Publications

Knowledge of forces due to the action of waves on submarine outfalls composed by a pipe and stabilizing concrete weights, considering the wave propagation direction to the outfalls, is essential to their design. 3D numerical models based on RANS-VoF (Reynolds-Average-Navier-Stokes Volume-of-Fluid) are able to estimate forces on the pipe and weights. The present study aims to simulate a submarine outfall with stabilizing concrete weights at 1:15 scale which was previously tested in the 3D Shallow Water Basin at the Danish Hydraulics Institute (DHI) to analyse the influence of the direction of the incident wave and the distance from the pipe to the bottom on the outfall forces. In this study, numerical results are compared with experimental ones for waves with four different amplitudes and with wave incidence perpendicular to the outfall. The use of k-

The aim of this paper is the experimental characterization of the capture width ratio (CWR) and response amplitude operator (RAO) of a 1:10 physical model of an oscillating wave surge converter (OWSC), under unidirectional regular and irregular waves. The effects of hydraulic power take-off (PTO) system are explicitly taken in consideration. A mathematical model is proposed to describe the PTO damping as a function of the angular velocity of the flap. The harmonic decomposition of free-surface elevation, angular velocity of the flap and pressure in the PTO system demonstrates that these signals are dominated by their linear component. However, the signals also present some important higher-order frequency components. To predict the CWR of the OWSC under irregular waves the nonlinear output frequency response functions are considered as the extension of the RAO to the nonlinear case. It is shown and discussed that the PTO system, wave frequency and height have a significant influence on the CWR and RAO. The RAO curve for irregular waves does not exhibit a well-defined peak, showing a limited variation in a broadband. A weak correlation between CWR and RAO was found, i.e., the maximum CWR does not occur for the maximum value of RAO.

Fluid-dynamic interference among cylindrical structures in arrays, frequently used in engineering, is of fundamental and practical interests since it may considerably change fluid-structure interactions and produce large fluctuating forces on structures that cause vibrations, lock-in and important motions. This paper aims to study the mutual interference between two circular cylinders in tandem arrangement, which is considered the simplest configuration of one array cylinders, elastically mounted in transversal direction and subject to a bi-dimensional uniform laminar flow at low Reynolds numbers. Both cylinders have the same diameter D and the center-to-center spacing is equal to L = 5.25D which corresponds to co-shedding regime. The academic numerical model Ifeinco, which is based on the finite element method and uses a partitioned scheme that considers two-way interaction of fluid flow and structure, has been employed to the analysis. Combinations of upstream and downstream stationary and elastically mounted cylinders are investigated for Reynolds number range from 90 to 140. Differences of flow behaviors drag and lift forces and resonance between single cylinder and cylinders in tandem arrangement were found. Mutual and respective influence of upstream cylinder motion on the downstream cylinder and vice-versa are analyzed. Results show that, in some engineering studies, the consideration of the flexibility of cylindrical structures in arrays is fundamental since it influences significantly the interference between cylinders, mainly the magnitude and direction of forces and characteristics of the resonance range, and, consequently, structural and dynamical behaviors.

This paper describes a programme under the responsibility of the National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC), Portugal for the systematic observation and monitoring of maritime works, termed OSOM+, which has been applied to an extensive number of maritime structures on the Portuguese mainland coast and abroad. The OSOM+ programme comprises the following four main components for each structure: a) Periodic visual inspections by a trained technician; b) Periodic aerial inspections using a UAV/drone; c) The ANOSOM-GIS database, to store and/or query obtained information, as well as to diagnose present, evolution and risk conditions; and d) A mobile, portable, application, for real-time input and visualization of the ANOSOM-GIS database information.This recently updated methodology encompasses a number of tools whose functionalities are illustrated in this paper with an application to a case study: the Ericeira

This paper describes a methodology to determine the optimal size of a Wells turbine to be used in an OWC device taking into account hydro-aerodynamic coupling, performance curves of the turbine and air pressure control by a relief valve. The proposed model, named turbine diameter optimization (TDO) model, considers the movement of the water surface inside the OWC chamber as a piston movement in response to the hydrodynamic forces from the incoming waves. The aerodynamic is based on the first law of thermodynamics applied to the air column of the chamber. The power-pressure curve of the turbine and the air pressure control by relief valve are implemented in the model to determine the turbine power output for several regular incident waves. The TDO model is initially calibrated by a numerical model based on Reynolds-Average-Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations for each wave component of an expected sea state distribution. Thereafter, the power output generated by turbines of several sizes is calculated with lower computational cost (few minutes) in comparison with RANS based models (thousands of hours) in a personal computer. This developed methodology is an important support to the process of turbine sizing for an OWC device for an expected sea state distribution.

This paper describes the preliminary developments of an innovative integrated tool for the numerical modelling of oscillating water column (OWC) wave energy converters (WEC) integrated in vertical breakwaters. The main purpose of the tool is the numerical modelling of wave propagation from offshore to nearshore, wave-structure interaction, and the complex nonlinear hydrodynamic and aerodynamic phenomena that occur in OWC-WECs.The tool development and validation were supported by experimental data from physical model tests carried out in a wave flume at the Portuguese National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC). Prototype data were also available for the Pico OWC-WEC in the Azores, Portugal, monitored by the Portuguese Wave Energy Centre since 2005. Application of the tool for sea-wave characterization at the Azores archipelago and calculation of the corresponding wave power for a period of 10 years at various points around each island show that, in winter, there is good availability of wave energy in most quadrants of each island. In summer, the resource exploitation is only worthwhile on the north-west coasts of the islands. Physical and numerical modelling results for an OWC with a fully open chamber show good agreement between experimental data and numerical values for several incident wave conditions. The analysed results include the time series of the free-surface elevation at different locations, the time series of the mean free surface inside the water chamber, the amplification factors, the phase angles and the velocity vectors at the highest and the lowest positions of the mean free surface inside the chamber. The tool showed its potential to be useful in supporting ocean and coastal engineering projects due to its capacity to effectively reproduce the main phenomena involved in these types of studies.

Joint statistical models for long-term wave climate are a key aspect of offshore wind engineering design. However, to find a joint model for sea-state characteristics is often difficult due to the complex nature of the wave climate and the physical constraints of seastates phenomena. The available records of wave heights and periods are often very asymmetric in their nature. This article presents a copula-based approach to obtain the joint cumulative distribution function of the significant wave heights and the up-crossing mean period. This study is based on 124-month hindcast data concerning Horns Rev 3 offshore wind farm. The extra-parametrization technique of symmetric copulas is implemented to account for the asymmetry present in the data. The analysis of the total sea, the wind-sea and primary swell components is performed separately. The results show that the extra-parametrization technique with pairwise copulas consistently provided a better goodness-of-fit when compared to symmetric copulas. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the separation of the total sea into its components does not always improve the extra-parametrized copula

This paper analyses the hydrodynamic interaction between two ships, one stationary and the other navigating nearby, using physical and numerical modelling. The passing ship is a self-propelled scale model of the

O presente trabalho enquadra-se no estudo de caracterização e definição de parâmetros de dimensionamento e localização de um quebra-mar destacado (QMD), em frente à Praia da Vagueira (Município de Vagos, distrito de Aveiro) que está a ser desenvolvido para a Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente, I.P.,.Pretende-se que o QMD seja multifuncional contribuindo para reduzir o risco de galgamentos costeiros no aglomerado urbano da Praia da Vagueira; promover o eventual acréscimo do areal da praia emersa em frente à defesa aderente, reforçando a defesa natural contra a erosão e inundação costeira e fomentando o seu maior usufruto pela população e segurança balnear; e ainda criar condições físicas para promover ondas de surf, potenciando a economia associada a esta atividade.Neste âmbito, e para análise das potencialidades do QMD para promover ondas de surf na zona, aplica-se o modelo não-linear de tipo Boussinesq COULWAVE na simulação da propagação de ondas na zona em estudo, para a situação antes e após a implantação do QMD. Este modelo permite reproduzir a maioria dos fenómenos intervenientes na transformação da onda em fundos de profundidade variável e na presença de correntes: dispersão de frequência, dispersão de amplitude, empolamento (linear e não-linear), difração, refração pelo fundo e devida às correntes, geração de harmónicas e dissipação de energia por rebentação da onda.Analisam-se os parâmetros de surfabilidade necessários para verificar se as condições na zona são propícias para a prática do surf, nomeadamente o número de Iribarren, ângulo de rebentação, amplificação da onda e o comprimento da linha de rebentação.

Nesta comunicação descreve-se o conjunto de ensaios efetuados em modelo reduzido de um perfil do quebra-mar oeste do porto de Peniche. O objetivo destes ensaios é avaliar o impacto no espraiamento, no galgamento, nas pressões na superestrutura e na evolução do dano no talude do perfil, de diferentes condições de agitação marítima extremas designadamente as associadas a cenários de alteração climática.

The project To-SEAlert aims to develop, implement and validate a set of tools/methodologies for an early warning, forecast and alert, emergency planning and risk management WebGIS system, based on the existing HIDRALERTA system. This updated WebGIS system will help responsible authorities to monitor, prevent and/or manage overtopping and flood emergency events in coastal and port areas and to plan investments on a long-term basis. The new system includes the use of satellite and video images, numerical and physical modelling, and quantitative risk assessment techniques to enhance the reliability and efficiency of the system. It will also establish/implement/monitor emergency plans to help authorities handle these events. The test cases are Costa da Caparica and Ericeira harbour, sites with significant occurrence of wave driven overtopping and flooding with significant consequences for the infrastructures, goods, and people.This paper aims to describe the project, namely its objectives, methodology and main expected results, as well as the achievements attained so far.

O projeto de investigação e desenvolvimento To-SEAlert financiado pela Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia e envolvendo o LNEC, a FCiências.ID, a NOVA.ID.FCT e o ISEL tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um sistema de previsão, alerta, planeamento de emergência e gestão de risco de galgamentos e inundações em zonas costeiras e portuárias, com base no sistema HIDRALERTA. Partindo das características da agitação marítima ao largo e utilizando modelos numéricos para a propagação e deformação da agitação marítima, o sistema HIDRALERTA estima os parâmetros relevantes da agitação marítima para a avaliação do galgamento e da inundação bem como o risco associado a esses eventos. As funcionalidades que se pretendem melhorar no âmbito do projeto To-SEAlert dizem respeito às metodologias de previsão do galgamento e da delimitação da zona inundada, bem como no apoio à resposta a situações de emergência envolvendo fenómenos de galgamento. A implementação e a validação do protótipo do To-SEAlert estão a ser efetuadas para a zona costeira da Costa da Caparica e para o porto da Ericeira.Esta comunicação apresenta o trabalho desenvolvido até à data na construção e desenvolvimento do protótipo do To-SEAlert para o porto da Ericeira.

Under the scope of the HYDRALAB+ transnational access project, the so-called RODBreak was conducted in the directional wave basin at the Marienwerden facilities of the Leibniz UniversityHannover (LUH).A stretch of a rubble-mound breakwaterwas built in the wave basinwith a very gentle slope and an armour layer made of Antifer cubes, at the roundhead and adjoining trunk, and rock, at the rest of the trunk.Aset of scale-model tests wascarried out to extend the range of wave steepness values analysedin wave run-up, overtopping and armour layer stability studies, focusing on oblique extreme wave conditions,with incident wave angles from 40º to 90º.The present study focuses on the analysisof measured wave run-up values obtained ina physical model and on its variability with wave parameters and wave obliquity.

HIDRALERTA is a forecast, early warning and risk assessment system of port and coastal areas that uses measurements/estimates of sea-waves and water levels to evaluate overtopping/flooding. The calculation of the mean overtopping discharge over a maritime structure is performed through artificial neural network-based tools and/or empirical formulae. The system is composed of four modules developed in open source Web technology, mainly using the Python language. This paper presents its application to reproduce the hurricane Lorenzo conditions and impacts at Madalena do Pico port, Azores, on October 2 2019. This hurricane was regarded as the strongest storm to hit Azores in 20 years. The application of HIDRALERTA focus mainly on the second and fourth modules: wave run-up/overtopping and warning system.

A energia das ondas infragravíticas na Baía do Espírito Santo foi investigada através de duas campanhas de medição de ondas em três locais distintos. A variação da energia infragravítica ao longo do tempo foi analisada em conjunto com a evolução do espectro direcional das ondas gravíticas, com o propósito de identificar uma possível relação entre as características das ondas longas e curtas. Quatro faixas de frequência foram utilizadas para particionar o espectro direcional de energia das ondas gravíticas, para observar a evolução destas ao longo do tempo. Nos eventos energéticos de ondas gravíticas medidos ao largo da baía, o aumento da energia na faixa infragravítica só ocorreu em ambos os pontos internos, de forma similar, quando as duas faixas de períodos dominantes do espectro gravítico eram maiores que 9s. Nas outras ocasiões, a região central apresentou maiores amplificações que o ponto nas imediações do Porto de Tubarão.

Um dos aspetos a analisar na caracterização e viabilidade de um quebra-mar destacado (QMD) multifuncional em frente à praia da Vagueira é a redução de galgamentos, consequência desejável que a implementação deste tipo de estrutura marítima terá nessa zona. Para isso, foi efetuada a caracterização da agitação na zona em estudo e a avaliação dos galgamentos, para a situação atual (sem estrutura) e para várias alternativas de QMD.Com base em dados estimados ao largo, a caracterização da agitação marítima local foi obtida mediante a transferência desses dados para pontos junto à costa, utilizando, nesta ordem, os modelos de propagação de ondas marítimas SWAN e DREAMS. O período de dados ao largo considerado foi de 39 anos (1979-2018), com intervalo de 6 em 6 horas. Seguidamente, recorrendo à fórmula de Mase et al. (2013), calculou-se o caudal médio galgado na estrutura de defesa aderente aí existente, sem e com as diferentes alternativas de QMD. Finalmente, a comparação dos resultados obtidos permitiu avaliar o desempenho do QMD na redução dos galgamentos costeiros na sua zona de influência.

This work presents the results of numerical simulations of two ferry ships moored inside two ports of Pico

Este estudo recorre a ferramentas de modelação numérica, XBeach e SWASH, para a avaliação dos eventos de galgamento costeiro devido a tempestades marítimas no troço costeiro urbano da Costa da Caparica, que compreende a estrutura rígida aderente. Faz-se uma análise comparativa entre os modelos, e confronta-se com a informação de eventos documentados (tempestades Hércules e Emma). Ambos os modelos, refletem as variações entre tempestades, com maior intensidade de galgamento para a tempestade mais energética. Existem diferenças entre os modelos, ainda que pouco significativas face aos níveis de perigosidade associados (CEM, 2002; EurOtop, 2018) e ambos apresentaram resultados satisfatórios quando comparados com os relatos históricos das tempestades analisadas. O modelo XBeach requer um maior tempo de computação, contudo permite obter intervalos de confiança na previsão de galgamentos. Este estudo aponta para a viabilidade da utilização de ambos os modelos na avaliação dos eventos de galgamento costeiro na Costa da Caparica.

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