and inclusive transport for people and goods. The objective of this Position Paper in the field of transport economics and policies is to contribute to the third work programme 2018-2020 of the European Commission, for inclusion in the upcoming calls of Horizon 2020, and in particular addressing the societal challenge aiming to achieve “Smart, Green and Integrated Transport".

The research reported in this paper is part of the R&D project COST-TRENDs, funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology. It presents a strategic assessment study of the hinterland connections centred in the Port of Sines, in Portugal, that integrates the core network corridor of the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) designated as the Atlantic corridor. The study comprised the analysis of trends of maritime freight costs until 2020 and the assessment of alternative intermodal freight transport options to reduce costs along the multimodal transport chains. The options evaluated focused in the Iberian section of the Atlantic corridor and included the combination of maritime-short sea shipping, maritime-rail, maritime-road and, also, rail-air modes. The study estimated several key performance indicators for each option which aim to provide useful inputs to transport policy.

The literature shows that the development of the railway system in most European countries had a key role both in the evolution of urban systems and regional dynamics. On the other hand, it can be said that railway stations might act as important drivers for promoting sustainable land-use changes, namely of node and place functions which can be consistently balanced. The future Portuguese High-Speed Railway (HSR) network is considered as a major strategic transport scheme at both the Iberian and national levels. Its first stage comprises three routes. Of these, one links the Lisbon Metropolitan Area with the Spanish border of Badajoz, being an integral part of the HSR between both Iberian capitals, whereas the other two form the Atlantic Axis, encompassing a system of cities ranging from Lisbon to Porto, an from the latter point to Braga, Vigo and Coruña, concentrating nearly 80% of the whole Portuguese population, and serving an area generating about 90% of Portugal’s GDP. The Lisbon to Porto HSR line, hereafter designated as the Atlantic corridor, will be a 292 Km-long standard-gauge (1435 mm) one, supplementing an historic and congested 146-year old Iberian-gauge (1668mm) main line. The new HSR line is expected to open by 2017, and will feature a limited number of intermediate stations, enabling an easy interchange with other transport modes, namely with the broad-gauge conventional rail network. The future intermodal “Leiria-AV” HSR station, one of the four intermediate railway stations within the Lisbon – Porto line, will be located between the neighbourhood of Leiria (circa 42785 inh. in 2004) and Marinha Grande (38599 inh. in 2008), in the industrial zone of Barosa, at around 120 km North of Lisbon Metropolitan Area (LMA). This new intermodal HSR station is expected to function as a major regional interchange, by providing access to various urban centres, with support on both the tangencial Western main railway line, the A8 North-South coastal motorway and the “National Road” linking Leiria and Marinha Grande. One can say that the foreseen centrality, which will be at 35 minutes travel time from LMA, will be an opportunity to integrate railway development, activity location and spatial planning both at the regional and local levels, aiming at sustainable patterns of development. The work presented in this paper is the first stage of a broader research project on the topic “High Speed Railway in Portugal: impacts and intermodality within the Leiria region” which covers a wide range of HSR impacts. The questions addressed in this research are as follows: o What are the potential territorial implications of the HSR network in the region of the “Leiria-AV”? o How to promote sustainable land use and transport changes using the new intermodal HSR station as a (local and regional) development anchor? o How to balance expected HSR impacts if the aim is to achieve both sustainable and healthier communities along with maximizing economic and other potential positive impacts? The research methodology will comprise two major steps: i) benchmarking exercise of other reference cities in Europe where HSR was already implemented, such that a list of potential impacts can be now anticipated for the case of the intermediate city of Leiria; ii) implementation of an attitudinal and stated choice survey to a representative sample of economic agents and other stakeholders that will assess individuals’ (local communities) and group (firms) perceptions regarding the impacts of the HSR project and specific intermodal scenarios set for promoting sustainable land use and transport mode changes; iii) the comparison of potential versus perceived impacts and preferred intermodal options. Overall research results are expected to contribute towards future policy formulation with respect to railway and land use developments both at the community and regional level aiming at achieving sustainable patterns of development. This paper is centred on the benchmarking exercise that comprised major reference cities where HSR were already implemented and on the preliminary results obtained from a stated choice (SC) survey administered to a sample of economics agents within Lisbon Metropolitan Area. This SC survey focused on the assessment of those potential territorial effects related to relocation of offices nearby the future “Leiria AV” HSR station. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents an overview of the HSR project in Portugal and the Leiria AV station in the context of the urban/regional network. Section 3 provides a discussion of the territorial impacts related to the HSR project considering a benchmarking exercise that included impacts observed at similar characteristics to Leiria and HSR connections. Subsequently, section 4 present a prospective analysis of those impacts for the Leiria region, including a stated-choice experiment which was implemented to a sample of firms in Lisbon to evaluate ex ante possible office relocation choices. Some prospective scenarios are then outlined. Finally, section 6 concludes and some further research directions can be drawn.