Papers
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Development of a Bayesian network-based early warning system for storm-driven coastal erosion
Coastal hazards such as flooding and erosion can cause large economic and human losses. Under this threat, early warning systems can be very cost-effective solutions for disaster preparation. The goal of this study was to develop, test, and implement an operational coastal erosion early warning system supported by a particular method of machine learning. Thus, the system combines Bayesian Networks, and state-of-the-art numerical models, such as XBeach and SWAN, to predict storm erosion impacts in urbanized areas. This system was developed in two phases. In the development phase, all information required to apply the machine learning method was generated including the definition of hundreds of oceanic synthetic storms, modeling of the erosion caused by these storms, and characterization of the impact levels according to a newly defined eerosion iimpact index. This adimensional index relates the distance from the edge of the dune/beach scarp to buildings and the height of that scarp. Finally, a Bayesian Network that acted as a surrogate of the previously generated information was built. After the training of the network, the conditional probability tables were created. These tables constituted the ground knowledge to make the predictions in the second phase. This methodology was validated (1) by comparing 6-h predictions obtained with the Bayesian Network and with process-based models, the latest considered as the benchmark, and (2) by assessing the predictive skills of the Bayesian Network through the unbiased iterative k-fold cross-validation procedure. Regarding the first comparison, the analysis considered the entire duration of three large storms whose return periods were 10, 16, and 25 years, and it was observed that the Bayesian Network correctly predicted between 64% and 72% of the impacts during the course of the storms, depending on the area analyzed. Importantly, this method was also able to identify when the hazardous conditions disappeared after predicting potential consequences. Regarding the Regarding the second validation approach, second validation approach, the k-fold cross-validation procedure was applied to the peak of a set of varying storms and it demonstrated that the predictive skills were maximized (63%
Year: 2024
Number Pages:
1-15pp.
Author(s): Garzon, J.L.; Ferreira, Ó.; PLOMARITIS, T.A.; Zózimo, A. C.; Fortes, C. J. E. M.; Pinheiro, L.
: Coastal Engineering
Editor: Elsevier
Volume:
Vol 189 (104460).
Keywords: HIDRALERTA; Sandy beaches; Bayesian networks; Numerical modeling; Prediction system
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Experimental study of an onshore dual chamber oscillating water column device
A wave flume is used to study a scaled model of a stepped bottom dual-chamber Oscillating Water Column (OWC) installed onshore. Compared to traditional single-chamber OWCs, the use of dual-chambers is expected to widen the range of sea states in which the OWC is more efficient, and the step, in front of the first chamber, boosts the capturing energy capacity of the device. The Power Take-Off (PTO) system is modelled as an air opening in the pneumatic chambers. Several experiments combining regular incident waves and PTO damping conditions are performed. Results of the amplitudes of the free surface elevations inside the chambers show that the device can amplify the incident wave amplitude up to 1.57 times in chamber 2. Results of the primary efficiency show that the device is highly dependent on the PTO damping characteristics and can reach around 40% for a wide range of wave periods. Results of the reflection analysis show that the reflection coefficient is also dependent on the PTO damping characteristics but remain lower than 0.6 for all the studied cases. Sloshing phenomenon (mostly in the cross-section direction) was observed for a wavelength close to the cross-section dimension, impacting negatively on the device pneumatic performance.
Year: 2024
Number Pages:
16p..
Author(s): Gadelho, J.; REZANEJAD, K.; Guedes Soares, C.; Santos, J. A.; Anastas, G.; Fortes, C. J. E. M.
: Ocean Engineering
Editor: Elsevier
Volume:
Volume 300 (117240).
Keywords: Reflection coefficients; Efficiency improvement; Breakwater; Experiments; Oscillating water column
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Numerical analysis of 3D hydrodynamics and performance of an array of oscillating water column wave energy converters integrated into a vertical breakwater
Performance and hydrodynamics of an array of Oscillating Water Column (OWC) Wave Energy Converter (WEC) integrated into a vertical breakwater is studied. The FLUENT® software, in which the numerical model is based on the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations and the Volume of Fluid method for free surface flow modeling, is used in a 3D numerical wave tank. Three vertical breakwater configurations subject to the action of incident regular waves with periods from 6 to 12 s are studied: normal breakwater, with vertical walls parallel to the direction along the breakwater length; and two novel breakwater geometries, partially and fully convergent breakwaters, whose converging vertical walls are inclined
Year: 2024
Number Pages:
20p..
Author(s): Didier, E.; Teixeira, P.
: Revista Renewable Energy
Editor: Elsevier
Volume:
Vol. 225 (120297).
Keywords: 3D RANS-VoF numerical wave tank; Efficiency; Vertical breakwater; Oscillating water column; Array of wave energy converters
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A RANS-based Numerical Model to Simulate Overtopping-type Wave Energy Converters Integrated into Breakwaters
This study aims to validate a numerical model based on Reynolds-averaged Navier
Year: 2023
Number Pages:
420
Author(s): Didier, E.; Teixeira, P.
: International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering
Editor: IJOPE
Volume:
Vol 33 Nº 4.
Keywords: Turbulence models; Numerical wave flume; RANS; Wave energy; Overtopping wave energy converter
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An Early Warning System for Coastal Risks Assessment
Storms impacting sandy coastal areas produce hazards such as erosion and overwash that, in turn, promote risk to life and property damage in occupied areas. Coastal damage and risks willincrease in the future not only in association with climate change but also due to the growinghuman occupation in coastal areas (van Dongeren et al., 2018). Since the threatened coastal areas are often densely populated, there is a need to implement measures to prevent risks. One of such measures is the use of Early Warning Systems (EWS) that anticipate expected risks and, therefore, work as management tools to minimize or avoid disaster. This work presents the basis of an EWS prototype to alert about the potential consequences of overwash/overtopping and erosion induced by storms, in coastal areas.
Year: 2023
Author(s): Ferreira, Ó.; Garzon, J.L.; Ferreira, A. M.; Zózimo, A. C.; Fortes, C. J. E. M.; Reis, M. T. L. G. V.
Editor: World Scientific
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Conceptual and quantitative categorization of wave
Beaches combined with sloping structures are frequently the frst element of defense to protect urban areas from the impact of extreme coastal fooding events. However, these structures are rarely designed for null wave overtopping discharges, accepting that waves can pass above the crest and threat exposed elements in hinterland areas, such as pedestrians, urban elements and buildings, and vehicles. To reduce risks, Early Warning Systems (EWSs) can be used to anticipate and minimize the impacts of fooding episodes on those elements. A key aspect of these systems is the defnition of non-admissible discharge levels that trigger signifcant impacts. However, large discrepancies in defning these discharge levels and the associated impacts are found among the existing methods to assess foodings. Due to the lack of standardization, a new conceptual and quantitative four-level (from no-impact to high-impact) categorization of food warnings (EW-Coast) is proposed. EW-Coast integrates and unifes previous methods and builds on them by incorporating feld-based information. Thus, the new categorization successfully predicted the impact level on 70%, 82%, and 85% of the overtopping episodes afecting pedestrians, urban elements and buildings, and vehicles, respectively. This demonstrates its suitability to support EWSs in areas vulnerable to wave-induced fooding.
Year: 2023
Author(s): Garzon, J.L.; Ferreira, O.; Reis, M. T. L. G. V.; Ferreira, A. M.; Fortes, C. J. E. M.; Zózimo, A. C.
: Scientific Reports
Editor: Communications Engineering
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Damage Evolution in Physical Scale Model Tests of a Stretch of the Breakwater of Peniche Harbour.
During physical scale model tests of rubble mound breakwaters, the assessment of the eroded volume of the armour layer subjected to incident sea waves can be determined from consecutive surveys of the surface of the armour layer after each test run. This enables one to assess the damage level of the struc ture by comparing erosion profiles and by the eroded volume between consecutive surveys of the tested section. The present study aimed to evaluate the damage evolu tion of a section of the Peniche harbour west breakwater, whose armour layer is made of tetrapods, A dimensionless damage parameter was computed, based on the eroded volume at the end of each test. The test program consisted of three test series (A, B and C) with different durations and wave conditions sequences, considering the low-water level (water depth of 0.20 m at the toe of the structure) and high-water level (0.24 m) and sea states with peak periods Tp = 1.70 s and Tp = 1.98 s and significant wave heights, Hm0, ranging between 0.12 m and 0.19 m. The model was built and operated according to Froude
Year: 2023
Author(s): Lemos, R.; Fortes, C. J. E. M.; Santos, J. A.; Mendonça, A. C.
Editor: Rilem
Keywords: 3D surface model; Position sensor; Damage evolution; Breakwater
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Damage Evolution Prediction during 2D Scale-Model Tests of a Rubble-Mound Breakwater: A Case Study of Ericeira
Melby presents a formula to predict damage evolution in rubble-mound breakwaterswhose armour layer is made of rock, based on the erosion measured in scale-model tests and thecharacteristics of the incident sea waves in such tests. However, this formula is only valid for armourlayers made of rock and for the range of tested sea states. The present work aims to show howthe Melby methodology can be used to establish a similar formula for the armour layer damageevolution in a rubble-mound breakwater where tetrapods are employed. For that, a long-durationtest series is conducted with a 1:50 scale model of the quay section of the Ericeira Harbour breakwater.The eroded volume of the armour layer was measured using a Kinect position sensor. The damageparameter values measured in the experiments are lower than those predicted by the formulationfor rock armour layers. New ap and b coefficients for the Melby formula for the tested armour layerwere established based on the minimum root mean square error between the measured and thepredicted damage. This work shows also that it is possible to assess the damage evolution in scale model tests with rubble-mound breakwaters by computing the eroded volume and subsequently, thedimensionless damage parameter based on the equivalent removed armour units.
Year: 2023
Author(s): Lemos, R.; Santos, J. A.; Fortes, C. J. E. M.
: Modelling
Editor: MDPI
Keywords: Position sensor; Damage evolution; Rubble-mound breakwater
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Determination of Wave Run-Up Through the TimesTack Methology and hrough a Resistive Wave Gauge. a Comparative Analysis
The objective of this work is the comparison of two methodologies used for run-up measurements in a two-dimensional physical model, which represented the protection breakwaters of the Peniche and Ericeira
Year: 2023
Author(s): Lemos, R.; Fontes, R.; Fortes, C. J. E. M.; Andriolo, U.; Rito, J.
Editor: Reterm
Keywords: Breakwater; Physical model; RimeStack; Video analysis; Run-up
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Development of a Bayesian networks-based early warning system for wave-induced flooding
Coastal flooding prediction systems can be an efficient risk-reduction instrument. The goal of this study was to design, build, test, and implement a wave-induced flooding early warning system in urban areas fronted by sandy beaches. The system utilizes a novel approach that combines Bayesian Networks and numerical models (SWAN + XBeach) and was developed in two phases. In the development phase, firstly, the learning information was generated including the creation of oceanic conditions, modeling overtopping discharges, the haracterization of the associated im pacts (no, low, moderate and high) in pedestrians, urban components and buildings, and vehicles, and secondly, the Bayesian Networks were designed that surrogated the previously generated information. After their training, the conditional probability tables were created representing the foundation to make predictions in the operational phase. This methodology was validated for several historical events which hit the study area (Praia de Faro, Portugal), and the system correctly predicted the impact level of around 80% of the cases. Also, the predictive skills varied depending on the level, with the no and high impact levels overcoming the intermediate levels. In terms of efficiency, one simulation (deterministic) of coastal flooding for 72 h by running SWAN + XBeach operationally would take more than two days on a one-logical processor workstation, while the current approach can provide quasi-instantaneously predictions for that period, including probability distributions. Moreover, the two-working phase approach is very flexible enabling the inclusion of additional features such as social components representing a powerful tool for risk reduction in coastal communities.
Year: 2023
Number Pages:
19p..
Author(s): Garzon, J.L.; Ferreira, Ó.; Zózimo, A. C.; Fortes, C. J. E. M.; Ferreira, A. M.; Pinheiro, L.; Reis, M. T. L. G. V.
: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction
Editor: Elsevier
Volume:
Volume 96.
Keywords: Wave overtopping; Sandy beaches; Bayesian network; XBeach; Prediction system
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Comunicação
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Simulation of wave action on a moored container carrier inside Sines
The integrated numerical tool SWAMS (Simulation of Wave Action on Moored Ships) is used to simulate the behavior of a moored container carrier inside Sines
Year: 2014
Number Pages:
1113-1121pp.
Author(s): Pinheiro, L.; Fortes, C. J. E. M.; Jalles, B.; Santos, J. A.; Fernandes, J. L. M.
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Sistema de previsão e alerta de inundações em zonas costeiras e portuárias - O projeto Hidralerta
N/A
Year: 2014
Number Pages:
36p.
Author(s): Ferreira, J.; Fortes, C. J. E. M.; Reis, M. T.; Poseiro, P.; Sabino, A.; Rodrigues, A.; Silva, S.; Santos, J. A.; Capitão, R.; Pinheiro, L.; Craveiro, J.; Raposeiro, P.; Simões, A.; Azevedo, E. B.; Ro
Keywords: Galgamento; Avaliação de risco; Modelação numérica; Inundações costeiras e portuárias; Hidralerta
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SPH numerical and physical modeling of wave overtopping a porous breakwater
Numerical modeling of an entire physical wave flume with a breakwater at scale 1:30 wasperformed using a coupling technique between FLUINCO wave propagation and SPHyCEwave-structure interaction codes. The rock blocks of the breakwater are directly simulatedwith the SPHyCE code using similar rectangular blocks. Numerical results of free surfaceelevation before the breakwater, over and inside the rock armor layer and overtoppingdischarge over the structure, for wave period 12s and wave heights 2.5 and 3.3m (prototypevalues), are in good accordance with experimental data.
Year: 2014
Number Pages:
10p.
Author(s): Didier, E.; Neves, D. R.; Teixeira, P.; Dias, J.; Neves, M. G.
Keywords: Porous breakwater; Physical modeling; Smoothed particle hydrodynamics; Overtopping
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The resource valuation and the challenge of coastal ecosystem-based management implementation
N/A
Year: 2014
Number Pages:
1p.
Author(s): Ferreira, J.; Silva, S.; Seixas, L.; Lopes, A.; Fortes, C. J. E. M.; Reis, M. T.; Poseiro, P.; Capitão, R.; Malvarez, G.; Tenedório, J.
Keywords: Costa da caparica; Coastal vulnerability; Coastal hazard; Coastal flooding; Risk assessment; Ecosystem-based management approach
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Wave Overtopping Analysis and Early Warning Forecast System
Structures and zones of interest in coastal areas are exposedto wave overtopping events. The consequences associated with thoseevents have a significant impact on human safety, the environment andaffected business areas. This paper presents the overtopping forecast,warning and data analysis component of the HIDRALERTA system. Thegoal of this system is to provide a platform for warning dissemination,while managing the information generated by the risk forecast methodology.Alongside the warning dissemination, the system is concerned withthe analysis of previous forecasts and it is designed to account for variabilitybetween different zones of interest. Our discussion includes ananalysis on the variability expected by the system, a data model forsensor and interpolation data, and the system
Year: 2014
Number Pages:
267-282pp.
Author(s): Sabino, A.; Rodrigues, A.; Araújo, J; Poseiro, P.; Reis, M. T.; Fortes, C. J. E. M.
Keywords: Geographic information systems; Warning system; Risk management
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A methodology for overtopping risk assessment in port areas. Application to the port of Praia da Vitória (Azores, Portugal)
A methodology to assess the risk associated with wave overtopping in port areas is presented. The methodology is implemented in the HIDRALERTA system, which is an integrated system for port and coastal engineering modelling developed in a GIS commercial software. The evaluation of mean overtopping discharge per unit length of the structure crest is performed by using tools based on neural network analysis. To assess the risk of overtopping, the combination of the probability of occurrence of an event of wave overtopping and of the consequences of that occurrence is considered. The paper illustrates the application of this methodology to several structures along Praia da Vitória port and bay, at the Terceira Island, Azores, Portugal, considering sea-wave conditions predicted for the period between 2008 and 2012 and taking into account wind effect, as well as tide level influence on sea-wave propagation.
Year: 2013
Number Pages:
13p.
Author(s): Poseiro, P.; Fortes, C. J. E. M.; Reis, M. T.; Santos, J. A.; Capitão, R.; Simões, A.; Rodrigues, M. C.; Azevedo, E. B.
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A tool for the design optimization and management of submarine outfall projects: application to a portuguese case-study
The paper presents a risk assessment methodology for operational limit states of submarineoutfall projects that considers: the intrinsic nature of the structure, the environmentallegislative framework, the climate agents acting on the coastline and prediction of the plumelong-term behavior near the coastline, together with the empirical orthogonal functionsanalysis. The probability of operational failure or stoppage is assessed enabling decision onproject design alternatives.
Year: 2013
Number Pages:
11p.
Author(s): Mendonça, A. C.; Solari, S.; Losada, M. A.; Neves, M. G.; Reis, M. T.
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An analysis of the response of Sines
This paper describes the measurements and subsequent analysis procedures at the TerminalXXI of the Port of Sines, the operational problems at this location reported by ship authorities,and the numerical analyses carried out for the identified resonant situations during the periodunder scrutiny. The identified situations are studied to determine whether the reportedproblems are effectively due to resonance phenomena or to another nonrelated circumstance.A thorough characterization of the resonance characteristics of this harbor basin in its currentconfiguration layout is made both using a simple approach of comparing data measured bytide gauge and buoy data, by relating characteristics of short waves and long waves within thebasin, and a more complete study using wavelets to investigate the time evolution of the energyspectrum. Resonant oscillation periods of the basin are also computed with DREAMSnumerical model.
Year: 2013
Number Pages:
10p.
Author(s): Capitão, R.; Neves, M. G.; Fortes, C. J. E. M.; Pinheiro, L.
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Análise numérica da vibração induzida por vórtices a baixos números de Reynolds em um cilindro sob base elástica
A vibração induzida por desprendimentos de vórtices (VIV) é um fenômenoencontrado em diversos campos da engenharia, como, por exemplo, na interação dascorrentes e ondas com os pipelines e risers. O objetivo deste estudo é de analisarnumericamente o comportamento de um cilindro circular apoiado em base elástica sujeito aum escoamento uniforme a baixo número de Reynolds, onde o escoamento tem umcomportamento bidimensional, laminar e periódico. O modelo numérico está baseado em umesquema particionado de interação fluido-estrutura. O código de modelação numérica doescoamento emprega o método semi-implícito de Taylor-Galerkin de dois passos paradiscretizar no tempo e no espaço as equações de Navier-Stokes usando uma formulaçãolagrangeana-euleriana arbitrária. A integração temporal das equações diferenciais domovimento do cilindro (sistema massa-mola-amortecedor) é realizada através do método deNewmark. Primeiramente, para o caso do cilindro fixo, são calculados diversos parâmetrosdo escoamento para um número de Reynolds entre 90 e 140 e comparados com osexperimentais e os de outros modelos numéricos. Após, são realizadas simulações para estafaixa de números de Reynolds considerando o cilindro sob apoio elástico na direçãotransversal ao escoamento e os resultados, em termos de deslocamentos e de frequências devibração, são comparados com os experimentais. Neste estudo, são identificadas asfrequências de lock-in em que ocorre o fenômeno de ressonância.
Year: 2013
Number Pages:
408-420pp.
Author(s): Teixeira, P.; Gonçalves, R.; Didier, E.
Keywords: Interação fluido-estrutura; Escoamento de fluidos; Cilindros oscilantes; Método dos elementos finitos; Vibrações induzidas por vórtices
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Aplicação da ferramenta SWAMS ao comportamento de um navio amarrado no terminal XXI do Porto de Sines
Este trabalho apresenta a aplicação da ferramenta SWAMS para caracterizar as condições deabrigo da bacia do Terminal de Contentores do Porto de Sines considerando quatroalternativas de configuração distintas daquela bacia, resultantes de diferentes valores para aextensão do molhe de protecção do porto e do cais acostável. A comparação entre osresultados obtidos para as diferentes alternativas de configuração permite avaliar qual delasconduz a uma resposta do navio amarrado mais favorável. São analisados os movimentos donavio, as forças nas amarras e nas defensas. Adicionalmente analisa-se a influência do ventono comportamento do navio amarrado assim como a introdução de pré tensionamento nasamarras.
Year: 2013
Number Pages:
19p.
Author(s): Pinheiro, L.; Santos, J. A.; Jalles, B.; Fortes, C. J. E. M.
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Capítulo de Livro
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Multi-functional artificial reefs for coastal protection
N/A
Year: 2009
Number Pages:
153-210 pp.
Author(s): Voorde, M.; Antunes do Carmo, J.; Neves, M. G.
Editor: Ch. A. Hudspeth, T. E. Reeve
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Tese de Doutoramento
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Trapped-mode propagation along irregular coasts
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Year: 1999
Number Pages:
159 p.
Author(s): Santos, J. A.
Editor: ******
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Probabilistic Assessment of the Safety of Coastal Structures
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Year: 1998
Number Pages:
594 p.
Author(s): Reis, M. T.
Editor: ******
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Unsteady Nearshore Currents on Longshore Varying Topographies
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Year: 1998
Number Pages:
346 p.
Author(s): Sancho, F. E.
Editor: ******
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Simulação da agitação irregular. Técnicas matemáticas
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Year: 1973
Author(s): Carvalho, M. M.
Editor: ******
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Relatório Científico
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Regime geral de extremos da agitação marítima na Costa Oeste de Portugal.
N/A
Year: 1994
Author(s): Carvalho, M. M.; Capitão, R.
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RTIS project. Portuguese contribution to the collection phase of the project. Port management authorities.
N/A
Year: 1994
Author(s): Santos, J. A.; Covas, J. A.
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RTIS project. Portuguese contribution to the collection phase of the project. Tug activities in the Portuguese ports.
N/A
Year: 1994
Author(s): Covas, J. A.; Santos, J. A.
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Valores extremos da agitação marítima. Metodologia para passagem ao largo da agitação marítima local.
N/A
Year: 1994
Author(s): Carvalho, M. M.; Covas, J. A.; Reis, M. T.; Fortes, C. J. E. M.; Capitão, R.
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Valores extremos da agitação marítima. Relatório de Progresso de 1993 (3.º ano),
N/A
Year: 1994
Author(s): Carvalho, M. M.
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Ensaios em modelo reduzido do perfil-corrente do molhe de protecção do porto de recreio náutico do porto de Sines.
N/A
Year: 1993
Author(s): Silva, L. G.
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Ensaios em modelo reduzido do porto de pesca de S. Miguel, Açores. Ensaios tridimensionais de estabilidade e galgamentos.
N/A
Year: 1993
Author(s): Silva, L. G.
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Modelação por elementos finitos da propagação e deformação de ondas marítimas em zonas costeiras. Missão a Barcelona
N/A
Year: 1993
Author(s): Fortes, C. J. E. M.
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Nova ponte do Tejo em Lisboa. Colaboração na apreciação das propostas à 2.ª fase do concurso, nas áreas de hidráulica, sedimentologia, navegação e segurança da navegação.
N/A
Year: 1993
Author(s): Marcos Rita, M.; Pires Elias, N.; Campos, A. G.; Pinheiro, A. D.; Alves, L. M.
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Obras adicionais de protecção do porto de Ká-Hó. Ensaios bidimensionais de estabilidade e galgamentos.
N/A
Year: 1993
Author(s): Silva, L. G.
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Outro
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Relato da missão a Bruxelas (28 a 30 de Outubro de 1998) para participação na 10ª Reunião da Acção Concertada Added Value Services in VTMIS do Programa Comunitário de I&D TRANSPORTS . Relatório efe
N/A
Year: 1998
Number Pages:
3 p.
Author(s): Covas, J. A.
Editor: ******
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Short-term stochastic numerical and physical simulation of sea waves - Proposta de Projecto de Investigação apresentada ao Programa PRAXIS XXI, na área científica de Engenharia Civil
N/A
Year: 1998
Number Pages:
53 p.
Author(s): Capitão, R.; Pires Silva, A.; Medina, J. R.; Carvalho, M. M.
Editor: ******
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Transformações Não-Lineares de Ondas Marítimas em Zonas Costeiras - Proposta de Projecto de Investigação apresentada ao Programa PRAXIS XXI , na área científica de Engenharia Civil
N/A
Year: 1998
Number Pages:
50 p.
Author(s): Covas, J. A.; Fortes, C. J. E. M.
Editor: ******
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V Programa Quadro da União Europeia. Preparação da discussão dos Programas Específicos. Documento de trabalho da Comissão (COM (97) 553 Final). Grupo de Trabalho 6 Sustainable Mobility and Intermod
N/A
Year: 1998
Number Pages:
2 p.
Author(s): Covas, J. A.
Editor: ******
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Valores extremos da agitação marítima no Algarve - Proposta de Projecto de Investigação apresentado ao Programa de Intervenção nos Laboratórios do Estado (MCT-FCT), sub-projecto Valorização e Protec
N/A
Year: 1998
Number Pages:
11 p.
Author(s): Carvalho, M. M.; Capitão, R.
Editor: ******
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