Publications

Tidal inlets and embayments constitute navigation routes and they control thestability of adjacent shorelines and the exchanges of water, sediment and dissolvedmaterial between the ocean and back-barrier lagoons. Tidal inlets are thus of critical and growing socio-economical and environmental importance worldwide. They are oftenexceptionally dynamic, due to the combination of tide- and wave-driven processes. Thisintense dynamics drives fast and large morphological changes, which make their behaviorhard to predict and their sustainable management difficult to achieve. To address thisproblem, the development of morphodynamic modeling systems has emerged over thelast decade as the most promising perspective to understand their behavior and predicttheir evolution. Morphodynamic modeling systems, whose development and successfulapplication to tidal inlets has been growing over the last decade, couple a set of modulesto simulate hydrodynamic circulation, wave propagation, sediment transport and bottomevolution.This chapter provides in introduction a synthesis of the existing quantitative methods to investigate tidal inlets and points out the advantages and limitations of morphodynamic modeling systems compared to physical, empirical and analytical models. The next section describes the main principles of morphodynamic modeling systems and explains how the different modules are coupled together. The following section illustrates through three selected applications the capabilities of morphodynamic modeling systems tosimulate morphological changes of tidal inlets at various time scales, but also toinvestigate the mechanisms that control their development. The final section providessome conclusions and perspectives regarding the morphodynamic modeling of tidalinlets.

Although rising global sea levels will affect the estuarine flooded areas over the coming decades, the local and regional-scale processes will also induce important changes in these coastal systems. The main aim of this work is to investigate possible tidal changes in estuarine systems induced by local geomorphologic modifications, analyzing the particular case of Ria de Aveiro which is in risk of inundation. Located in the Portuguese west coast, this tidally driven lagoon has a large area of mostly abandoned salt pans, which are in progressive degradation caused by the lack of maintenance and by the strong currents which erode their protective walls.To explore possible tidal changes the hydrodynamic model ELCIRC was applied to Ria de Aveiro to simulate and analyse the impact in the lagoon hydrodynamics of this degradation which results in the enlargement of the lagoon flooded area. A high-resolution grid (grid spacing of the order of 1 m) was developed in order to represent the narrow channels adjacent to the salt pans. The hydrodynamic model was then successfully calibrated and assessed for skill for the Aveiro lagoon through comparison between measurements and model results and quantification of the numerical accuracy. The model was subsequently used to investigate the effect of the flooded lagoon area enlargement on tidal propagation in Ria de Aveiro. Simulations were performed for three geomorphologic configurations, representing the reference or present situation and two flooded scenarios. Results were compared through the analysis of tidal currents, tidal asymmetry and tidal prism.The increase of the lagoon flooded area results in an intensification of the tidal currents, tidal prism and tidal asymmetry. Results also indicate that the tidal prism further increases when the flooding depth increases. Otherwise, changes in tidal currents and in tidal asymmetry pattern are negligible with the increase of the flooded area depth.These results indicate that modifications of the flooded area of estuarine systems will result in tidal changes, with an intensification of the actual tidal patterns induced by the enlargement of inundation areas.

Among the different types of tidal inlets, wave-dominated inlets have been subjected to few quantitative studies, so that the physical processes controlling their dynamics are not fully understood. This study presents the application of a coastal area morphodynamic modeling system to a wave- dominated inlet (O´ bidos Inlet, western coast of Portugal), in order to investigate the physical processes responsible for channel development during fair weather conditions and shoaling during periods of larger waves. The modeling system was able to reproduce reasonably well morphological changes at the O´ bidos Inlet and subsequent tidal amplitude evolutions inside the lagoon over a period which includes 3 months of fair weather conditions, followed by 2 months representative of winter conditions. The inlet development during fair weather conditions was attributed to the strong ebb-dominance of the main channel without waves, enhanced by the combination of shallow channels and a meso-tidal range. The inlet infilling during the maritime winter was attributed to three main wave-induced mechanisms: (1) the onshore component of wave radiation stresse gradients, which is not fully compensated by the wave-induced setup in front of the inlet; (2) the acceleration and convergence of longshore transport toward the inlet, due to the presence of a strong lateral gradient in free surface elevation on both sides of the inlet, and, to a smaller extent, to wave refraction around the ebb-delta; and (3) the increase in mean water level inside the lagoon, which reduces tidal asymmetry and subsequent ebb-dominance.

The environmental and economical consequences of an oil spill near coastal areas lead to an increasing effort by governments and the oil industry to develop tools, such as oil spill modeling systems, that could be used to mitigate these types of catastrophes. Oil spill modeling systems simulate hydrodynamics and the physical, chemical and biological processes that determine the fate of oil slicks. Recent technological developments, such as PC clusters, make these systems extremely attractive for practical applications in support of accident prevention and mitigation measures. This paper introduces a new oil spill modeling system and describes its application to the Prestige disaster (Northeast of the Iberian Peninsula, November 2002). The modeling system includes a flexible oil spill model, which can be used as a 2D surface plume model, or as a sophisticated surface-water column 3D model. Both options include all relevant processes, including the coastal retention and later release of the oil to the water column. The oil spill model is based on Eulerian-Lagrangian formulations, uses unstructured grid discretizations and is coupled with the 3D hydrodynamic model SELFE. A hindcast simulation of the Prestige oil spill disaster between 13 and 19 of November 2002 is presented here, based on the CEDRE information for ship route. The 3D hydrodynamics in the Iberian Atlantic shelf were determined with SELFE, forced by tides, wind and baroclinic gradients, while the 2D surface plume model was used to simulate the surface oil slick trajectory. The boundary and initial conditions for salinity and temperature were obtained from LEVITUS atlas while wind and wave data were retrieved from NCEP and WAVEWATCH III databases (NOAA, US). The oil plume trajectory validation was made against available satellite SAR images. The application shows the good numerical behavior of the model, its ability to predict the plume trajectory, and reveals its potential as a management tool. The application also highlights the importance of the accuracy of the forcings on the plume's pathway.

Erosion of the southern Gold Coast beaches (SE Queensland, Australia) was exacerbated after the extension of the Tweed River training walls in the early 1960s. To achieve the objective of restoring and maintaining beach amenity, significant nourishment works have been undertaken in Coolangatta Bay over the past 30 years. Particularly, under the Tweed River Entrance Sand Bypassing Project (TRESBP) since 1995, a number of nourishment campaigns and the implementation of a permanent sand bypass system in 2001 have resulted in significant changes of Coolangatta Bay morphology. The present case study investigates the influence of both wave climate and nourishment works on the area extending from the updrift Snapper Rocks area to downdrift Kirra Beach. SWAN spectral wave model is implemented at Coolangatta Bay area and forced by the global wave model WW3 to estimate wave forcing and the potential natural longshore drift entering in Coolangatta. Specific transects extracted from accurate bathymetric surveys are used to investigate and quantify Coolangatta Bay sedimentation for the period 1987

Erosion of the southern Gold Coast beaches (SE Queensland, Australia) was exacerbated after the extension of the Tweed River training walls in the early 1960s. To achieve the objective of restoring and maintaining beach amenity, significant nourishment works have been undertaken in Coolangatta Bay over the past 30 years. Particularly, under the Tweed River Entrance Sand Bypassing Project (TRESBP) since 1995, a number of nourishment campaigns and the implementation of a permanent sand bypass system in 2001 have resulted in significant changes of Coolangatta Bay morphology. The present case study investigates the influence of both wave climate and nourishment works on the area extending from the updrift Snapper Rocks area to downdrift Kirra Beach. SWAN spectral wave model is implemented at Coolangatta Bay area and forced by the global wave model WW3 to estimate wave forcing and the potential natural longshore drift entering in Coolangatta. Specific transects extracted from accurate bathymetric surveys are used to investigate and quantify Coolangatta Bay sedimentation for the period 1987

As waves travel and shoal towards a beach, their surface elevation becomes peaky (sharp crests) and asymmetric relative to the vertical. Within a wave period, the corresponding orbital velocity near the bottom shows a similar (time) variation and it is recognized that these nonlinearities are responsible for sediment transport. The resulting wave-induced bottom shear stresses are required for most sediment transport model computations. In this work,simple bottom shear stresses parameterisations for rough seabeds, under nonlinear waves, are analysed. Theeffects of the wave shape on the bottom shear stresses estimates is investigated by analysing a new set of experimental data, under accelerated skewed waves (SILVA et al., 2008). Results indicate a good agreementbetween all the formulations presented.

The hydrodynamics and alongshore sediment dynamics were evaluated on a meso-tidal estuarine beach, submitted to wind and vessel waves generated in an area of restricted fetch, not affected by oceanic waves. The beach morphology is characterised by two main features, a steep upper beach followed, seaward, by a low gradient terrace, both engaged in the surf zone depending on the tidal level. Sedimentologic surveys revealed the presence of coarser sand grains at the steep upper beach, finer sand grains at the low gradient terrace and a large geometrical spreading at the base of the beach face. The characterisation, based on a six-year wind data series, of the average annual wave climate in front of the beach, indicates a low energy environment where the estimated longshore transport is 14.5x103 m3.year-1, equally distributed in both directions. This study also concluded on the cross-shore distribution of the longshore sediment transport in the active part of the beach and on the contribution of each wind wave component to the longshore transport. Despite the important impact that the catamarans can have on cross-shore beach dynamics, their effect on the longshore transport is irrelevant

In this work, a video-monitoring system applicable to the study of beach morphodynamics was developed and applied to the DTM extraction of the intertidal zone of a fetch limited beach (Alfeite, Portugal). This low-cost system, intended to complement standard survey tools, has the additional benefit of enabling the continuousmonitoring of beach meso-scale process (spatial/temporal scales in the order of kilometers and years, respectively). The development of this system, based on terrestrial photogrammetric techniques, involved three main steps: i) camera calibration, where the internal camera parameters were determined in the laboratory using open-source software; ii) the development of image correction subroutines, which aimed to correct the relativelylarge image distortions induced by camera optics; this procedure revealed to be essential as the system was builtupon standard non-metric surveillance cameras; iii) the development of image rectification subroutines totransform oblique images into vertically equivalent images; this transformation was based on external camera orientation parameters obtained in the field through the surveying of ground control points. Alfeite beach DTM extraction was performed through the shoreline digitalization, in geo-referenced rectified images acquired every 10 min, during the flood. The overlapped set of shoreline curves, properly referred to a vertical datum by meansof tide measurements, characterized the intertidal beach morphology. The obtained results were compared with the ones acquired with classic survey techniques revealing very encouraging results; the overall vertical rms was 0.08 m with a maximum value of 0.15 m at 390 m of the camera.

This paper describes a site specific study of a low energy estuarine beach sheltered from oceanic waves which presents a medium term (decade) geomorphologic stability. However, extreme meteorological events, characterized by strong winds, generate episodes of retreat of the beach face, which, under restored wave conditions, recovers in the short term. Three process-based models (a wind wave generation propagation model, a 2D-V littoral drift model and a 2D-V cross-shore morphodynamics model), frequently applied in open coastal areas but never in such low energy environments, were applied. The longshore transport was difficult to measure in the field and thus the numerical estimate was not validated. However, its uncertainty (9.6-16.1 x103 m3.year-1) was tested based on a sensitivity analysis of three influential parameters. Field measurements of meteo-oceanographic data and profile changes during a storm episode allowed the simulation of the hydrodynamics and sediment transport, and finally the verification of the numerical profile. Despite the volume of sediment extracted from the beach face being in good agreement with the observations, about 10m3.m-1, the profile geometry was not: the numerical profile exhibits an erosion scarp located bellow the retreat observed and a bar, at the beach face base, which was not observed in the field (probably flattened by the uprush and downrush flows). The effect of the passage of a catamaran was also evaluated: it generates an erosion of sediment up to 0.04m3.m-1 (depending on the catamaran velocity). Due to the beach geomorphologic characteristics the sediment transport is higher at higher tidal levels.

O aprofundamento dos canais de acesso por dragagem, associado ou não à construção de molhes e quebra-mares, tem sido uma característica da evolução dos portos nacionais nos últimos 100 anos. Nesta comunicação, analisa-se a evolução da cota de dragagem dos acessos marítimos aos portos do Continente com base em fontes documentais e levantamentos hidrográficos. No início do século XX verificava-se uma diferença apreciável entre as condições oferecidas pelos portos situados em estuários de maiores dimensões (Lisboa e Setúbal) e artificiais (Leixões), por um lado, e os portos situados em estuários e sistemas lagunares com menor prisma de maré, por outro. Entre 1920 e a atualidade, principalmente desde 1950, todos os portos comerciais em atividade (excetuando Sines) registaram um aumento da profundidade dos canais de acesso entre cerca de 5,5 m e 11,2 m. Considerando os portos no seu conjunto, estima-se que em média, entre 1950 e 2020, se tenha verificado um aumento da profundidade de dragagem na zona da barra de 1,0 m por década.

As inundações costeiras afetam anualmente milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo, com grandes perdas socioeconómicas que irão aumentar face à subida do nível médio do mar e ao aumento dos níveis extremos de água. A extensa linha de costa continental portuguesa, caracterizada por grande diversidade natural e de ocupação, apresenta elevada exposição a fenómenos de galgamento e inundação costeira. Estima-se que o impacto da tempestade Hércules, no início do ano 2014, tenha sido cerca de 16 milhões de euros (Santos et al., 2015). As consequências do impacto de níveis extremos na zona costeira dependem das características do território, pelo que a capacidade de obter e integrar esse conhecimento em ferramentas de previsão que suportem adequadamente as necessidades da gestão do risco deve ser uma prioridade. No âmbito do projeto Mosaic.pt (http://mosaic.lnec.pt) desenvolveram-se ferramentas de avaliação do risco de inundação costeira, integrando a dimensão territorial. A complexidade e a diversidade da costa continental recomendam uma abordagem holística na identificação e diferenciação das características territoriais, que dependem da escala espacial considerada. Assim, a abordagem metodológica do projeto seguiu duas escalas espaciais de análise: a costa continental portuguesa e três observatórios representativos do trecho costeiro Ovar - Marinha Grande, onde se concentra o maior número de ocorrências de inundação costeira (Tavares et al., 2021). Estes observatórios são o setor Barra

The continental coastal zone of Portugal is characterized by its morpho-sedimentary diversity. The high population density and range of land uses, occupation and activities make it an area of great national strategic value, and a multi-hazard zone. In this study, a multidimensional methodology to analyse, evaluate and interpret local vulnerability (Coastal Territorial Vulnerability Index - CTVI) has been developed and applied in three study areas.

Continental Portugal presents an extensive and diversified coastal zone. This diversity gives rise to the existence of different coastal typologies such as sand beaches, rocky, cliffed and artificialized coasts, which support distinct levels of human occupancy. To identify and distinguish the different coastal typologies, cluster analysis was used based on a set of variables, expressing the territorial complexity, as well as the occurrences and impacts resulting from coastal flooding.

As dragagens constituem uma atividade necessária à operação dos portos nacionais, que, todavia, pode ter impactos sobre a dinâmica sedimentar e a evolução costeiras. O presente trabalho reúne informação de base sobre dragagens e gestão dos dragados nos nove portos comerciais do Continente (Viana do Castelo, Leixões, Aveiro, Figueira da Foz, Lisboa, Setúbal, Sines, Portimão e Faro) ao longo de um período de três décadas (1991-2020). Sendo apenas um primeiro contributo para uma avaliação de tendências, a informação recolhida é preliminar e apresenta ainda lacunas significativas. Com esta condicionante, estima-se que na última década se tenha verificado uma diminuição do volume global de dragagem (4,5 x 106 m3 ano-1 em 1991- 2010, excluindo extrações em praias e áreas adjacentes; 3,2 x 106 m3 ano-1 em 2011-2020) e, principalmente, uma alteração do destino dos sedimentos dragados de natureza arenosa, com um forte crescimento da opção de colocação na faixa costeira, em praia emersa ou submarina (13% do volume global de dragagem em 1991-2010; 50% em 2011-2020).

An objective of the project MOSAIC.pt is to develop an operational forecasting system for coastal flooding capable of accounting for storm driven morphodynamics. The developed system relies on the OPENCoastS architecture for downscaling North-Atlantic metocean conditions at any local beach or waterfront (Oliveira et al., 2021). The downscaled conditions then serve to force local applications of XBeach (Roelvink et al., 2018), in 2DH and using its surfbeat hydrodynamic solver. Based on hydro- and geomorphological data collected within the project (Freire et al., 2020), an application was setup and validated for the waterfront of Cova-Gala, south of the entrance to the Figueira da Foz harbour. The system runs for now with or without morphological evolution over 48-hour periods. So it is important to quantify the errors induced by geomorphological changes over longer timescales.

The exposure to wave overtopping is growing worldwide which forces coastal communities toadopt methodologies for anticipating the risks associated with it. In areas with shallow foreshores,like those created by extended ebb-tidal deltas, at the entrance of estuaries or harbours forinstance, infragravity waves play an important, if not dominant, role. Therefore, hydrodynamic andtopographic data collected on the downdrift side of the entrance to Figueira da Foz harbour, alongthe wave exposed western coast of Portugal, were used to calibrate a local XBbeach 2DH-surfbeatmodel to (1) investigate the role of infragravity waves and (2) the ability of a phase average modelto account for the main drivers of coastal overtopping in similar locations. The local model wasforced on its open boundary by water levels and 2D wave spectra dynamically downscaled usingan operational model workflow developed for providing near real-time forecasts. The localdissipation of short-waves in the surf zone was calibrated based on the hydrodynamic data. Thisdata, collected under a moderate swell, was also used to ensure the model

Extending for more than 900 km with diverse geomorphologies and land-use occupations, the Portuguese coastal zone is highly vulnerable to overtopping and flooding. The project Mosaic.pt developed a flood risk framework to support management in coastal zones taking the territorial diversity into account. The framework delivers improved hazard prediction strategies and guidelines for spatial planning and increased coastal community resilience.

The morphological response of the S. João da Caparica beach, Almada, to the maritime stormHercules that occurred in January/2014, was studied through mathematical modelling, for three oftwelve topo-bathymetric configurations surveyed between 2008 and 2017: the two with the lowest andthe one with the highest volume of sediment in the topographic part. This study aimed to quantifyindicators of beach vulnerability, such as sand volume above three reference vertical levels, averageand maximum retreat of two reference isobaths and maximum topo-bathymetric lowering, in order toprovide guidance for future nourishment interventions. Hydrodynamic models at regional andintermediate scales were used to determine the forcing of the morphodynamic local model applied,XBeach. Besides the beach vulnerability indicators, the results revealed that the morphologicalconfiguration of the submerged zone plays an important role in the beach response when submitted toa storm with the characteristics of Hercules.

A baía de Nacala é um sistema costeiro semi-confinado que acolhe o principal porto do nortede Moçambique. As marés, as correntes, as ondas e o transporte de sedimentos no sistema foramestudados com recurso a modelos hidrodinâmicos e morfodinâmicos. Estima-se que as correntes demaré atinjam velocidades máximas de 0,5 m s-1 à entrada da baía e de 0,2 m s-1 no seu interior. Aondulação do largo quase não se propaga para o interior da baía, onde a agitação é essencialmente degeração local. Estima-se que o transporte de sedimentos arenosos seja significativo apenas para eventosextremos (ciclones tropicais) e circunscrito a uma faixa marginal (acima da batimétrica dos 10 m). Estesresultados parecem consistentes com a distribuição dos sedimentos superficiais da baía, areias e areiassiltosas nas zonas pouco profundas e materiais mais finos nas zonas de maior profundidade.

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The hydrodynamics and sediment dynamics of a low energy estuarine beach was analysed. The beach is subjected to local wind waves generated in an area of restricted fetch, wake waves generated by catamarans and a semi diurnal meso-tidal regime. Only storm events of short duration modify the beach profile, which, once the normal hydrodynamic conditions are restored, naturally recovers its initial shape. The beach is characterised by having a steep upper slope until mean sea level, followed, seaward, by a low gradient terrace, and a bimodal sediment distribution. To investigate the hydro sedimentologic beach behaviour, wind, topo-hydrographic and sedimentologic data were used as input and validation of process based numerical modelling. Wave generation and transformation in an area of restricted fetch, nearshore circulation, sediment transport and morphological evolution were simulated for average annual conditions and storm conditions. The statistical analysis of a six-year wind data series allowed to derive the average wind regime, based on which, the average annual wave regime and the average annual longshore sediment budget, 14.5x103 m3year-1, were calculated. The contribution of the individual components of the representative wave regime, discretised by directional sector and height class of incidence, was evaluated as well as the spatial distribution of the longshore sediment transport in the active part of the beach profile. The characteristics of the wave groups generated by the passage of catamarans at different speeds were estimated and their action on the beach morphology was simulated. Although when the catamarans travel at 20 knots speed the average annual wake wave energy dissipated at the beach is 2.5 times higher than the average annual wind wave energy, the erosion effect on the beach profile is still not relevant for the present traffic. In opposition, short duration storm events generate the formation of an erosion scarp at the upper part of the beach face. The numerical modelling of this phenomenon allowed to acknowledge on the protective effect that the low gradient terrace has on the beach face.

O objectivo do presente trabalho foi o estabelecimento de um modelo matemático do fenómeno da refracção das ondas de gravidade, apoiado num pro¬grama cálculo automático bastante aperfeiçoado e enquadrado por uma técnica de utilização prática que permitisse a resolução rápida dos problemasinerentes ao cálculo de um conjunto de diagramas de refracção, independentemente do número de ondas monocromáticas a analisar.Numa primeira parte, apresentam-se algumas considerações sumárias so¬bre o método de estabelecimento do programa de cálculo e sobre a necessidade de se dispor de um modelo matemático de refracção. A segunda parte é dedicada ao estudo do fenómeno da refracção das on¬das de gravidade e seu tratamento numérico. No Cap.3 indicam-se, de forma Muito sintética, os fundamentos da teoria das ondas de pequena amplitude sendo deduzidas as principais expressões utilizadas no estudo da refracção. É apresentada a teoria da refracção de uma onda sinusoidal, sendo abordado um vasto leque de problemas tais como os aspectos energético e geométrico da refracção, as soluções analíticas para fundos algébricos, as zonas de convergência e cáusticas, a refracção por efeito de correntes, e as aproximações da teoria da refracção. Por último criticam-se os métodos gráficos habituais de cálculo de planos de ondulação. No Cap. 4 são deduzidas as equações de base do tratamento numérico da refracção das ondas sinusoidais como um problema de valores iniciais. No Cap. 5 são apresentadas as dife¬rentes técnicas de cálculo e de interpolação das principais grandezas di¬rectamente ligadas a obtenção de uma ortogonal e dos sucessivos valores da amplitude relativa da onda. São indicados os métodos numéricos de integração das equações diferenciais do raio de onda e do coeficiente de afasta¬mento de ortogonais. E feita referencia a técnicas de alisamento da batimetria. Em todos os casos são apresentados os métodos utilizados no LNEC as¬sim como outros referidos na bibliografia. No Cap. 6 são indicadas, para os vários programas preparados no LNEC, as técnicas de cálculo e de inter¬polação e os métodos numéricos de integração usados. São apresentadas, de uma forma exaustiva, todas as verificações dos programas levadas a cabo após o seu estabelecimento, designadamente a verificação analítica e a comparação dos resultados obtidos com os métodos numéricos e gráficos para fundos ir¬regulares. No âmbito da verificação dos programas é ainda feita referência a resultados obtidos por outros autores e a ensaios em modelo reduzido. Por último tiram-se conclusões sobre a escolha dos programas a lançar em exploração.A terceira e última parte é consagrada à análise do actual programa de cálculo de diagramas de refracção. Assim, no Cap. 7 indicam-se, em li¬nhas muito gerais, o tipo de dados a fornecer, as hipóteses de exploração do programa e o seu modo de funcionamento; é ainda feita uma análise da estrutura do programa, relativamente pormenorizada. 0 Cap. 8 é consagrado à discrição da forma de utilização prática do programa, sendo discutidas as perspectivas de custo da sua utilização cobrindo todas as hipóteses de exploração do programa, ilustrados com os dados e resultados respectivos. No Cap. 9 apresentam-se as conclusões do trabalho e indicam-se as linhas de orientação a seguir no que respeita ao aperfeiçoamento do modelo matemático da refracção e ao estabelecimento de outros modelos matemáticos dependentes ou não daquele.0 texto principal de dissertação encerra-se com 96 referencias bibliográficas, correspondentes aos principais trabalhos consultados pelo autor, na realização do presente estudo; esta bibliografia refere-se a Abril de 1975. Em Anexo no Apêndice I, apresentam-se os elementos referentes aos programas inicialmente estabelecidos no LNEC e cujo aperfeiçoamento posterior conduziu ao programa actualmente em exploração. São indicados, em linhas gerais, as formas possíveis de exploração daqueles programas, o seu modo de funcionamento e os dados a fornecer. É feita uma análise de pormenor da es¬trutura dos programas, sendo descrita a sua forma de utilização prática, e apresentados vários exemplos de aplicação ilustrados com os dados e resul¬tados respectivos. São indicadas algumas verificações efectuadas a estes programas.

0 caminhamento das areias ao longo das costas marítimas é regulado por leis ainda incompletamente apreendidas, mas cujo conhecimento cada vez mais perfeito se torna indispensável no projecto e ensaio em modelo reduzido de grande parte das obras destinadas a solucionar problemas de hidráulica marítima.Começa-se neste trabalho por caracterizar, sob os pontos de vista hidrodinâmico e de movimentação aluvionar, a orla costeira, zona em que o transporte litoral se processa, abordando-se a seguir o aspecto prático mais importante do fenómeno, ou seja, a previsão dos caudais sólidos a partir das características das ondas e do material móvel que forma a praia.Com este último objectivo analisa-se o conjunto dos dados experimentais disponíveis, segundo uma perspectiva baseada na análise dimensional do fenómeno, para a seguir se proceder a um estudo experimental focado sobre a influência do peso específico e do diâmetro do material móvel.Apresentam-se ainda, em anexo, os conceitos básicos respeitantes às correntes longitudinais, fenómeno que teve também de ser objecto de um estudo aprofundado, por estar intimamente relacionado com o transporte sólido litoral.

Este trabalho constitui um estudo em extensão sobre as característi¬cas mais importantes dos perfis transversais das praias e sobre a evolução resultante da actuação da ondulação. Pretendeu-se assim obter um conhecimento geral sobre este assunto, de modo a permitir, por um lado, o melhor planeamento dos trabalhos marítimos e, por outro, uma melhor interpretação dos modelos reduzidos de fundo móvel.Utiliza-se neste trabalho uma nomenclatura original em língua portuguesa, na tentativa de estabelecer uma equivalência com os termos consagrados na literatura siglo-saxónica.Dentro do esquema geral acima enunciado, são estudadas com maior atenção: o mecanismo da movimentação dos materiais nos fundos; a evolução so¬frida pelos perfis em resultado da actuação das ondas e destas em conjugação com as marés; as características da faixa de rebentação das praias; e as variações da granulometria do material móvel.Quanto à movimentação dos materiais em fundos de maior profundidade, apresenta-se uma interpretação sobre as profundidades a que se inicia o transporte dos sedimentos e o sentido desse transporte.Em relação à evolução dos perfis descrevem-se as suas fases mais significativas, quer para o caso de ondas de período e altura crescentes como decrescentes. Introduzem-se os conceitos de perfis de máxima erosão e máximo enchimento.

O presente trabalho baseia-se num estudo experimental sobre o funcionamento hidráulico de esporões marítimos no caso em que estes limitam troços de praia que se comportam, na sua evolução, como unidades fisiográficamente independentes. Pretende-se, com este estudo, contribuir para o conhecimento do mecanismo de evolução de praias em que são construídos campos de esporões, com vista ao projecto de dispositivos funcionais deste tipo de defesa costeira. Acessoriamente, tirando partido dos esporões como meio de medição do caudal sólido litoral, fa¬zem-se algumas considerações sobre as relações existentes entre o transporte litoral e as características da onda actuante.O relatório é constituído pelas seguintes partes : a Introdução, em que se define o objectivo do estudo e as suas características; o capítulo I, em que se apresentam noções gerais sobre esporões; o Capi¬tulo II, em que se dá conhecimento do estudo experimental realizado, definindo o seu planeamento, a tecnologia experimental, as características dos ensaios realizados, a interpretarão dos resultados obtidos e as conclusões; o Capitulo III, que diz respeito a casos reais de emprego de esporões, em que, após umas generalidades, se apresentam as principais características das obras de defesa da Cova do Vapor - Costa da Caparica, do campo de esporões da praia de Espinho e do esporão da praia do Estoril, finalizando com algumas conclusões; o Capítulo IV em que se apresentam considerações sumárias sobre caudal sólido litoral, as quais compreendem algumas generalidades, considerações teóricas, resultados experimen¬tais, observações na natureza e conclusões; finalmente, as Conclusões Finais, onde se agrupam todas as considerações do estudo que se julgam de primordial interesse.

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Descreve-se a metodologia de exploração do modelo Litmod. Tata-se de umconjunto de procedimentos que foram sendo estruturados no decurso de diversasaplicações a casos reais. Esses procedimentos apresentam alguns aspectosoriginais e aplicam-se: na elaboração e esquematização dos dados; na avaliaçãoda fiabilidade das simulações; na caracterização da dinâmica sedimentar; nodiagnóstico dos problemas; e no estudo de intervenções de correcção emelhoramento.

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