Publications

Knowledge of forces due to the action of waves on submarine outfalls composed by a pipe and stabilizing concrete weights, considering the wave propagation direction to the outfalls, is essential to their design. 3D numerical models based on RANS-VoF (Reynolds-Average-Navier-Stokes Volume-of-Fluid) are able to estimate forces on the pipe and weights. The present study aims to simulate a submarine outfall with stabilizing concrete weights at 1:15 scale which was previously tested in the 3D Shallow Water Basin at the Danish Hydraulics Institute (DHI) to analyse the influence of the direction of the incident wave and the distance from the pipe to the bottom on the outfall forces. In this study, numerical results are compared with experimental ones for waves with four different amplitudes and with wave incidence perpendicular to the outfall. The use of k-

The aim of this paper is the experimental characterization of the capture width ratio (CWR) and response amplitude operator (RAO) of a 1:10 physical model of an oscillating wave surge converter (OWSC), under unidirectional regular and irregular waves. The effects of hydraulic power take-off (PTO) system are explicitly taken in consideration. A mathematical model is proposed to describe the PTO damping as a function of the angular velocity of the flap. The harmonic decomposition of free-surface elevation, angular velocity of the flap and pressure in the PTO system demonstrates that these signals are dominated by their linear component. However, the signals also present some important higher-order frequency components. To predict the CWR of the OWSC under irregular waves the nonlinear output frequency response functions are considered as the extension of the RAO to the nonlinear case. It is shown and discussed that the PTO system, wave frequency and height have a significant influence on the CWR and RAO. The RAO curve for irregular waves does not exhibit a well-defined peak, showing a limited variation in a broadband. A weak correlation between CWR and RAO was found, i.e., the maximum CWR does not occur for the maximum value of RAO.

Fluid-dynamic interference among cylindrical structures in arrays, frequently used in engineering, is of fundamental and practical interests since it may considerably change fluid-structure interactions and produce large fluctuating forces on structures that cause vibrations, lock-in and important motions. This paper aims to study the mutual interference between two circular cylinders in tandem arrangement, which is considered the simplest configuration of one array cylinders, elastically mounted in transversal direction and subject to a bi-dimensional uniform laminar flow at low Reynolds numbers. Both cylinders have the same diameter D and the center-to-center spacing is equal to L = 5.25D which corresponds to co-shedding regime. The academic numerical model Ifeinco, which is based on the finite element method and uses a partitioned scheme that considers two-way interaction of fluid flow and structure, has been employed to the analysis. Combinations of upstream and downstream stationary and elastically mounted cylinders are investigated for Reynolds number range from 90 to 140. Differences of flow behaviors drag and lift forces and resonance between single cylinder and cylinders in tandem arrangement were found. Mutual and respective influence of upstream cylinder motion on the downstream cylinder and vice-versa are analyzed. Results show that, in some engineering studies, the consideration of the flexibility of cylindrical structures in arrays is fundamental since it influences significantly the interference between cylinders, mainly the magnitude and direction of forces and characteristics of the resonance range, and, consequently, structural and dynamical behaviors.

This paper describes a programme under the responsibility of the National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC), Portugal for the systematic observation and monitoring of maritime works, termed OSOM+, which has been applied to an extensive number of maritime structures on the Portuguese mainland coast and abroad. The OSOM+ programme comprises the following four main components for each structure: a) Periodic visual inspections by a trained technician; b) Periodic aerial inspections using a UAV/drone; c) The ANOSOM-GIS database, to store and/or query obtained information, as well as to diagnose present, evolution and risk conditions; and d) A mobile, portable, application, for real-time input and visualization of the ANOSOM-GIS database information.This recently updated methodology encompasses a number of tools whose functionalities are illustrated in this paper with an application to a case study: the Ericeira

This paper describes a methodology to determine the optimal size of a Wells turbine to be used in an OWC device taking into account hydro-aerodynamic coupling, performance curves of the turbine and air pressure control by a relief valve. The proposed model, named turbine diameter optimization (TDO) model, considers the movement of the water surface inside the OWC chamber as a piston movement in response to the hydrodynamic forces from the incoming waves. The aerodynamic is based on the first law of thermodynamics applied to the air column of the chamber. The power-pressure curve of the turbine and the air pressure control by relief valve are implemented in the model to determine the turbine power output for several regular incident waves. The TDO model is initially calibrated by a numerical model based on Reynolds-Average-Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations for each wave component of an expected sea state distribution. Thereafter, the power output generated by turbines of several sizes is calculated with lower computational cost (few minutes) in comparison with RANS based models (thousands of hours) in a personal computer. This developed methodology is an important support to the process of turbine sizing for an OWC device for an expected sea state distribution.

This paper describes the preliminary developments of an innovative integrated tool for the numerical modelling of oscillating water column (OWC) wave energy converters (WEC) integrated in vertical breakwaters. The main purpose of the tool is the numerical modelling of wave propagation from offshore to nearshore, wave-structure interaction, and the complex nonlinear hydrodynamic and aerodynamic phenomena that occur in OWC-WECs.The tool development and validation were supported by experimental data from physical model tests carried out in a wave flume at the Portuguese National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC). Prototype data were also available for the Pico OWC-WEC in the Azores, Portugal, monitored by the Portuguese Wave Energy Centre since 2005. Application of the tool for sea-wave characterization at the Azores archipelago and calculation of the corresponding wave power for a period of 10 years at various points around each island show that, in winter, there is good availability of wave energy in most quadrants of each island. In summer, the resource exploitation is only worthwhile on the north-west coasts of the islands. Physical and numerical modelling results for an OWC with a fully open chamber show good agreement between experimental data and numerical values for several incident wave conditions. The analysed results include the time series of the free-surface elevation at different locations, the time series of the mean free surface inside the water chamber, the amplification factors, the phase angles and the velocity vectors at the highest and the lowest positions of the mean free surface inside the chamber. The tool showed its potential to be useful in supporting ocean and coastal engineering projects due to its capacity to effectively reproduce the main phenomena involved in these types of studies.

Joint statistical models for long-term wave climate are a key aspect of offshore wind engineering design. However, to find a joint model for sea-state characteristics is often difficult due to the complex nature of the wave climate and the physical constraints of seastates phenomena. The available records of wave heights and periods are often very asymmetric in their nature. This article presents a copula-based approach to obtain the joint cumulative distribution function of the significant wave heights and the up-crossing mean period. This study is based on 124-month hindcast data concerning Horns Rev 3 offshore wind farm. The extra-parametrization technique of symmetric copulas is implemented to account for the asymmetry present in the data. The analysis of the total sea, the wind-sea and primary swell components is performed separately. The results show that the extra-parametrization technique with pairwise copulas consistently provided a better goodness-of-fit when compared to symmetric copulas. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the separation of the total sea into its components does not always improve the extra-parametrized copula

This paper analyses the hydrodynamic interaction between two ships, one stationary and the other navigating nearby, using physical and numerical modelling. The passing ship is a self-propelled scale model of the

This work presents the development of a numerical integrated system to help prevent emergency situations and minimize risks associated with sea waves

Neste trabalho estuda-se o galgamento em estruturas marítimas verticais impermeáveis através da aplicação do modelo numérico AMAZON, que é um modelo bidimensional, baseado na resolução das equações não lineares de águas pouco profundas. Para validar a sua aplicação, os resultados de caudal médio galgado obtidos com o modelo foram comparados com os resultados de ensaios em modelo físico bidimensional realizados anteriormente e disponíveis na base de dados do projeto europeu CLASH. Os resultados foram ainda comparados com os das fórmulas empíricas / semi-empíricas de Van der Meer & Bruce (2014), Goda (2008) e de Hedges & Reis (Reis et al., 2013). A fórmula de Van der Meer & Bruce apresenta melhores aproximações aos caudais médios medidos que constam na base de dados do CLASH, seguida da fórmula de Goda e dos resultados do AMAZON, embora estes dois últimos apresentem valores bastante próximos. Assim, enquanto não se fizerem melhorias no modelo e/ou não se estender a outros ensaios a análise feita no âmbito deste trabalho, os resultados sugerem que não há vantagem na sua utilização face às formulações disponíveis, tendo também em conta o tempo computacional significativo exigido para executar o AMAZON.

O projeto HYDRALAB+ (H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015) reúne uma rede Europeia de institutos de hidráulica para o estudo de estratégias de adaptação às alterações climáticas através de ensaios experimentais e cujos resultados são essenciais para a calibração e validação de modelos numéricos, fórmulas empíricas, redes neuronais, etc. Os ensaios experimentais desenvolvidos no LNEC, no âmbito do HYDRALAB+, Tarefa 8.2 do RECIPE tem como objetivo a análise do dano num quebra-mar de talude, do galgamento e do espraiamento para quatro cenários de temporal correspondentes a situações extremas associadas a cenários de alterações climáticas. Os ensaios foram realizados num canal de ondas irregulares no qual foiimplementada uma secção transversal do quebra-mar, com um manto constituído por enrocamento.No presente estudo comparam-se os valores do galgamento medidos nos ensaios em modelo físico com resultados estimados por fórmulas empíricas. Testou-se o efeito de um temporal num cenário de alterações climático, através do aumento da altura significativa de onda com o aumento do nível de água. Foi testado um conjunto de condições de agitação incidentes em combinação com dois níveis de maré.A análise dos resultados é feita com o intuito de estimar com precisão a ocorrência de galgamento em quebra-mares, um fenómeno que ainda se torna mais relevante em cenários de alterações climáticas. Com efeito, nestes cenários é previsível a subida do nível médio do mar, bem como o aumento da intensidade e frequência de temporais, o que pode dar origem a fenómenos de espraiamento/galgamento cada vez mais frequentes, tornando assim cada vez mais vulneráveis as estruturas de proteção costeiras e portuárias, bem como as zonas por elas protegidas.

Este trabalho pretende mostrar os procedimentos utilizados pelo sistema HIDRALERTA para a previsão dos galgamentos costeiros, bem como as ferramentas que têm sido utilizadas para a sua validação. Foram reproduzidas com o sistema as situações de tempestades passadas, para as quais houve relatos documentados de galgamentos significativos e que causaram danos. Esta simulação permitiu perceber a fiabilidade global do sistema e ajustar os limites pré- estabelecimentos para o acionamento de alertas. Com o sistema operacional desde 2015, a documentação que tem sido levantada, através de fotografias e vídeos, pelas autoridades e comunidade locais aquando da previsão da ocorrência de tempestades, têm sido um grande contributo para o melhoramento do sistema. Foi instalado no campo, um sistema de videovigilância que permite detetar e captar automaticamente imagens de galgamentos para comparar com os resultados do sistema. De forma complementar, para avaliação da agitação marítima, utilizam-se as medições da boia ondógrafo instalada junto ao porto e para a validação do fenómeno do galgamento, compararam-se as medições obtidas nos ensaios em modelo físico do perfil tipo do quebra-mar sul, com os resultados da ferramenta neuronal NN_OVERTOPPING2 (Coeveld et al., 2005) (atualmente incorporada no sistema) e com o modelo numérico SWASH (Zijlema et al., 2011) (que se encontra em processo de implementação).

This paper studies novel ways to evaluate armour damage in physical models of coastal structures. High-esolution damage data for reference rubble mound breakwaters obtained under the HYDRALAB+ joint-esearch project are analysed and discussed. These tests are used to analyse the way to describe damage, the influence of the sequence of testing, and touches on the possible influence of sea level rise. Results of two test programmes were used. Firstly, 3D physical model tests carried out at the University of Porto, in cooperation with Deltares, were used. Here a wide breakwater trunk was used for statistical reasons. Additionally, 2D test results from LNEC were analysed. Tests for a sea level rise scenario resulted in less damage to the seaside slope. In addition, clear differences between

Nesta comunicação, analisa-se, recorrendo à modelação física e à modelação numérica, a interação hidrodinâmica entre dois navios, um dos quais parado, o navio

In this study, a numerical analysis to evaluate the energy efficiency of an Oscillating Water Column (OWC) wave energy converter is carried out. The device geometry is based on the pilot plant installed on Pico Island, Azores, Portugal. The methodology consists in calculating the percentage of the incident energy that is distributed along the wave energy conversion. The FLUENT® numerical model, which is based on the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations, is used. The Volume of Fluid (VoF) method is employed to take into account the water and air fluids. The case study comprises a flume 10 m deep with an onshore OWC at its end. The distribution of the incident wave energy (1 m wave height with a 9 s period) is determined in terms of reflected wave energy, water column oscillation potential energy, pneumatic energy and energy losses due to viscosity and turbulence dissipations. Results show that the incident wave energy is distributed around 37% for the sum of reflected wave energy and viscosity energy loss, 52% for pneumatic energy and 11% for water column oscillation potential energy.

The most studied device used for extracting wave energy is the Oscillating Water Column (OWC). In general, numerical simulations of these cases by means of models based on Reynolds-Averaged-Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations adopt the Volume of Fluid (VoF) method to take into account the water and air whose flows are incompressible. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of the compressibility effect on the air inside the chamber by means of FLUENT® numerical model. Both water and air flows are still considered incompressible, but, at every instant, a pressure based on an analytical equation that takes into account the turbine characteristic relation (kt) of a Wells turbine and the isentropic transformation of the air is imposed on the top boundary of the chamber. Incident waves with period of 9 s and 1 and 2 m high are imposed in a flume 10 m deep with an onshore OWC at its end (kt = 240 Pa s m-3). Results show differences between incompressible and compressible air around 12% in the air pressure amplitude inside the chamber and about 21% in the average pneumatic power.

Reliable prediction of wave run-up/overtopping and structure damage is a key task in the design and safety assessment of coastal and harbor structures. Run-up/overtopping and damage must be below acceptable limits, both in extreme and in normal operating conditions, to guarantee the stability of the structure as well as the safety of people and assets on and behind the structure. The mean-sea-level rise caused by climate change and its effects on wave climate may increase run-up/overtopping events and make the existing coastal/harbour structures more vulnerable to damage. Accurate estimates, through physical modelling, of the statistics of overtopping waves for a set of climate change conditions, are needed. Project HYDRALAB+ (H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015) gathers an advanced network of environmental hydraulic institutes in Europe, which provides access to a suite of environmental hydraulic facilities. They play a vital role in the development of climate change adaptation strategies, by allowing the direct testing of adaptation measures and by providing data for numerical model calibration and validation. The use of physical (scale) models allows the simulation of extreme events as they are now, and as they are projected to be under different climate change scenarios. The experimental work developed at LNEC within HYDRALAB+, TASK 8.2 of RECIPE, entitled

O conhecimento das características de propagação, transformação e rebentação das ondas próximo da costa é fundamental para estudos de hidrodinâmica e para o projeto de estruturas costeiras e portuárias.No presente artigo apresentam-se as simulações numéricas feitas utilizando o pacote de software OpenFOAM®, recorrendo ao solver IHFoam, para simular a propagação de ondas regulares sem rebentação num canal tridimensional. O código numérico resolve as equações de Navier-Stokes em regime transitório e utiliza um esquema do tipo VoF (Volume of Fluid) para identificar a superfície livre. Foi considerada uma onda regular incidente com 1,5 s de período e 0,1 m de altura. Esta é uma das condições de entre o vasto conjunto de ensaios em canal de ondas, realizado no Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC) cujo objetivo foi a análise da hidrodinâmica da propagação de ondas sobre um fundo de batimetria variável, para várias condições de agitação incidente.São feitas comparações entre os resultados numéricos e os experimentais. Estas comparações incluem: evoluções temporais de sondas de nível em várias localizações ao longo do canal e correspondentes espetros de amplitude; evolução da altura significativa e do período médio das ondas ao longo do canal; evolução temporal das componentes da velocidade em localizações selecionadas no canal e distribuição bidimensional dessas componentes.Constata-se que os resultados numéricos obtidos apresentam valores próximos dos experimentais. As diferenças verificadas são atribuíveis a imprecisões numéricas bem como a diferenças entre a forma de geração e dissipação de ondas entre o numérico e o experimental.

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Realização de ensaios em modelo físico reduzido 3D para a avaliação da estabilidade do quebra-mar destacado do Porto Inlgês, Maio, Cabo-Verde

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Adverse sea conditions can cause emergency situations associated to wave overtopping, which endanger the safety of people and goods, with negative impacts for society, the economy and the environment. Therefore, a methodology to assess the overtopping risk in port and coastal areas is essential for a proper planning and management of these areas.The Portuguese National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC) has been developing the HIDRALERTA system, an integrated decision-support tool for port and coastal management, which focus in preventing and supporting the management of emergency situations and the long-term planning of interventions in the study areas. It enables the user to calculate the risk for various port and coastal activities, starting with the characterization of sea-waves, wind field and tide levels at the study regions.HIDRALERTA was already tested at different places in Portugal: Costa da Caparica beach, in Almada, and port of Praia da Vitória, in the Azores. However, in both cases, the evaluation of wave overtopping / flooding consequences was carried out using a quite simple approach. In fact, such consequences were assessed only at a global and qualitative level, based on information provided by the responsible authorities.This paper aims at testing a quantitative methodology to evaluate overtopping consequences: the Analytic Network Process (ANP). This methodology was proposed to solve complex decision-making problems and its objective is to calculate the priorities among decision elements which will define their final weights on the consequences. The ANP approach can produce interdependencies between criteria and compute the respective weight of each criterion. Such a network model with dependence and feedback improves the priorities derived from judgements and makes prediction more accurate. So, the ANP allows comparison among clusters of elements. Furthermore, in this methodology we take into account the impacts of alternatives on the importance of criteria, by normalizing the comparison matrix. Thus, the given alternatives can influence the ranking of criteria.Application of the ANP methodology to the case study of Praia da Vitória port is presented and a consequences level map is obtained.

Apresenta-se um novo sistema de alerta para navios amarrados em portos que se encontra em desenvolvimento no Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil. O sistema SWAMS_ALERTA é um sistema de previsão e alerta baseado na avaliação do risco associado ao comportamento de navios amarrados em zonas portuárias.Os riscos associados a navios amarrados decorrem de movimentos excessivos, quer no plano horizontal, quer no plano vertical. Estes movimentos podem condicionar as atividades portuárias, nomeadamente cargas e descargas, mas em casos extremos podem levar à ocorrência de situações de emergência, tais como rotura de cabos, rotura de cabeços de amarração ou até colisões com o cais. As consequências deste tipo de situações envolvem sempre grandes prejuízos materiais e por vezes humanos.O sistema SWAMS_ALERTA utiliza as medições e previsões de agitação marítima para a determinação dos seus efeitos em termos de movimentos nos seis graus de liberdade e forças nas amarras e defensas quando o navio se encontra estacionado no cais. Para tal, o sistema recorre a uma série de modelos numéricos, interligados entre si. A comparação destes valores com valores máximos admissíveis pré-estabelecidos permite a avaliação, em tempo real, de situações de emergência e a emissão de alertas dirigidos às entidades portuárias.O sistema é constituído por 4 módulos:I

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