Publications

This paper presents a study of run-up/overtopping over a smooth impermeable dike with promenade using 2D and 3D mesh-based and mesh-free numerical models and results from 2D physical modelling for strong energetic incident waves. These waves induce plunging wave breaking and a complex water/air mixture turbulent flow before overtopped the dike, a challenging configuration for numerical models. The analysis is structured in two phases: (i) evaluates the results of 2D numerical and physical models for run-up and overtopping; (ii) compares qualitatively the results of 3D numerical models for overtopping over a dike with promenade between groins located in front of a slope beach. The results indicate that the main differences obtained in run-up and overtopping are due to differences in wave generation and active absorption systems used in physical and numerical models and in turbulent models used by the numerical models. These differences lead to changes on incident wave height and on wave breaking and, consequently, on reflection, run-up and overtopping over the structure. For 3D simulation, even if larger discrepancies were found on overtopping along the dike, mean wave overtopping discharge and water flow height at the crest of the groin head show a similar order of magnitude.

Artificial neural networks (ANN) are extremely powerful analytical, parallel processing elements that can successfully approximate any complex non-linear process, and which form a key piece in Artificial Intelligence models. Its field of application, being very wide, is especially suitable for the field of prediction. In this article, its application for the prediction of the overtopping rate is presented, as part of a strategy for the sustainable optimization of coastal or harbor defense structures and their conversion into Waves Energy Converters (WEC). This would allow, among others benefits, reducing their initial high capital expenditure. For the construction of the predictive model, classical multivariate statistical techniques such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), or unsupervised clustering methods like Self Organized Maps (SOM), are used, demonstrating that this close alliance is always methodologically beneficial. The specific application carried out, based on the data provided by the CLASH and EurOtop 2018 databases, involves the creation of a useful application to predict overtopping rates in both sloping breakwaters and seawalls, with good results both in terms of prediction error, such as correlation of the estimated variable.

O projeto de investigação e desenvolvimento To-SEAlert financiado pela Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia e envolvendo o LNEC, a FCiências.ID, a NOVA.ID.FCT e o ISEL tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um sistema de previsão, alerta, planeamento de emergência e gestão de risco de galgamentos e inundações em zonas costeiras e portuárias, com base no sistema HIDRALERTA. Partindo das características da agitação marítima ao largo e utilizando modelos numéricos para a propagação e deformação da agitação marítima, o sistema HIDRALERTA estima os parâmetros relevantes da agitação marítima para a avaliação do galgamento e da inundação bem como o risco associado a esses eventos. As funcionalidades que se pretendem melhorar no âmbito do projeto To-SEAlert dizem respeito às metodologias de previsão do galgamento e da delimitação da zona inundada, bem como no apoio à resposta a situações de emergência envolvendo fenómenos de galgamento. A implementação e a validação do protótipo do To-SEAlert estão a ser efetuadas para a zona costeira da Costa da Caparica e para o porto da Ericeira. Este artigo apresenta o trabalho desenvolvido até à data na construção e desenvolvimento do protótipo do To-SEAlert para o porto da Ericeira.

Under the scope of the HYDRALAB+ transnational access project, the so-called RODBreak experiment was conducted in the multidirectional wave basin at the Marienwerden facilities of the Leibniz University Hannover (LUH). A stretch of a rubble-mound breakwater was built in the wave basin with a very gentle slope. Its armour layer was made of Antifer cubes, at the roundhead and adjoining trunk, and of rock, at the rest of the trunk.A set of tests was carried out to extend the range of wave steepness values analysed in wave run-up, vertopping and armour layer stability studies, focusing on oblique extreme wave conditions, with incident wave angles from 40º to 90º.The present study focuses on the analysis of measured wave run-up values obtained in the tests and on their on their variability as well as the influence of the wave obliquity and directional spreading.

Several authors have proposed guidelines on how to consider the effects of oblique waves on the stability of armour layers of rubble-mound breakwaters. Especially for very oblique waves, for which the increase in stability is the largest, limited data are available. Under the scope of the HYDRALAB+ transnational access project

This paper describes a program under the responsibility of LNEC for the systematic observation and monitoring of maritime works that has successfully been applied to a number of maritime structures on the Portuguese mainland coast. The now-called OSOM+ program comprises the following four main components for each structure: i) periodic visual inspections by an experienced technician; ii) periodic aerial inspections with a UAV/ drone; iii) a ANOSOM-WEB database, to store and/or query obtained information on the observation campaigns, as well as to diagnose present, evolution and risk conditions of the structure; iv) a mobile, portable, application, for realtime input and visualization of the database information. OSOM+ has recently been updated with a number of tools and functionalities that are illustrated in this paper with applications to two real case studies: the Portimão harbor breakwaters and Faro-Olhão inlet entrance breakwaters, both located in the south coast of Portugal.

Wave energy is a renewable source with significant amount in relation to the global demand. A good concept of a device applied to extract this type of energy is the onshore oscillating water column wave energy converter (OWC-WEC). This study shows a numerical analysis of the diameter determination of two types of turbines, Wells and Impulse, installed in an onshore OWC device subjected to a hypothetical sea state. Commercial software FLUENT, which is based on RANS-VoF (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations and Volume of Fluid technique), is employed. A methodology that imposes air pressure on the chamber, considering the air compressibility effect, is used. The mathematical domain consists of a 10 m deep flume with a 10 m long and 10 m wide OWC chamber at its end (geometry is similar to that of the Pico

Para caracterizar a agitação marítima no Porto de Leixões após o prolongamento do quebra-mar exterior, sob condições de alterações climáticas foi realizado um extenso grupo de ensaios em modelo físico tridimensional de agitação, num tanque do LNEC, à escala 1:80, representando-se toda a bacia portuária e o prolongamento do quebra-mar exterior do Porto de Leixões. Foram realizados ensaios com diferentes condições de agitação incidente para o rumo W e com dois níveis de maré, que correspondem ao nível médio e a preia-mar com uma sobrelevação representativa dos efeitos das alterações climáticas e da sua influência na agitação marítima. Foi medida a agitação em 30 pontos localizados na entrada do porto e no interior da bacia portuária e analisou-se o abrigo da bacia portuária com a ampliação do quebra-mar norte e as diferenças entre o abrigo para os dois níveis de maré ensaiados.As principais conclusões dos ensaios realizados foram que os maiores valores de alturas de onda ocorreram na zona exterior e de entrada do porto, diminuindo para o seu interior. Ao longo do canal de navegação, as alturas de onda vão diminuindo e no interior do porto obtiveram-se valores da altura de onda pequenos. A subida do nível do mar, para as condições ensaiadas, não afeta significativamente a agitação no interior da bacia portuária. No entanto, no exterior e zona de entrada do porto contribui para alterações da agitação que diferem consoante o período de pico e a altura de onda significativa incidente.

The vegetation capacity to protect the coasts from wave action is becoming more important and attractive due to ongoing sea level rise and increasing storminess. In addition, it is a quite environmentally friendly way. Quantifying the vegetation effect in wave propagation will be relevant for coastal management. A non-hydrostatic wave model based on the nonlinear shallow water equations, SWASH, offers opportunities to quantify the wave dissipation effect in vegetation fields. However, limited applications of SWASH addressing this subject can be found in the literature and therefore it is important to enhance the existing knowledge on the model behaviour. In this research, in order to understand the characteristics of the SWASH model further, the model is applied to reproduce the significant wave height (Hs ) evolution over vegetation fields measured in flume experiments and in field campaign. Overall, SWASH performed very well in reproducing the Hs evolution measured both in the laboratory and in the field. In the case of flume data, the statistical scores MBE, RMSE and MRE, showed that the SWASH performance clearly improved when increasing the number of vertical layers assumed in the simulations. In the case of field data, considering a vegetation factor (Vf ) between 0.1 and 0.5, that represents the overall effect of scarcely known numerical vegetation parameters, led to a fairly good SWASH performance in modelling the Hs evolution over vegetation.

O conhecimento das forças devido à acção das ondas que atuam nos emissários submarinos, compostos por uma conduta e anéis de estabilização de betão, para agitação com direcção de propagação próxima da direcção do emissário, é essencial para o seu dimensionamento. Esta é uma configuração complexa, para a qual a modelação numérica, utilizando modelos 3D de tipo RANSVoF (Reynolds-Average-Navier-Stokes Volume-of-Fluid), é especialmente adequada para obter uma estimativa das forças na conduta e nos anéis. O presente estudo consiste na simulação de um emissário submarino com anéis de estabilização à escala 1:15 que foi ensaiado num tanque de ondas tridimensional, nas instalações do Danish Hydraulics Institute, para estudar a influência da direcção da agitação incidente e da distância da conduta ao fundo nas forças que atuam no emissário. Os resultados numéricos são comparados aos experimentais: obtém-se uma boa concordância nas forças de arrasto, mas as forças de sustentação são subestimadas numericamente.

Os quebra-mares de talude estão entre as obras de proteção marítimo-portuárias mais frequentes em Portugal. Devido ao ambiente marítimo agressivo a que estão sujeitos, requerem obras de manutenção periódicas que garantam o seu funcionamento adequado.O elevado valor associado às reparações e/ou reabilitações e às grandes dimensões dos quebra-mares, muitas vezes inviabilizam que intervenções em estruturas desta natureza sejam realizadas de forma completa.Realizou-se um estudo de análise multicritério, com objetivo de propor critérios a serem utilizados na metodologia Measuring Attractiveness by a Category Based Evaluation Technique (MACBETH), acrescida de informações técnicas da base de dados da aplicação de Análise de Observação Sistemática de Obras Marítimas (ANOSOM), com a intenção de otimizar o impacto dos investimentos e auxiliar a tomada de decisões quanto a priorização de intervenções diretamente relacionadas com a maximização da vida útil dos quebra-mares e o seu correto funcionamento. Os casos de estudo são os quebra-mares de Vilamoura, Quarteira e Faro-Olhão.

A geografia marítima nem sempre proporciona à costa um ambiente seguro para a instalação e manutenção de portos. Com este propósito, constroem-se obstáculos estruturais capazes de proteger o porto contra a agitação marítima, permitindo que as embarcações executem com segurança e eficiência as operações portuárias.Os quebra-mares de talude são as estruturas de proteção marítimo-portuárias mais frequentes em Portugal e estão sujeitos à ação de intempéries e agitação marítima intensa, requerendo obras de manutenção periódicas que garantam o seu funcionamento adequado. No entanto, devido ao elevado valor associado às reparações e/ou reabilitações e à envergadura deste tipo de obras, nem sempre é possível que as intervenções sejam realizadas de forma completa.As informações técnicas, relativas às intervenções em quebra-mares de talude, estão registadas na base de dados de Análise de Observação Sistemática de Obras Marítimas (ANOSOM), uma ferramenta de diagnóstico de estruturas marítimas de proteção portuária e de embocaduras, desenvolvida em MS ACESS pelo Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC), a qual mantém uma ampla biblioteca de registos originados em observações regulares de obras marítimas portuguesas, desde o ano de 1995 até à atualidade.As metodologias de análise de multicritério contribuem de forma significativa para a maximização do impacto dos investimentos, proporcionando a tomada de decisões de forma eficiente, no que tange a priorização das intervenções diretamente relacionadas com a vida útil da estrutura e com o seu correto funcionamento.O estudo contido na presente comunicação tem por objetivo propor a utilização de metodologias de análise multicritério para apoio à decisão, através do levantamento de diversos critérios, submetidos a avaliação de especialistas neste tipo de infraestruturas.

Damage evolution in rubble mound breakwaters is one of the key issues in coastal engineering, in particular their design, linked to maintenance and preventive strategies. One of the major challenges is to determine how the lower parts of the breakwaters evolve under sea states. The settlements and movements in this area are responsible of the evolution in the medium and upper parts, in particular the active zone, that are finally the areas where the initial damage and destruction are produced. To analyze these zones, scanning methodologies are increasing their application, specially to determine more precisely the initial movements of the pieces, porosity evolution and damage.This paper presents the application of a scanning device, a Kinect® system, both to analyze a rock armour and Antifer protection in 2D tests conducted in two facilities: LNEC (Portugal) and CITEEC (University of A Coruña, Spain). The analysis presents the initial approach to the validation process and calibration errors, and comparison with existing formulae. The comparison was done only in the initial and final steps, so no water was present in the flume when scanning. Further work is actually developed with intermediate steps (and water), and 3D tests including a roundhead (RODBreak project, Hydralab+, H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015. Project ID: 654110).

Esta comunicação apresenta uma avaliação do risco de galgamento das estruturas de defesa marítima do Porto de Leixões, nomeadamente o quebra-mar norte e o quebra-mar sul.Recorrendo a previsões de agitação marítima em águas profundas fornecidas pelo modelo WAM, é feita a sua propagação com os modelos numéricos SWAN e DREAMS de modo a obter-se a caracterização da agitação marítima incidente nestas estruturas. Este trabalho assenta na utilização de dados de agitação marítima que cobrem um período de 38 anos (1979

Nesta comunicação descreve uma aplicação do modelo numérico XBEACH no cálculo do espraiamento, galgamento e consequente inundação de sete praias da zona da Costa da Caparica, concelho de Almada, recorrendo à metodologia desenvolvida no âmbito do projeto de investigação HIDRALERTA.Com base nos dados de 2007 a 2016 de agitação marítima ao largo, fornecidos pelo modelo de previsão da agitação marítima WAVEWATCH III, procede-se à transferência destes dados para locais em frente a cada uma das praias da Costa da Caparica, utilizando o modelo numérico SWAN, de modo a caraterizar o regime de agitação marítima nesses locais. De seguida, para o cálculo do espraiamento, galgamento e inundação, recorre-se ao modelo XBEACH, de previsão do efeito de tempestades marítimas na erosão e inundação de zonas costeiras. Os resultados numéricos obtidos para um conjunto de 4 tempestades e para as várias praias são comparados com valores calculados com base em fórmulas empíricas.Os resultados numéricos e das fórmulas empíricas apresentam uma concordância razoável em termos do nível máximo de inundação para a zona norte da Praia de São João da Caparica, o mesmo não se verificando nas zonas também protegidas por estruturas de defesa costeira.

This paper describes the 2D physical model tests performed for a rock armour breakwater at LNEC´s facilities, under the framework of the HYDRALAB+ project. The aim of the present work was to evaluate damage evolution under different approaches of storm sequences, corresponding to different climate change scenarios. The tested wave conditions intended to simulate different sequences of water levels (low water and high water), significant wave heights and peak periods. Damage evaluation was based on the traditional visual method and on stereo-photogrammetric techniques. Results in terms of the non-dimensional damage parameter, the non-dimensional damage depth and the percentage of displaced armour units are compared for the different storm sequences.

This paper describes the 2D physical model tests performed for a rock armour breakwater at LNEC´s facilities, under the framework of the HYDRALAB+ project. The aim of the present work was to evaluate damage evolution under different approaches of storm sequences, corresponding to different climate change scenarios. The tested wave conditions intended to simulate different sequences of water levels (low water and high water), significant wave heights and peak periods. Damage evaluation was based on the traditional visual method and on stereo-photogrammetric techniques. Results in terms of the non-dimensional damage parameter, the non-dimensional damage depth and the percentage of displaced armour units are compared for the different storm sequences.

Understanding damage progression under future climate changes is of utmost importance for effective management of coastal defenses. Significant wave height, wave period, storm direction and water level have been considered the main design variables for coastal structures. Usually, physical model tests support the design of breakwaters considering different incident wave conditions that include also extreme events.This paper describes the two-dimensional (2D) physical model tests of a rock armor breakwater, performed at LNEC´s experimental facilities, under the framework of the HYDRALAB+ project. The aim of the present work was to evaluate damage evolution under future climate change scenarios, by using different damage evaluation techniques. The tested wave conditions simulated a storm sequence where two water levels (low water and high water) were considered, as well as an increase of the wave height. The water levels and the wave heights were chosen to simulate extreme events forecasted on climate change scenarios.Damage evaluation was based on the traditional counting method and on stereophotogrammetric techniques. Test results are presented in terms of the damage parameter S (Broderick & Ahrens, 1982) and in terms of the percentage of removed armor units. The analysis is focused on the damage progression during the scale model tests, for the imposed storm sequence.The damage presents an oscillating behavior with two main damage areas corresponding to the active zones for each level, due to the variation of the water level between low-water and highwater. This behavior differs significantly from that found for the common storm sequences usually tested, where the water level does not change.Both measuring techniques lead to an intermediate damage of the cross-section breakwater. However, the damage parameter assessment with the stereo-photogrammetric technique allows a more versatile evaluation, since it is possible to characterize damage in representative zones of the cross-section.

This paper analyses the influence of water depth and speed variation in the hydrodynamic interaction between a navigating ship and a stationary one, using physical and numerical modelling. The passing ship is a self-propelled scale model of the

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A major objective of TRA LISBON 2022 Conference is to boost research and innovation capacity for the transport sector, throughout a full innovation cycle, from idea to market. Having this in view, the project

The demonstration area will be one of the main focus points of TRA LISBON 2022, presenting multifunctional spaces and being prepared to receive a large number of different types of on-site demonstrations (indoor and outdoor). On-line demonstrations will also be an option, allowing for the widest possible coverage of access for all the participants.The dedicated areas will allow for interactive demonstrations of technological innovations to be carried out by and for industry partners, researchers, and other stakeholders. Demonstrations are an excellent opportunity to introduce conference attendees in an engaging way, as well as to promote new contacts and promising business.

According to the CSA project plan, WP5.2 task objective is to organize technical tours that feature attractive and interactive showcases aiming at engaging participants into novel technologies for all transport modes and enabling stakeholders and their companies to disseminate and even sell their products and applications to all interested parties.

This report is part of HYDRALAB+ Work Package 10, which seeks to strengthen the coherence of experimental hydraulic and hydrodynamic research undertaken by the HYDRALAB+ partner organisations. It outlines the work carried out by Samui Design & Management Ltd, supported by HR Wallingford, in relation to the development of a data repository structure that can be adopted by participants of the HYDRALAB+ project.

Reliable prediction of wave run-up/overtopping and structure damage is a key task in the design and safety assessment of coastal and harbor structures. Run-up/overtopping and damage must be below acceptable limits, both in extreme and in normal operating conditions, to guarantee the stability of the structure and the safety of people and assets on and behind the structure. The mean-sea-level rise caused by climate change and its effects on wave climate may increase the number and intensity of run-up/overtopping events and make the existing coastal/harbor structures more vulnerable to damage.Accurate estimates, through physical modelling, of the statistics of overtopping waves for a set of climate change conditions, are needed. The research project HYDRALAB+ (H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015) gathers an advanced network of environmental hydraulic institutes in Europe, which provides access to a suite of environmental hydraulic facilities. They play a vital role in the development of climate change adaptation strategies, by allowing the direct testing of adaptation measures and by providing data for numerical model calibration and validation. The use of physical (scale) models allows the simulation of extreme events as they are now, and as they are projected to be under different climate change scenarios.The enclosed dataset refers to the experimental work developed at LNEC within HYDRALAB+ and considers 2D damage and overtopping tests for a rock armor slope, with four different approaches to represent storms. Data of free surface elevation, overtopping and damage is presented.

The HYDRALAB+ project is aimed at strengthening the coherence of experimental hydraulic and hydrodynamic research undertaken across its partner organisations. This report is D10.2 of the HYDRALAB+ project, entitled

The HYDRALAB+ project is aimed at strengthening the coherence of experimental hydraulic and hydrodynamic research undertaken across its partner organisations. This report is D10.3 of the HYDRALAB+ project, entitled

This deliverable is related to task 8.2

Neste relatório inicial são apresentadas a arquitetura e as caraterísticas gerais dos protótipos do sistema de previsão, alerta e gestão de riscos causados pela agitação marítima para os portos de Madalena do Pico, São Roque do Pico e Praia da Vitória. Os três protótipos em desenvolvimento têm por base uma arquitetura semelhante, com características distintas, nomeadamente no que respeita à localização dos dados de base, às malhas computacionais utilizadas e às características físicas das fronteiras, tanto no plano horizontal (interface terra-mar), como no vertical (batimetria dos fundos). Caracteriza-se o layout geral dos portos, bem como a sua morfologia e operabilidade.

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