Publications

This paper presents a study of run-up/overtopping over a smooth impermeable dike with promenade using 2D and 3D mesh-based and mesh-free numerical models and results from 2D physical modelling for strong energetic incident waves. These waves induce plunging wave breaking and a complex water/air mixture turbulent flow before overtopped the dike, a challenging configuration for numerical models. The analysis is structured in two phases: (i) evaluates the results of 2D numerical and physical models for run-up and overtopping; (ii) compares qualitatively the results of 3D numerical models for overtopping over a dike with promenade between groins located in front of a slope beach. The results indicate that the main differences obtained in run-up and overtopping are due to differences in wave generation and active absorption systems used in physical and numerical models and in turbulent models used by the numerical models. These differences lead to changes on incident wave height and on wave breaking and, consequently, on reflection, run-up and overtopping over the structure. For 3D simulation, even if larger discrepancies were found on overtopping along the dike, mean wave overtopping discharge and water flow height at the crest of the groin head show a similar order of magnitude.

Artificial neural networks (ANN) are extremely powerful analytical, parallel processing elements that can successfully approximate any complex non-linear process, and which form a key piece in Artificial Intelligence models. Its field of application, being very wide, is especially suitable for the field of prediction. In this article, its application for the prediction of the overtopping rate is presented, as part of a strategy for the sustainable optimization of coastal or harbor defense structures and their conversion into Waves Energy Converters (WEC). This would allow, among others benefits, reducing their initial high capital expenditure. For the construction of the predictive model, classical multivariate statistical techniques such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), or unsupervised clustering methods like Self Organized Maps (SOM), are used, demonstrating that this close alliance is always methodologically beneficial. The specific application carried out, based on the data provided by the CLASH and EurOtop 2018 databases, involves the creation of a useful application to predict overtopping rates in both sloping breakwaters and seawalls, with good results both in terms of prediction error, such as correlation of the estimated variable.

O projeto de investigação e desenvolvimento To-SEAlert financiado pela Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia e envolvendo o LNEC, a FCiências.ID, a NOVA.ID.FCT e o ISEL tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um sistema de previsão, alerta, planeamento de emergência e gestão de risco de galgamentos e inundações em zonas costeiras e portuárias, com base no sistema HIDRALERTA. Partindo das características da agitação marítima ao largo e utilizando modelos numéricos para a propagação e deformação da agitação marítima, o sistema HIDRALERTA estima os parâmetros relevantes da agitação marítima para a avaliação do galgamento e da inundação bem como o risco associado a esses eventos. As funcionalidades que se pretendem melhorar no âmbito do projeto To-SEAlert dizem respeito às metodologias de previsão do galgamento e da delimitação da zona inundada, bem como no apoio à resposta a situações de emergência envolvendo fenómenos de galgamento. A implementação e a validação do protótipo do To-SEAlert estão a ser efetuadas para a zona costeira da Costa da Caparica e para o porto da Ericeira. Este artigo apresenta o trabalho desenvolvido até à data na construção e desenvolvimento do protótipo do To-SEAlert para o porto da Ericeira.

Under the scope of the HYDRALAB+ transnational access project, the so-called RODBreak experiment was conducted in the multidirectional wave basin at the Marienwerden facilities of the Leibniz University Hannover (LUH). A stretch of a rubble-mound breakwater was built in the wave basin with a very gentle slope. Its armour layer was made of Antifer cubes, at the roundhead and adjoining trunk, and of rock, at the rest of the trunk.A set of tests was carried out to extend the range of wave steepness values analysed in wave run-up, vertopping and armour layer stability studies, focusing on oblique extreme wave conditions, with incident wave angles from 40º to 90º.The present study focuses on the analysis of measured wave run-up values obtained in the tests and on their on their variability as well as the influence of the wave obliquity and directional spreading.

Several authors have proposed guidelines on how to consider the effects of oblique waves on the stability of armour layers of rubble-mound breakwaters. Especially for very oblique waves, for which the increase in stability is the largest, limited data are available. Under the scope of the HYDRALAB+ transnational access project

This paper describes a program under the responsibility of LNEC for the systematic observation and monitoring of maritime works that has successfully been applied to a number of maritime structures on the Portuguese mainland coast. The now-called OSOM+ program comprises the following four main components for each structure: i) periodic visual inspections by an experienced technician; ii) periodic aerial inspections with a UAV/ drone; iii) a ANOSOM-WEB database, to store and/or query obtained information on the observation campaigns, as well as to diagnose present, evolution and risk conditions of the structure; iv) a mobile, portable, application, for realtime input and visualization of the database information. OSOM+ has recently been updated with a number of tools and functionalities that are illustrated in this paper with applications to two real case studies: the Portimão harbor breakwaters and Faro-Olhão inlet entrance breakwaters, both located in the south coast of Portugal.

Wave energy is a renewable source with significant amount in relation to the global demand. A good concept of a device applied to extract this type of energy is the onshore oscillating water column wave energy converter (OWC-WEC). This study shows a numerical analysis of the diameter determination of two types of turbines, Wells and Impulse, installed in an onshore OWC device subjected to a hypothetical sea state. Commercial software FLUENT, which is based on RANS-VoF (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations and Volume of Fluid technique), is employed. A methodology that imposes air pressure on the chamber, considering the air compressibility effect, is used. The mathematical domain consists of a 10 m deep flume with a 10 m long and 10 m wide OWC chamber at its end (geometry is similar to that of the Pico

Para caracterizar a agitação marítima no Porto de Leixões após o prolongamento do quebra-mar exterior, sob condições de alterações climáticas foi realizado um extenso grupo de ensaios em modelo físico tridimensional de agitação, num tanque do LNEC, à escala 1:80, representando-se toda a bacia portuária e o prolongamento do quebra-mar exterior do Porto de Leixões. Foram realizados ensaios com diferentes condições de agitação incidente para o rumo W e com dois níveis de maré, que correspondem ao nível médio e a preia-mar com uma sobrelevação representativa dos efeitos das alterações climáticas e da sua influência na agitação marítima. Foi medida a agitação em 30 pontos localizados na entrada do porto e no interior da bacia portuária e analisou-se o abrigo da bacia portuária com a ampliação do quebra-mar norte e as diferenças entre o abrigo para os dois níveis de maré ensaiados.As principais conclusões dos ensaios realizados foram que os maiores valores de alturas de onda ocorreram na zona exterior e de entrada do porto, diminuindo para o seu interior. Ao longo do canal de navegação, as alturas de onda vão diminuindo e no interior do porto obtiveram-se valores da altura de onda pequenos. A subida do nível do mar, para as condições ensaiadas, não afeta significativamente a agitação no interior da bacia portuária. No entanto, no exterior e zona de entrada do porto contribui para alterações da agitação que diferem consoante o período de pico e a altura de onda significativa incidente.

The vegetation capacity to protect the coasts from wave action is becoming more important and attractive due to ongoing sea level rise and increasing storminess. In addition, it is a quite environmentally friendly way. Quantifying the vegetation effect in wave propagation will be relevant for coastal management. A non-hydrostatic wave model based on the nonlinear shallow water equations, SWASH, offers opportunities to quantify the wave dissipation effect in vegetation fields. However, limited applications of SWASH addressing this subject can be found in the literature and therefore it is important to enhance the existing knowledge on the model behaviour. In this research, in order to understand the characteristics of the SWASH model further, the model is applied to reproduce the significant wave height (Hs ) evolution over vegetation fields measured in flume experiments and in field campaign. Overall, SWASH performed very well in reproducing the Hs evolution measured both in the laboratory and in the field. In the case of flume data, the statistical scores MBE, RMSE and MRE, showed that the SWASH performance clearly improved when increasing the number of vertical layers assumed in the simulations. In the case of field data, considering a vegetation factor (Vf ) between 0.1 and 0.5, that represents the overall effect of scarcely known numerical vegetation parameters, led to a fairly good SWASH performance in modelling the Hs evolution over vegetation.

The ultimate goal of applying SWASH in the present work is to compare SWASH wave height results with laboratory results presented in Løvås (2000) and with field observations of Vo-Luong and Massel (2008) as well. Additionally, SWASH results will be also compared to the ones previously obtained by other empirical and numerical models (Mendez and Losada, 2004; Suzuki et al., 2012).Preliminary SWASH wave height simulations for breaking random waves over vegetation have shown an overall good agreement to the flume data presented in Løvås (2000). The agreement between SWASH and flume results looked worst at the wave breaking zone, which seems to be improved through a better wave breaking parametrization.

Most of the previous studies on wave propagation over vegetation fields estimated drag coefficients (CD) for rigid and flexible plants by the so called calibration method which gave similar CD for both types of plants. However, CD may actually be considerably different when the drag force is directly measured. In order to investigate the wave dissipation and CD further, flume experiments for wave propagation over vegetation are conducted with a special focus on the benchmark single cylinder test that calculates CD by direct measurements in single rigid and flexible artificial plants.

O projeto BSafe4Sea visa desenvolver, testar e comprovar o conceito de previsão do comportamento estrutural de quebra-mares de talude como a base de um sistema inovador de apoio à decisão. A utilização de fotografias aéreas obtidas com veículos aéreos não tripulados, de vídeo e de posicionamento com GNSS, juntamente com a avaliação probabilística do comportamento dos quebra-mares baseada em modelos físicos e numéricos, apoiarão o planeamento e a priorização de trabalhos de manutenção e reparação, aumentando a segurança, funcionalidade e resiliência destas obras. Este sistema é urgente devido à sua relevância para as modernas redes de transporte de mercadorias e passageiros e às condições extremas a que os quebra-mares estão sujeitos, e que se poderão agravar devido às alterações climáticas.

This paper describes a programme under the responsibility of LNEC for the systematic observation and monitoring of maritime works that has successfully been applied to an extensive number of maritime structures on the Portuguese mainland coast and abroad.The now-called OSOM+ programme comprises the following four main components for each structure: periodic visual inspections by an experienced technician; periodic aerial inspections with a UAV/drone; a ANOSOM-GIS database, to store and/or query obtained information on the observation campaigns, as well as to diagnose present, evolution and risk conditions of the structure; a mobile, portable, application, for real-time input and visualization of the database information.This recently updated methodology encompasses a number of tools and functionalities that are illustrated in this paper with applications to a real case, the Faro-Olhão

In this paper, the development of such system, called SWAMS ALERT, is detailed and an illustration on how it applies to a real port is presented, namely the port of S. Roque do Pico. SWAMS ALERT is as risk forecast and management system for the safety of transiting ships and moored ships in ports and harbors. This system can be fine-tuned to a specific port, thus becoming a valuable tool to help in the selection of docking and mooring devices. SWAMS ALERT extends the functionality of the wave overtopping events forecast system HIDRALERTA to include the ship

Since 1986, the National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC) has developed a program for Systematic Observation of Maritime Works (OSOM) for the structures under the responsibility of the former Port and Maritime Transport Institute (IPTM).The objective of this program is to monitor the behavior of the structures and recommend timely interventions for their maintenance and/or repair. Recently, with the acquisition by LNEC of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV, or drone), a number of structural surveys have been carried out to complement the information obtained in above mentioned visual observation campaigns. The UAV provides more detailed and accurate information on the state of the structures. It also allows the assessment of the evolution of structures

Neste artigo descreve-se o trabalho desenvolvido, até ao presente na construção, desenvolvimento e implementação dos 2 novos protótipos do sistema HIDRALERTA para os portos da Madalena do Pico e de S. Roque do Pico, ambos na Ilha do Pico, Açores. Este sistema permite a previsão e alerta de situações de emergência relacionadas com agitação marítima, galgamentos, inundações.

The recent acquisition of an UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), or drone, has enriched ongoing LNEC

Nesta comunicação analisa-se a influência da variação da profundidade na interação hidrodinâmica entre dois navios, um estacionário e outro navegando na vizinhança, com recurso à modelação física e numérica. O navio em movimento é um modelo autopropulsionado à escala do navio de transporte de produtos químicos

O conhecimento das forças devido à ação das ondas que atuam nos emissários submarinos compostos por uma conduta e anéis de estabilização de betão, para agitação com direção de propagação próxima da direção do emissário, é essencial para o seu dimensionamento. Esta é uma configuração complexa, para a qual a modelação numérica, utilizando modelos 3D de tipo RANS-VoF (Reynolds-Average-Navier-Stokes Volume-of-Fluid), é especialmente adequada para obter uma estimativa das forças na conduta e nos anéis. O presente estudo consiste na simulação de um emissário submarino com anéis de estabilização à escala 1:15 que foi ensaiado num tanque de ondas tridimensional, nas instalações do Danish Hydraulics Institute (DHI), para estudar a influência da direção da agitação incidente e da distância da conduta ao fundo nas forças que atuam no emissário. Foram realizados ensaios sem e com anéis (2 tipos de anéis), para diferentes condições de agitação e direções de agitação incidente (90º, i.e., perpendicular à conduta, 30º e 10º) e para três distâncias da conduta ao fundo (0.0, 0.020 e 0.033m). Os resultados numéricos são comparados aos experimentais para agitação com direcção de propagação perpendicular ao emissário, para 3 alturas de onda incidente. Verificou-se que o modelo de turbulência k-

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