Publications

Knowledge of forces due to the action of waves on submarine outfalls composed by a pipe and stabilizing concrete weights, considering the wave propagation direction to the outfalls, is essential to their design. 3D numerical models based on RANS-VoF (Reynolds-Average-Navier-Stokes Volume-of-Fluid) are able to estimate forces on the pipe and weights. The present study aims to simulate a submarine outfall with stabilizing concrete weights at 1:15 scale which was previously tested in the 3D Shallow Water Basin at the Danish Hydraulics Institute (DHI) to analyse the influence of the direction of the incident wave and the distance from the pipe to the bottom on the outfall forces. In this study, numerical results are compared with experimental ones for waves with four different amplitudes and with wave incidence perpendicular to the outfall. The use of k-

The aim of this paper is the experimental characterization of the capture width ratio (CWR) and response amplitude operator (RAO) of a 1:10 physical model of an oscillating wave surge converter (OWSC), under unidirectional regular and irregular waves. The effects of hydraulic power take-off (PTO) system are explicitly taken in consideration. A mathematical model is proposed to describe the PTO damping as a function of the angular velocity of the flap. The harmonic decomposition of free-surface elevation, angular velocity of the flap and pressure in the PTO system demonstrates that these signals are dominated by their linear component. However, the signals also present some important higher-order frequency components. To predict the CWR of the OWSC under irregular waves the nonlinear output frequency response functions are considered as the extension of the RAO to the nonlinear case. It is shown and discussed that the PTO system, wave frequency and height have a significant influence on the CWR and RAO. The RAO curve for irregular waves does not exhibit a well-defined peak, showing a limited variation in a broadband. A weak correlation between CWR and RAO was found, i.e., the maximum CWR does not occur for the maximum value of RAO.

Fluid-dynamic interference among cylindrical structures in arrays, frequently used in engineering, is of fundamental and practical interests since it may considerably change fluid-structure interactions and produce large fluctuating forces on structures that cause vibrations, lock-in and important motions. This paper aims to study the mutual interference between two circular cylinders in tandem arrangement, which is considered the simplest configuration of one array cylinders, elastically mounted in transversal direction and subject to a bi-dimensional uniform laminar flow at low Reynolds numbers. Both cylinders have the same diameter D and the center-to-center spacing is equal to L = 5.25D which corresponds to co-shedding regime. The academic numerical model Ifeinco, which is based on the finite element method and uses a partitioned scheme that considers two-way interaction of fluid flow and structure, has been employed to the analysis. Combinations of upstream and downstream stationary and elastically mounted cylinders are investigated for Reynolds number range from 90 to 140. Differences of flow behaviors drag and lift forces and resonance between single cylinder and cylinders in tandem arrangement were found. Mutual and respective influence of upstream cylinder motion on the downstream cylinder and vice-versa are analyzed. Results show that, in some engineering studies, the consideration of the flexibility of cylindrical structures in arrays is fundamental since it influences significantly the interference between cylinders, mainly the magnitude and direction of forces and characteristics of the resonance range, and, consequently, structural and dynamical behaviors.

This paper describes a programme under the responsibility of the National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC), Portugal for the systematic observation and monitoring of maritime works, termed OSOM+, which has been applied to an extensive number of maritime structures on the Portuguese mainland coast and abroad. The OSOM+ programme comprises the following four main components for each structure: a) Periodic visual inspections by a trained technician; b) Periodic aerial inspections using a UAV/drone; c) The ANOSOM-GIS database, to store and/or query obtained information, as well as to diagnose present, evolution and risk conditions; and d) A mobile, portable, application, for real-time input and visualization of the ANOSOM-GIS database information.This recently updated methodology encompasses a number of tools whose functionalities are illustrated in this paper with an application to a case study: the Ericeira

This paper describes a methodology to determine the optimal size of a Wells turbine to be used in an OWC device taking into account hydro-aerodynamic coupling, performance curves of the turbine and air pressure control by a relief valve. The proposed model, named turbine diameter optimization (TDO) model, considers the movement of the water surface inside the OWC chamber as a piston movement in response to the hydrodynamic forces from the incoming waves. The aerodynamic is based on the first law of thermodynamics applied to the air column of the chamber. The power-pressure curve of the turbine and the air pressure control by relief valve are implemented in the model to determine the turbine power output for several regular incident waves. The TDO model is initially calibrated by a numerical model based on Reynolds-Average-Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations for each wave component of an expected sea state distribution. Thereafter, the power output generated by turbines of several sizes is calculated with lower computational cost (few minutes) in comparison with RANS based models (thousands of hours) in a personal computer. This developed methodology is an important support to the process of turbine sizing for an OWC device for an expected sea state distribution.

This paper describes the preliminary developments of an innovative integrated tool for the numerical modelling of oscillating water column (OWC) wave energy converters (WEC) integrated in vertical breakwaters. The main purpose of the tool is the numerical modelling of wave propagation from offshore to nearshore, wave-structure interaction, and the complex nonlinear hydrodynamic and aerodynamic phenomena that occur in OWC-WECs.The tool development and validation were supported by experimental data from physical model tests carried out in a wave flume at the Portuguese National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC). Prototype data were also available for the Pico OWC-WEC in the Azores, Portugal, monitored by the Portuguese Wave Energy Centre since 2005. Application of the tool for sea-wave characterization at the Azores archipelago and calculation of the corresponding wave power for a period of 10 years at various points around each island show that, in winter, there is good availability of wave energy in most quadrants of each island. In summer, the resource exploitation is only worthwhile on the north-west coasts of the islands. Physical and numerical modelling results for an OWC with a fully open chamber show good agreement between experimental data and numerical values for several incident wave conditions. The analysed results include the time series of the free-surface elevation at different locations, the time series of the mean free surface inside the water chamber, the amplification factors, the phase angles and the velocity vectors at the highest and the lowest positions of the mean free surface inside the chamber. The tool showed its potential to be useful in supporting ocean and coastal engineering projects due to its capacity to effectively reproduce the main phenomena involved in these types of studies.

Joint statistical models for long-term wave climate are a key aspect of offshore wind engineering design. However, to find a joint model for sea-state characteristics is often difficult due to the complex nature of the wave climate and the physical constraints of seastates phenomena. The available records of wave heights and periods are often very asymmetric in their nature. This article presents a copula-based approach to obtain the joint cumulative distribution function of the significant wave heights and the up-crossing mean period. This study is based on 124-month hindcast data concerning Horns Rev 3 offshore wind farm. The extra-parametrization technique of symmetric copulas is implemented to account for the asymmetry present in the data. The analysis of the total sea, the wind-sea and primary swell components is performed separately. The results show that the extra-parametrization technique with pairwise copulas consistently provided a better goodness-of-fit when compared to symmetric copulas. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the separation of the total sea into its components does not always improve the extra-parametrized copula

This paper analyses the hydrodynamic interaction between two ships, one stationary and the other navigating nearby, using physical and numerical modelling. The passing ship is a self-propelled scale model of the

O fenómeno de galgamento representa uma das maiores preocupações nas zonas costeiras e portuárias na medida em que o seu impacto tem implicações ao nível da segurança das pessoas, bens, equipamentos e infraestruturas localizadas nas zonas protegidas por estruturas marítimas, bem como da segurança e funcionalidade das próprias estruturas, com importância ao nível socioeconómico.Com o presente estudo pretende-se aplicar a metodologia desenvolvida pelo Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC) (Reis et al., 2011; Santos et al., 2011; Neves et al., 2012a e Rocha et al., 2013) para a avaliação do risco de galgamento de estruturas portuárias ao porto de Ponta Delgada, nos Açores.Esta avaliação implica uma caraterização adequada dos estados de mar junto das estruturas baseando-se num período de trinta e quatro anos (1979

O HIDRALERTA é um sistema de previsão, alerta e avaliação do risco associado aos galgamentos e inundação em zonas portuárias, tendo como ideia-base a utilização de medições/previsões da agitação marítima para calcular o galgamento e a inundação nessas zonas. A avaliação do risco associado a estes fenómenos é efetuada através da definição de limiares para os caudais galgados ou para as cotas de inundação admissíveis, e pelo produto do grau da probabilidade de ocorrência de valores desses caudais pelo grau das consequências desses acontecimentos.No sistema, o cálculo dos caudais médios galgados sobre uma estrutura é efetuado com recurso a ferramentas neuronais (NN_OVERTOPPING2) e/ou ferramentas empíricas, que são métodos expeditos e que não fornecem indicação sobre a distribuição espacial desse caudal na zona atrás da estrutura.Nesta comunicação, é apresentada uma metodologia incorporada no HIDRALERTA com o intuito de modelar o galgamento e a inundação na sua distribuição espacial, recorrendo a ferramentas SIG. Essa metodologia consiste na utilização dos resultados da NN_OVERTOPPING2 para o cálculo do caudal médio galgado por metro linear de estrutura, a partir de onde se pode obter o volume de água correspondente e posterior distribuição desse volume no modelo Digital do Terreno da zona em estudo. O caso de estudo localiza-se no porto e baia da Praia da Vitória, na Ilha Terceira, nos Açores.

Os quebra-mares de talude são estruturas normalmente utilizadas para proteção costeira e portuária eestão sujeitas durante a sua vida útil a diferentes solicitações (p.e., agitação marítima). A avaliação do seu estadoestrutural e a previsão do seu comportamento ao longo do tempo torna-se um assunto fundamental de modo aevitar significativos prejuízos materiais. É nesse âmbito que se insere o programa de observação sistemática, emcurso no LNEC, desde 1986, para quebra-mares localizados em Portugal Continental, no qual o LaboratórioNacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC) efetua inspeções periódicas e avalia as condições de segurança de cadaquebra-mar. Para apoio a esse programa desenvolveu-se uma aplicação informática em Microsoft Access

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The present work focuses on the comparison between three types of data analysis (timeanalysis; Fourier transform spectral analysis; and wavelet transform spectral analysis) appliedto different types of waves (monochromatic, bichromatic and irregular). The main objective isto study experimentally wave shoaling and breaking over a set of different gentle slopes forseveral incident waves.The data and results from time, Fourier and wavelet analysis presented include: free surfaceelevation along the flume and the corresponding amplitude spectra; significant wave height,Hs, and significant wave period, Ts, along the flume.

No presente trabalho, apresentam-se as metodologias e procedimentos em ensaios emmodelo físico reduzido de estruturas marítimas, destinados a facilitar, agilizar e automatizarquer a análise do dano do manto protetor de quebra mares de taludes, provocado pelaagitação marítima nela incidente, quer o acesso remoto aos ensaios, e à informaçãoassociada à realização destes, proporcionado a clientes/investigadores interessados.Para a avaliação da evolução do dano na estrutura, as metodologias em desenvolvimentono LNEC incluem: a) a utilização de imagens consecutivas, obtidas ao longo de séries deensaios em modelo físico, efetuando-se a comparação através de algoritmos em MATLAB oque possibilita, através da análise de diferenças entre fotografias obtidas em ensaiosconsecutivos, a identificação de áreas de movimentação e/ou quedas de blocos do mantoda estrutura; b) a adoção de técnicas estéreo-fotogramétricas, para levantamento de perfisde secções de modelos físicos.Para o acesso remoto dos ensaios realizados nas instalações experimentais do LNEC, ametodologia em desenvolvimento no LNEC passa pela visualização em tempo real, não sódos ensaios propriamente ditos mas também de outra informação associada aos mesmos,tais como parâmetros característicos, análises, etc. e tem como destinatários potenciaisutilizadores dos ensaios (cliente, projetista, etc.).

Techniques based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) have been increasingly applied topredict natural hazards. In this work, a Fuzzy ARTMAP ANN was trained to predict the waveregime at the entrance and inside the Sines Port, on the Portuguese west coast. In situmeasurements, buoy data and results from numerical modeling were used to train andvalidate the ANN. The wave regime was calculated for different points outside and inside theport. This methodology proved to be able to provide a fast and satisfactory response,especially useful in the scope of forecast and warning systems.

Nesta comunicação faz-se a descrição dos módulos do sistema de previsão e alerta degalgamento/inundações em zonas costeiras e portuárias, HIDRALERTA. Este sistema, que está emdesenvolvimento, efetua previsões de agitação marítima até 180 horas, e calcula os correspondentesgalgamentos/cotas de inundação recorrendo a modelos numéricos, redes neuronais e/ou fórmulasempíricas. Sempre que sejam excedidos limites pré-estabelecidos para os galgamentos/cotas deinundação de cada área da zona de estudo, definidos de acordo com a sua vulnerabilidade, é acionadoo alerta. Ilustra-se a aplicação deste sistema na Costa da Caparica, cujos acontecimentos recentes degalgamento/inundação evidenciam as suas potencialidades.

Nesta comunicação descrevem-se os desenvolvimentos recentes do sistema HIDRALERTA, de previsão,alerta e avaliação de risco associado ao galgamento e inundação em zonas costeiras e portuárias. O sistema tem comoideia-base a utilização de previsões da agitação marítima para avaliar os efeitos dos galgamentos/inundações,recorrendo à modelação numérica, redes neuronais e/ou fórmulas empíricas. O sistema permite: a avaliação, em temporeal, de situações de emergência e a consequente emissão de alertas às entidades competentes; e a avaliação do risco,produzindo-se mapas de risco para apoio ao processo de tomada de decisão. Trata-se de um sistema modular que está aser desenvolvido em linguagem Python e implementado numa plataforma WebGIS. Neste momento, estão emimplementação dois protótipos deste sistema: o porto da Praia da Vitória e a praia de S. João da Caparica.

The aims of this project are to study the wave dynamics, formation mechanisms and statisticalproperties of extreme and rogue waves on the water surface. Bimodal/crossing seas cangenerate extreme and rogue wave events and are relatively common in the open ocean. Aseries of experiments was carried out in the Marintek Ocean Basin in Trondheim underconditions close to those found in the open sea. Rogue waves, i.e. events with crests largerthan or equal to five times the standard deviation or wave heights larger than or equal to twicethe significant wave height, were observed in each test. The mean height of the highest wavesincreased with increasing record length and increasing kurtosis. For the bimodal/crossingconditions there was little difference between the observed values of kurtosis and an empiricalestimate, particularly if the effect of bound waves are included.

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