Publications

Knowledge of forces due to the action of waves on submarine outfalls composed by a pipe and stabilizing concrete weights, considering the wave propagation direction to the outfalls, is essential to their design. 3D numerical models based on RANS-VoF (Reynolds-Average-Navier-Stokes Volume-of-Fluid) are able to estimate forces on the pipe and weights. The present study aims to simulate a submarine outfall with stabilizing concrete weights at 1:15 scale which was previously tested in the 3D Shallow Water Basin at the Danish Hydraulics Institute (DHI) to analyse the influence of the direction of the incident wave and the distance from the pipe to the bottom on the outfall forces. In this study, numerical results are compared with experimental ones for waves with four different amplitudes and with wave incidence perpendicular to the outfall. The use of k-

The aim of this paper is the experimental characterization of the capture width ratio (CWR) and response amplitude operator (RAO) of a 1:10 physical model of an oscillating wave surge converter (OWSC), under unidirectional regular and irregular waves. The effects of hydraulic power take-off (PTO) system are explicitly taken in consideration. A mathematical model is proposed to describe the PTO damping as a function of the angular velocity of the flap. The harmonic decomposition of free-surface elevation, angular velocity of the flap and pressure in the PTO system demonstrates that these signals are dominated by their linear component. However, the signals also present some important higher-order frequency components. To predict the CWR of the OWSC under irregular waves the nonlinear output frequency response functions are considered as the extension of the RAO to the nonlinear case. It is shown and discussed that the PTO system, wave frequency and height have a significant influence on the CWR and RAO. The RAO curve for irregular waves does not exhibit a well-defined peak, showing a limited variation in a broadband. A weak correlation between CWR and RAO was found, i.e., the maximum CWR does not occur for the maximum value of RAO.

Fluid-dynamic interference among cylindrical structures in arrays, frequently used in engineering, is of fundamental and practical interests since it may considerably change fluid-structure interactions and produce large fluctuating forces on structures that cause vibrations, lock-in and important motions. This paper aims to study the mutual interference between two circular cylinders in tandem arrangement, which is considered the simplest configuration of one array cylinders, elastically mounted in transversal direction and subject to a bi-dimensional uniform laminar flow at low Reynolds numbers. Both cylinders have the same diameter D and the center-to-center spacing is equal to L = 5.25D which corresponds to co-shedding regime. The academic numerical model Ifeinco, which is based on the finite element method and uses a partitioned scheme that considers two-way interaction of fluid flow and structure, has been employed to the analysis. Combinations of upstream and downstream stationary and elastically mounted cylinders are investigated for Reynolds number range from 90 to 140. Differences of flow behaviors drag and lift forces and resonance between single cylinder and cylinders in tandem arrangement were found. Mutual and respective influence of upstream cylinder motion on the downstream cylinder and vice-versa are analyzed. Results show that, in some engineering studies, the consideration of the flexibility of cylindrical structures in arrays is fundamental since it influences significantly the interference between cylinders, mainly the magnitude and direction of forces and characteristics of the resonance range, and, consequently, structural and dynamical behaviors.

This paper describes a programme under the responsibility of the National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC), Portugal for the systematic observation and monitoring of maritime works, termed OSOM+, which has been applied to an extensive number of maritime structures on the Portuguese mainland coast and abroad. The OSOM+ programme comprises the following four main components for each structure: a) Periodic visual inspections by a trained technician; b) Periodic aerial inspections using a UAV/drone; c) The ANOSOM-GIS database, to store and/or query obtained information, as well as to diagnose present, evolution and risk conditions; and d) A mobile, portable, application, for real-time input and visualization of the ANOSOM-GIS database information.This recently updated methodology encompasses a number of tools whose functionalities are illustrated in this paper with an application to a case study: the Ericeira

This paper describes a methodology to determine the optimal size of a Wells turbine to be used in an OWC device taking into account hydro-aerodynamic coupling, performance curves of the turbine and air pressure control by a relief valve. The proposed model, named turbine diameter optimization (TDO) model, considers the movement of the water surface inside the OWC chamber as a piston movement in response to the hydrodynamic forces from the incoming waves. The aerodynamic is based on the first law of thermodynamics applied to the air column of the chamber. The power-pressure curve of the turbine and the air pressure control by relief valve are implemented in the model to determine the turbine power output for several regular incident waves. The TDO model is initially calibrated by a numerical model based on Reynolds-Average-Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations for each wave component of an expected sea state distribution. Thereafter, the power output generated by turbines of several sizes is calculated with lower computational cost (few minutes) in comparison with RANS based models (thousands of hours) in a personal computer. This developed methodology is an important support to the process of turbine sizing for an OWC device for an expected sea state distribution.

This paper describes the preliminary developments of an innovative integrated tool for the numerical modelling of oscillating water column (OWC) wave energy converters (WEC) integrated in vertical breakwaters. The main purpose of the tool is the numerical modelling of wave propagation from offshore to nearshore, wave-structure interaction, and the complex nonlinear hydrodynamic and aerodynamic phenomena that occur in OWC-WECs.The tool development and validation were supported by experimental data from physical model tests carried out in a wave flume at the Portuguese National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC). Prototype data were also available for the Pico OWC-WEC in the Azores, Portugal, monitored by the Portuguese Wave Energy Centre since 2005. Application of the tool for sea-wave characterization at the Azores archipelago and calculation of the corresponding wave power for a period of 10 years at various points around each island show that, in winter, there is good availability of wave energy in most quadrants of each island. In summer, the resource exploitation is only worthwhile on the north-west coasts of the islands. Physical and numerical modelling results for an OWC with a fully open chamber show good agreement between experimental data and numerical values for several incident wave conditions. The analysed results include the time series of the free-surface elevation at different locations, the time series of the mean free surface inside the water chamber, the amplification factors, the phase angles and the velocity vectors at the highest and the lowest positions of the mean free surface inside the chamber. The tool showed its potential to be useful in supporting ocean and coastal engineering projects due to its capacity to effectively reproduce the main phenomena involved in these types of studies.

Joint statistical models for long-term wave climate are a key aspect of offshore wind engineering design. However, to find a joint model for sea-state characteristics is often difficult due to the complex nature of the wave climate and the physical constraints of seastates phenomena. The available records of wave heights and periods are often very asymmetric in their nature. This article presents a copula-based approach to obtain the joint cumulative distribution function of the significant wave heights and the up-crossing mean period. This study is based on 124-month hindcast data concerning Horns Rev 3 offshore wind farm. The extra-parametrization technique of symmetric copulas is implemented to account for the asymmetry present in the data. The analysis of the total sea, the wind-sea and primary swell components is performed separately. The results show that the extra-parametrization technique with pairwise copulas consistently provided a better goodness-of-fit when compared to symmetric copulas. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the separation of the total sea into its components does not always improve the extra-parametrized copula

This paper analyses the hydrodynamic interaction between two ships, one stationary and the other navigating nearby, using physical and numerical modelling. The passing ship is a self-propelled scale model of the

A presente comunicação descreve o conjunto de procedimentos adotados para tornar maisfuncional, eficiente e fidedigno o sistema de previsão e alerta de galgamentos em zonascosteiras e portuárias - HIDRALERTA. Estes procedimentos incidiram essencialmente emdois módulos do sistema: o módulo de caraterização da agitação marítima e o módulo dosistema de alerta, que inclui a plataforma Web.O módulo da agitação marítima requer maior capacidade de processamento, e, por isso, foimigrado para o Cluster MEDUSA possibilitando a execução paralelizada dos vários modelosnuméricos de geração, propagação e deformação da agitação marítima em zonas costeirase portuárias. A execução paralelizada permite um aumento da resolução temporal dasprevisões do sistema sem comprometer a rapidez de processamento.A plataforma Web permite dois tipos distintos de visualização diária de resultados: imagensestáticas, que contêm resultados dos modelos numéricos, e um WebGIS, que visa umarápida, eficiente e detalhada análise das previsões do HIDRALERTA. Nesta plataforma foiainda criada uma ferramenta de validação, acessível ao utilizador, que compara os dados daboia ondógrafo da Praia da Vitória (mantida parcialmente através do projecto ESTRAMARMAC/3/C177) com os valores calculados pelo sistema, conferindo uma maior confiança aosresultados do HIDRALERTA. O sistema de alerta foi também desenvolvido de forma aenviar alertas via E-mail. Nos casos que o justifiquem, um alerta emitido automaticamentepelo HIDRALERTA é enviado às entidades competentes, informando-as, com a maiorantecipação possível, das zonas/atividades em risco.

To tackle recurrent emergency situations due to adverse sea wave conditions, often observed in Portuguese ports and coasts, a research project (HIDRALERTA) is underway to build a methodology and a system for long-term planning, wave climate forecast and early warning to be applied to those areas. This system deals with phenomena such as run-up, overtopping and flooding. lt wiII eventually empower the nationa! authorities with tools or systems that allow proper identification of risk areas and emergency situations and enable coastal and port authorities to select adequate and timely measures as to avoid Ioss of lives and minimize damages Iikely to arise from emergency situations. This system is now operative and has been already applied to several places along the coast of Portugal.

São apresentadas algumas das técnicas de validação em curso para o sistema de previsãoe alerta de galgamentos oceânicos no porto e na baía da Praia da Vitória, Ilha Terceira,Açores. Através de hindcast, demonstra-se a capacidade do sistema HIDRALERTA emreproduzir eventos históricos responsáveis pela ocorrência de grandes galgamentos, comosucedido durante um grande temporal em 2001, em que as condições de agitação marítimae consequentes galgamentos originaram a destruição parcial do molhe Sul do porto. Atravésde forecast, comparam-se previsões diárias do sistema com dados de bóia-ondógrafo e cominformações in situ fornecidas por observadores locais, validando assim diariamente osistema. Este procedimento está em curso desde o início do Inverno marítimo de 2015/16. Acomparação dos resultados de hindcast e forecast com, respectivamente, dados históricos eobservações, permite concluir que o sistema representa uma ferramenta fiável no processode tomada de decisão relativamente à gestão de risco e intempéries em zonas costeiras eportuárias.

Monopile foundations are in the lead as the most common offshore substructure worldwide. Therefore, the study of their behaviour and the optimisation of their design represent important contributions, for the development of the offshore wind sector. In order to optimise the design process of monopiles in the marine environment, it is important to account for the uncertainties that can affect these structures, namely those relating to scour phenomena and the means of scour protection. Uncertainty relating to scour can be handled by means of statistical approaches. Probabilistic design methods may enable the optimisation of design procedures.This paper combines several results from physical modelling of scour development and a probabilistic model has been applied and extended to obtain probabilities of failure for the monopiles tested. This investigation will be used for comparison and calibration of the next phase of research, with a similar probabilistic approach being extended for waves and currents combined. The results presented are also used to provide an insight into future research concerning the failure of scour protection schemes. The relationship between safety factors and probabilities of failure of the monopiles is also presented.

O presente trabalho visa estudar numericamente a influência de uma alteração da configuração em planta de um canal na propagação de ondas. Para tal, foi utilizado o modelo OpenFOAM® baseado nas equações RANS (Reynolds

Os quebra-mares de talude são estruturas normalmente utilizadas para proteção portuária eestão sujeitas durante a sua vida útil a diferentes solicitações (p.e., agitação marítima). Aavaliação do seu estado estrutural e a previsão do seu comportamento ao longo do tempotorna-se um assunto fundamental de modo a evitar significativos prejuízos materiais.É nesse âmbito que se insere o programa de observação sistemática, em curso no LNEC,desde 1986, para quebra-mares localizados em Portugal Continental, no qual o LNEC efetuainspeções periódicas e avalia as condições de segurança de cada quebra-mar, bem como oestado de risco da estrutura com vista à melhor gestão das operaçõesmanutenção/reparação.Para apoio a esse programa desenvolveu-se a aplicação informática ANOSOM, emMicrosoft Access

The present study focuses on the comparison of measured wave run-up values obtained in physical model tests with those predicted by different empirical formulae. Tests were carried out in a flume for a cross-section of a rubble mound breakwater with an armour layer of tetrapods and rock, and a recurved wave return wall. The model represents the cross-section of the south breakwater of Praia da Vitória harbour (Azores, Portugal) that directly protects quay 12. Two water levels and several incident wave conditions were tested. Empirical runup formulae from Van der Meer & Stam (1992), Pullen et al. (2007) and Bonakdar & Etemad- Shahidi (2011) were applied for the tested conditions and comparisons were made with experimental values of the two percent wave run-up, R2% . Generally, the agreement between predictions and measurements was better for mean low water than for mean high water springs, with all formulae over predicting measurements for the latter.

A set of physical model tests was run in to characterize the ship

A set of physical model tests was run in order to characterize the ship

Neste trabalho foram realizadas análises da propagação de ondas regulares e irregulares em um canal bidimensional com praia numérica através do modelo Fluent v. 16, desenvolvido pela ANSYS, que utiliza o método dos volumes finitos para a resolução das equações de conservação da massa e de movimento e o método Volume of Fluid para o rastreamento da posição da superfície livre. A praia numérica é baseada na adição de um termo de sumidouro na equação da quantidade de movimento que contém os coeficientes de amortecimento linear e quadrático. Para a aferição dos dois coeficientes, que dependem das características da onda incidente, foram simulados três casos de incidência de ondas regulares. De maneira geral, enquanto que o uso de baixos valores de coeficientes de amortecimento deixam ruídos numéricos no sinal da elevação da superfície livre, o uso de altos coeficientes de amortecimento causam reflexões das ondas incidentes. Diante dos resultados, adotou-se um coeficiente de amortecimento linear ótimo para as ondas regulares incidentes e manteve-se coeficiente de amortecimento quadrático nulo. Para esta situação, as séries temporais de elevação de superfície livre foram comparadas com séries temporais teóricas, mostrando uma excelente concordância entre elas. Após aferição da praia numérica, foi realizada a simulação com incidência de onda irregular definida pelo espectro do tipo JONSWAP. Analisando a evolução do espectro de energia e comparando-o com o imposto, verificou-se uma boa concordância entre os espectros medidos ao longo das sondas de monitoramento e o espectro imposto. Concluiu-se, através desse estudo, que o Fluent v. 16 e a metodologia utilizada permitem realizar a simulação da propagação de ondas regulares e, principalmente, irregulares em um canal bidimensional com praia numérica de forma adequada.

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Realização de ensaios em modelo físico reduzido 3D para a avaliação da estabilidade do quebra-mar destacado do Porto Inlgês, Maio, Cabo-Verde

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Adverse sea conditions can cause emergency situations associated to wave overtopping, which endanger the safety of people and goods, with negative impacts for society, the economy and the environment. Therefore, a methodology to assess the overtopping risk in port and coastal areas is essential for a proper planning and management of these areas.The Portuguese National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC) has been developing the HIDRALERTA system, an integrated decision-support tool for port and coastal management, which focus in preventing and supporting the management of emergency situations and the long-term planning of interventions in the study areas. It enables the user to calculate the risk for various port and coastal activities, starting with the characterization of sea-waves, wind field and tide levels at the study regions.HIDRALERTA was already tested at different places in Portugal: Costa da Caparica beach, in Almada, and port of Praia da Vitória, in the Azores. However, in both cases, the evaluation of wave overtopping / flooding consequences was carried out using a quite simple approach. In fact, such consequences were assessed only at a global and qualitative level, based on information provided by the responsible authorities.This paper aims at testing a quantitative methodology to evaluate overtopping consequences: the Analytic Network Process (ANP). This methodology was proposed to solve complex decision-making problems and its objective is to calculate the priorities among decision elements which will define their final weights on the consequences. The ANP approach can produce interdependencies between criteria and compute the respective weight of each criterion. Such a network model with dependence and feedback improves the priorities derived from judgements and makes prediction more accurate. So, the ANP allows comparison among clusters of elements. Furthermore, in this methodology we take into account the impacts of alternatives on the importance of criteria, by normalizing the comparison matrix. Thus, the given alternatives can influence the ranking of criteria.Application of the ANP methodology to the case study of Praia da Vitória port is presented and a consequences level map is obtained.

Apresenta-se um novo sistema de alerta para navios amarrados em portos que se encontra em desenvolvimento no Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil. O sistema SWAMS_ALERTA é um sistema de previsão e alerta baseado na avaliação do risco associado ao comportamento de navios amarrados em zonas portuárias.Os riscos associados a navios amarrados decorrem de movimentos excessivos, quer no plano horizontal, quer no plano vertical. Estes movimentos podem condicionar as atividades portuárias, nomeadamente cargas e descargas, mas em casos extremos podem levar à ocorrência de situações de emergência, tais como rotura de cabos, rotura de cabeços de amarração ou até colisões com o cais. As consequências deste tipo de situações envolvem sempre grandes prejuízos materiais e por vezes humanos.O sistema SWAMS_ALERTA utiliza as medições e previsões de agitação marítima para a determinação dos seus efeitos em termos de movimentos nos seis graus de liberdade e forças nas amarras e defensas quando o navio se encontra estacionado no cais. Para tal, o sistema recorre a uma série de modelos numéricos, interligados entre si. A comparação destes valores com valores máximos admissíveis pré-estabelecidos permite a avaliação, em tempo real, de situações de emergência e a emissão de alertas dirigidos às entidades portuárias.O sistema é constituído por 4 módulos:I

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