Publications

This paper presents the analysis of the probability of occurrence of wave overtopping events as well as its consequences at the Port of Las Nieves in Agaete, Gran Canaria Island, with the evaluation of the resulting level of flood risk. The study has been conducted using a third-generation spectral wave model to reproduce wave propagation from deep to shallow water depths considering the associated mean sea level, and a neural network-based model, for estimating mean wave overtopping discharges. Results reveal that overtopping in the initial sections of the port, located in the port access area, is substantially higher than that associated with the cross-sections of the main body of the breakwater, so that control actions to reduce overtopping are required due to the important socioeconomic implications regarding the infrastructure inoperability.

Neste trabalho, descreve-se a aplicação ao porto e baía da Praia da Vitória, na ilha Terceira, Açores, Portugal, da metodologia de avaliação do risco de galgamentos em estruturas marítimas em desenvolvimento no LNEC, considerando duas ferramentas neuronais para cálculo dos galgamentos baseadas em resultados da aplicação de redes neuronais artificiais, nomeadamente a ferramenta NN_Overtopping2 e a Overtopping Predictor v1.1. Em particular, avalia-se comparativamente quais as implicações que a utilização de cada uma destas ferramentas tem em termos de número de eventos de galgamento e magnitude dos caudais médios galgados, bem como consequente grau de risco, para as 9 secções-tipo de estruturas marítimas estudadas no porto e baía da Praia da Vitória. O período de estudo é de 5 anos (2008 a 2012).

O galgamento de estruturas portuárias consiste na passagem de água sobre o coroamento da estrutura pela ação da agitação marítima e é um dos fenómenos com maior impacto na integridade da estrutura e na segurança da zona por ela protegida. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é estudar o galgamento num quebra-mar de taludes, com um importante muro cortina, protegido por um quebra-mar submerso. Em particular, pretende-se otimizar a geometria do quebra-mar submerso situado a barlamar do quebra-mar de taludes, no qual se pretende diminuir o galgamento.A estrutura marítima em estudo é o molhe norte do Porto de Leixões, em frente ao qual já existe um quebra-mar submerso na zona da cabeça. Pretende-se estender a zona do molhe protegida pelo quebra-mar submerso e, para tal, é necessário estudar qual a melhor geometria e posição a adotar para este quebra-mar.Para estudar a influência da geometria e da posição do quebra-mar submerso no galgamento do molhe norte, utilizou-se o modelo numérico IH2VOF. Simularam-se três condições de agitação regular, que diferem somente na altura de onda, e sete geometrias do quebra-mar submerso, que diferem da configuração original (a existente atualmente) em três características: a distância entre o quebra-mar submerso e o molhe, a cota de coroamento do quebra-mar submerso e a sua largura de coroamento.Com a realização deste estudo, para as condições de agitação consideradas, verificou-se que as características com maior impacto na redução do galgamento no molhe norte do Porto de Leixões são: o aumento da distância entre o quebra-mar submerso e o molhe e o aumento da cota de coroamento do quebra-mar submerso. O caudal médio de galgamento para as condições de agitação em estudo reduziu-se de um valor máximo de 0,71 l/s/m para a configuração original para 0,02 l/s/m em duas das novas configurações analisadas, ou seja, uma redução de 97% face à configuração original.

The susceptibility of bridge decks to vortex induced oscillations can b eaddressed through wind-tunnel testing. This paper considers the case of the Vila-Real Bridge, in the north of Portugal, which has the highest deck above ground (230m), among concrete-deck bridges cable-stayed in the central plane. It has a single-cell rectangular box girder with a wide top flange supported by regularly spaced inclined struts. Aeroelastic studies of this precise type of deck seem nonexistent in the literature.Results of sectional model tests are presented for a selection of three distinct angles of attack and three deck configurations, including a solution, alternative to the usual mitigation measures, that solved the susceptibility to vortex induced vibration of the deck and that has no relevant additional design or building costs.With the proposed approach, bridge designers may be able to relegate the use of sections with high aerodynamic performance

Wave-induced flow velocity and turbulence may cause scouring in the seabed around coastal structures depending on the wave climate and tidal water depth. A 3-D physical modelling study was conducted to investigate the possible causes of the sinking of two submerged coastal structures on the Santa Maria del Mar (SMM) beach, Spain. The experimental investigation was conducted by employing a Froude similarity law with a geometric scale of 1:20, and the submerged modular structure was subjected to different wave climates and tidal water levels. The combinations of the significant wave height and peak period were chosen from in-situ real wave conditions thatwere monitored during the sinking of the prototype structures. Linking and unlinking conditions for the modules in the structure were investigated in this study. The results show that the modules sank to approximately 48% of their height at the end of the tests with storm waves and semi-linking conditions of low water depth. Most of the experimental results were compatible with the prototype monitoring results. Tests with proper linking among themodules and testswith an appropriate gravel foundation resulted in a sustainable solution because they presented much less or almost no scouring and sinking.

Despite the simplicity of the geometry of the circular cylinders, the uniform flow around them is complex,since it may induce unsteady forces on structures associated with vortex shedding. This paper describes the study of two circular cylinders (the downstream one is elastically mounted in transversal direction) in tandem arrangement subject to bi-dimensional uniform laminar flows at low Reynolds numbers. The academic numerical model Ifeinco, which is based on the finite element method and uses a partitioned scheme that considers two-way interaction of fluid flow and structure, has been employed to the analysis.Firstly, both stationary cylinders in tandem arrangement for Re = 100 are analysed for center to center distance between the cylinders, L/D, from 1.5 to 6.0. Results of lift and drag coefficients and Strouhal number are compared with other numerical results and good agreement is found. Secondly, numerical results for L/D = 5.25, considering downstream elastically mounted cylinder, are analysed for Reynolds numbers ranging from 100 to 140. It shows that the resonance occurs for Reynolds numbers between 115 and 120 and the maximum dimensionless amplitude of oscillation is 0.721 for Re = 118.

Techniques based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been increasingly applied to predict emergency situations, such as extreme wave conditions, wave overtopping or flooding, and damage to maritime structures, in coastal and port areas. In this work, a fuzzy adaptive resonance theory with mapping (FAM) ANN was trained to predict the wave regime both inside and at the entrance to the Port of Sines, one of the major trade and economic gateways of the Iberian Peninsula, located on the Portuguese west coast. In situ measurements using pressure sensors, wave buoy data, and results from two numerical wave propagation models

The main goal of this paper is to develop a photogrammetric method in order to obtain arobust tool for damage assessment and quantification of rubble-mound armour layers during physicalscale model tests. With the present work, an innovative approach based on a reduced number ofdigital photos is proposed to support the identification of affected areas. This work considers twosimple digital photographs recording the instants before and after the completion of the physicaltest. Mathematical techniques were considered in the development of the procedures, enabling thetracking of image differences between photos. The procedures were developed using an open-sourceapplication, Scilab, nevertheless they are not platform dependent. The procedures developed enablethe location and identity of eroded areas in the breakwater armour layer, as well as the possibilityof quantifying them. This ability is confirmed through the calculation of correlation coefficients ineach step of the search for the more damaged area. It is also possible to make an assessment of themovement of armour layer units.

The ultimate goal of applying SWASH in the present work is to compare SWASH wave height results with laboratory results presented in Løvås (2000) and with field observations of Vo-Luong and Massel (2008) as well. Additionally, SWASH results will be also compared to the ones previously obtained by other empirical and numerical models (Mendez and Losada, 2004; Suzuki et al., 2012).Preliminary SWASH wave height simulations for breaking random waves over vegetation have shown an overall good agreement to the flume data presented in Løvås (2000). The agreement between SWASH and flume results looked worst at the wave breaking zone, which seems to be improved through a better wave breaking parametrization.

Most of the previous studies on wave propagation over vegetation fields estimated drag coefficients (CD) for rigid and flexible plants by the so called calibration method which gave similar CD for both types of plants. However, CD may actually be considerably different when the drag force is directly measured. In order to investigate the wave dissipation and CD further, flume experiments for wave propagation over vegetation are conducted with a special focus on the benchmark single cylinder test that calculates CD by direct measurements in single rigid and flexible artificial plants.

O projeto BSafe4Sea visa desenvolver, testar e comprovar o conceito de previsão do comportamento estrutural de quebra-mares de talude como a base de um sistema inovador de apoio à decisão. A utilização de fotografias aéreas obtidas com veículos aéreos não tripulados, de vídeo e de posicionamento com GNSS, juntamente com a avaliação probabilística do comportamento dos quebra-mares baseada em modelos físicos e numéricos, apoiarão o planeamento e a priorização de trabalhos de manutenção e reparação, aumentando a segurança, funcionalidade e resiliência destas obras. Este sistema é urgente devido à sua relevância para as modernas redes de transporte de mercadorias e passageiros e às condições extremas a que os quebra-mares estão sujeitos, e que se poderão agravar devido às alterações climáticas.

This paper describes a programme under the responsibility of LNEC for the systematic observation and monitoring of maritime works that has successfully been applied to an extensive number of maritime structures on the Portuguese mainland coast and abroad.The now-called OSOM+ programme comprises the following four main components for each structure: periodic visual inspections by an experienced technician; periodic aerial inspections with a UAV/drone; a ANOSOM-GIS database, to store and/or query obtained information on the observation campaigns, as well as to diagnose present, evolution and risk conditions of the structure; a mobile, portable, application, for real-time input and visualization of the database information.This recently updated methodology encompasses a number of tools and functionalities that are illustrated in this paper with applications to a real case, the Faro-Olhão

In this paper, the development of such system, called SWAMS ALERT, is detailed and an illustration on how it applies to a real port is presented, namely the port of S. Roque do Pico. SWAMS ALERT is as risk forecast and management system for the safety of transiting ships and moored ships in ports and harbors. This system can be fine-tuned to a specific port, thus becoming a valuable tool to help in the selection of docking and mooring devices. SWAMS ALERT extends the functionality of the wave overtopping events forecast system HIDRALERTA to include the ship

Since 1986, the National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC) has developed a program for Systematic Observation of Maritime Works (OSOM) for the structures under the responsibility of the former Port and Maritime Transport Institute (IPTM).The objective of this program is to monitor the behavior of the structures and recommend timely interventions for their maintenance and/or repair. Recently, with the acquisition by LNEC of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV, or drone), a number of structural surveys have been carried out to complement the information obtained in above mentioned visual observation campaigns. The UAV provides more detailed and accurate information on the state of the structures. It also allows the assessment of the evolution of structures

Neste artigo descreve-se o trabalho desenvolvido, até ao presente na construção, desenvolvimento e implementação dos 2 novos protótipos do sistema HIDRALERTA para os portos da Madalena do Pico e de S. Roque do Pico, ambos na Ilha do Pico, Açores. Este sistema permite a previsão e alerta de situações de emergência relacionadas com agitação marítima, galgamentos, inundações.

The recent acquisition of an UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), or drone, has enriched ongoing LNEC

Nesta comunicação analisa-se a influência da variação da profundidade na interação hidrodinâmica entre dois navios, um estacionário e outro navegando na vizinhança, com recurso à modelação física e numérica. O navio em movimento é um modelo autopropulsionado à escala do navio de transporte de produtos químicos

O conhecimento das forças devido à ação das ondas que atuam nos emissários submarinos compostos por uma conduta e anéis de estabilização de betão, para agitação com direção de propagação próxima da direção do emissário, é essencial para o seu dimensionamento. Esta é uma configuração complexa, para a qual a modelação numérica, utilizando modelos 3D de tipo RANS-VoF (Reynolds-Average-Navier-Stokes Volume-of-Fluid), é especialmente adequada para obter uma estimativa das forças na conduta e nos anéis. O presente estudo consiste na simulação de um emissário submarino com anéis de estabilização à escala 1:15 que foi ensaiado num tanque de ondas tridimensional, nas instalações do Danish Hydraulics Institute (DHI), para estudar a influência da direção da agitação incidente e da distância da conduta ao fundo nas forças que atuam no emissário. Foram realizados ensaios sem e com anéis (2 tipos de anéis), para diferentes condições de agitação e direções de agitação incidente (90º, i.e., perpendicular à conduta, 30º e 10º) e para três distâncias da conduta ao fundo (0.0, 0.020 e 0.033m). Os resultados numéricos são comparados aos experimentais para agitação com direcção de propagação perpendicular ao emissário, para 3 alturas de onda incidente. Verificou-se que o modelo de turbulência k-

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Realização de ensaios em modelo físico reduzido 3D para a avaliação da estabilidade do quebra-mar destacado do Porto Inlgês, Maio, Cabo-Verde

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Adverse sea conditions can cause emergency situations associated to wave overtopping, which endanger the safety of people and goods, with negative impacts for society, the economy and the environment. Therefore, a methodology to assess the overtopping risk in port and coastal areas is essential for a proper planning and management of these areas.The Portuguese National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC) has been developing the HIDRALERTA system, an integrated decision-support tool for port and coastal management, which focus in preventing and supporting the management of emergency situations and the long-term planning of interventions in the study areas. It enables the user to calculate the risk for various port and coastal activities, starting with the characterization of sea-waves, wind field and tide levels at the study regions.HIDRALERTA was already tested at different places in Portugal: Costa da Caparica beach, in Almada, and port of Praia da Vitória, in the Azores. However, in both cases, the evaluation of wave overtopping / flooding consequences was carried out using a quite simple approach. In fact, such consequences were assessed only at a global and qualitative level, based on information provided by the responsible authorities.This paper aims at testing a quantitative methodology to evaluate overtopping consequences: the Analytic Network Process (ANP). This methodology was proposed to solve complex decision-making problems and its objective is to calculate the priorities among decision elements which will define their final weights on the consequences. The ANP approach can produce interdependencies between criteria and compute the respective weight of each criterion. Such a network model with dependence and feedback improves the priorities derived from judgements and makes prediction more accurate. So, the ANP allows comparison among clusters of elements. Furthermore, in this methodology we take into account the impacts of alternatives on the importance of criteria, by normalizing the comparison matrix. Thus, the given alternatives can influence the ranking of criteria.Application of the ANP methodology to the case study of Praia da Vitória port is presented and a consequences level map is obtained.

Apresenta-se um novo sistema de alerta para navios amarrados em portos que se encontra em desenvolvimento no Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil. O sistema SWAMS_ALERTA é um sistema de previsão e alerta baseado na avaliação do risco associado ao comportamento de navios amarrados em zonas portuárias.Os riscos associados a navios amarrados decorrem de movimentos excessivos, quer no plano horizontal, quer no plano vertical. Estes movimentos podem condicionar as atividades portuárias, nomeadamente cargas e descargas, mas em casos extremos podem levar à ocorrência de situações de emergência, tais como rotura de cabos, rotura de cabeços de amarração ou até colisões com o cais. As consequências deste tipo de situações envolvem sempre grandes prejuízos materiais e por vezes humanos.O sistema SWAMS_ALERTA utiliza as medições e previsões de agitação marítima para a determinação dos seus efeitos em termos de movimentos nos seis graus de liberdade e forças nas amarras e defensas quando o navio se encontra estacionado no cais. Para tal, o sistema recorre a uma série de modelos numéricos, interligados entre si. A comparação destes valores com valores máximos admissíveis pré-estabelecidos permite a avaliação, em tempo real, de situações de emergência e a emissão de alertas dirigidos às entidades portuárias.O sistema é constituído por 4 módulos:I

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