Publications

A case study aiming to improve surfing conditions over a submerged detached breakwater, intended to be placed in front of Praia da Vagueira (Aveiro, Portugal), was concluded in April 2022. The final results are revisited and refined by incorporating an alternative wave breaking line detection method, using the resulting eddy viscosity parameter from the COULWAVE numerical model. Preliminary results demonstrate good agreement with experiments and indicate the potential for a more detailed analysis, but further investigation is required.

Performance and hydrodynamics of an array of Oscillating Water Column (OWC) Wave Energy Converter (WEC) integrated into a vertical breakwater is studied. The FLUENT® software, in which the numerical model is based on the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations and the Volume of Fluid method for free surface flow modeling, is used in a 3D numerical wave tank. Three vertical breakwater configurations subject to the action of incident regular waves with periods from 6 to 12 s are studied: normal breakwater, with vertical walls parallel to the direction along the breakwater length; and two novel breakwater geometries, partially and fully convergent breakwaters, whose converging vertical walls are inclined

A instalação de plataformas fotovoltaicas flutuantes em reservatórios de água, albufeiras e lagoas, iniciada na primeira década do século XXI, tem aumentado significativamente nos últimos anos. Em Portugal, o Decreto-Lei n.º 98/2021 de 16 de novembro determinou a abertura de procedimento concorrencial, sob a forma de leilão eletrónico, para atribuição de reserva de capacidade de injeção em pontos de ligação à Rede Elétrica de Serviço Público para eletricidade a partir da conversão de energia solar por centros eletroprodutores fotovoltaicos flutuantes a instalar em albufeiras de barragens. Neste contexto, o LNEC, por solicitação da Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente (APA), elaborou um relatório onde são especificados os requisitos técnicos para a avaliação das condições de segurança de projetos de plataformas fotovoltaicas flutuantes em albufeiras de barragens, e pela posterior apreciação dos projetos de execução destas instalações. A presente Nota Técnica descreve as principais atividades desenvolvidas e os contributos do LNEC neste domínio.

This work evaluated a video camera-based technique for measuring wave run-up and identifying overtoppingevents in three-dimensional physical scale models of rubble-mound breakwaters. Run-up elevations inferredby the Timestack methodology were compared with the traditional measurements obtained by a resistive wavegauge. For both frontal and oblique incident waves, run-up statistical parameters returned by Timestackanalysis agreed with the instrument measurements. Moreover, overtopping events were correctly identified.Overall, results indicated the feasibility of a non-intrusive video camera-based technique for hydraulicmeasurements in physical models.

This work evaluated a video camera-based technique for measuring wave run-up and identifying overtopping events in three-dimensional physical scale models of rubble-mound breakwaters. Run-up elevations inferred by the Timestack methodology were compared with the traditional measurements obtained by a resistive wave gauge. For both frontal and oblique incident waves, run-up statistical parameters returned by Timestack analysis agreed with the instrument measurements. Moreover, overtopping events were correctly identified. Overall, results indicated the feasibility of a non-intrusive video camera-based technique for hydraulic measurements in physical models.

Physical modelling is a key tool for the characterisation of wave run-up and overtopping phenomena on maritime structures. Traditionally, these parameters have been measured using resistive wave gauges. Nowadays, modern non-intrusive methods have emerged. In particular, video cameras, combined with advanced video analysis such as the TimeStack method, provide a compelling alternative to conventional techniques. TimeStack involves the extraction of pixel arrays along a predetermined image line segment (transect) over the duration of the video. This results in a composite image, known as a TimeStack, which encapsulates the temporal evolution of the pixels. This study describes the application of the TimeStack method to assess the statistical parameters of wave run-up and overtopping events, as well as their spatial distribution in the 3D models of the Leixões breakwater. At the same time, an evaluation of the overtopping events and their extent is carried out in the 2D model of the Peniche breakwater. For the main section of the Leixões breakwater, statistical parameters of wave run-up (Rumax, Rumin, Rumean and Ru2%) derived from video analysis are determined for two sections (trunk and head) of the breakwater. In the case of the trunk section, the wave run-up was once again analysed for tests conducted under the same wave conditions but with different wave directions. Furthermore, the TimeStack method enables the determination of the zone of the breakwater that was most heavily overtopped and the range of overtopping distances. In the second case, it was possible to determine the number of overtopping events as well as statistical parameters such as hmax and h2%. These cases illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of the TimeStack method for different applications in scale model tests of breakwaters. The results confirm that video-based techniques are a viable alternative for measuring run-up across different sections of 3D scale models of breakwaters and for detecting overtopping events, including their peak heights and distances reached. Furthermore, this work outlines future improvements in image processing algorithms and procedural refinements aimed at mitigating some of the inherent drawbacks of the method.

Os ensaios em modelo físico (Fig. 1) são utilizados como apoio ao projeto de quebra-mares detaludes, com o objetivo de avaliação do comportamento da solução projetada do ponto de vista daestabilidade hidráulica da estrutura. Esta avaliação do comportamento é efetuada através da evoluçãodo dano, para a qual são utilizadas duas metodologias distintas na avaliação do comportamento dasecção ensaiada: o método de contagem visual e o método do volume erodido.

This study aims to validate a numerical model based on Reynolds-averaged Navier

Storms impacting sandy coastal areas produce hazards such as erosion and overwash that, in turn, promote risk to life and property damage in occupied areas. Coastal damage and risks willincrease in the future not only in association with climate change but also due to the growinghuman occupation in coastal areas (van Dongeren et al., 2018). Since the threatened coastal areas are often densely populated, there is a need to implement measures to prevent risks. One of such measures is the use of Early Warning Systems (EWS) that anticipate expected risks and, therefore, work as management tools to minimize or avoid disaster. This work presents the basis of an EWS prototype to alert about the potential consequences of overwash/overtopping and erosion induced by storms, in coastal areas.

A praia da Vagueira está localizada no Município de Vagos, distrito de Aveiro e é protegida por uma estruturade defesa frontal aderente que foi requalificada em 2015, com alteamento da sua cota de coroamento para + 10 m(ZH), devido à ocorrência de inundações na zona por ela protegida. Para caracterizar o galgamento com a estrutura atual, aplicou-se o modelo numérico SWASH a uma secção desta estrutura, simulando-se os temporais ocorridos entre 1979 e 2018 que, segundo as fórmulas comumente utilizadas para este tipo de estrutura, dariam galgamentos significativos. Assim, nesta comunicação apresenta-se o modelo utilizado, as características da estrutura de defesa aderente e as condições de agitação e nível de mar utilizadas nas simulações. Os resultados obtidos com o SWASH são comparados com os resultados de várias fórmulas empíricas. Para todas as condições testadas, as fórmulas empíricas apresentam sempre caudais médios de galgamento não nulos, enquanto o SWASH apenas origina caudais médios de galgamento superiores a zero quando o espraiamento máximo não atinge o coroamento da estrutura. Consequentemente, a utilização dos resultados das fórmulas empíricas para a emissão de alertas pode conduzir a situações de alarme que não correspondem à realidade.

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The project LIFEGARACHICO (LIFE20 CCA/ES/001641) proposes the creation of an effective flexible adaptation framework for the coastal unicipalities of Macaronesia, making specific local interventions to increase their resilience against extreme coastal events resulting from climate change. Social surveys were applied in Praia da Vitória, Terceira, Azores, to understand the civilians perception of coastal flooding events.

The project LIFE-GARACHICO (LIFE20 CCA/ES/001641) proposes the creation of an effective flexible adaptation framework for the coastal municipalities of Macaronesia, making specific local interventions to increase their resilience against extreme coastal events resulting from climate change. Social surveys were applied in both localities in order to understand the civilians perception of coastal flooding events

Realização de ensaios em modelo físico reduzido 3D para a avaliação da estabilidade do quebra-mar destacado do Porto Inlgês, Maio, Cabo-Verde

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Adverse sea conditions can cause emergency situations associated to wave overtopping, which endanger the safety of people and goods, with negative impacts for society, the economy and the environment. Therefore, a methodology to assess the overtopping risk in port and coastal areas is essential for a proper planning and management of these areas.The Portuguese National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC) has been developing the HIDRALERTA system, an integrated decision-support tool for port and coastal management, which focus in preventing and supporting the management of emergency situations and the long-term planning of interventions in the study areas. It enables the user to calculate the risk for various port and coastal activities, starting with the characterization of sea-waves, wind field and tide levels at the study regions.HIDRALERTA was already tested at different places in Portugal: Costa da Caparica beach, in Almada, and port of Praia da Vitória, in the Azores. However, in both cases, the evaluation of wave overtopping / flooding consequences was carried out using a quite simple approach. In fact, such consequences were assessed only at a global and qualitative level, based on information provided by the responsible authorities.This paper aims at testing a quantitative methodology to evaluate overtopping consequences: the Analytic Network Process (ANP). This methodology was proposed to solve complex decision-making problems and its objective is to calculate the priorities among decision elements which will define their final weights on the consequences. The ANP approach can produce interdependencies between criteria and compute the respective weight of each criterion. Such a network model with dependence and feedback improves the priorities derived from judgements and makes prediction more accurate. So, the ANP allows comparison among clusters of elements. Furthermore, in this methodology we take into account the impacts of alternatives on the importance of criteria, by normalizing the comparison matrix. Thus, the given alternatives can influence the ranking of criteria.Application of the ANP methodology to the case study of Praia da Vitória port is presented and a consequences level map is obtained.

Apresenta-se um novo sistema de alerta para navios amarrados em portos que se encontra em desenvolvimento no Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil. O sistema SWAMS_ALERTA é um sistema de previsão e alerta baseado na avaliação do risco associado ao comportamento de navios amarrados em zonas portuárias.Os riscos associados a navios amarrados decorrem de movimentos excessivos, quer no plano horizontal, quer no plano vertical. Estes movimentos podem condicionar as atividades portuárias, nomeadamente cargas e descargas, mas em casos extremos podem levar à ocorrência de situações de emergência, tais como rotura de cabos, rotura de cabeços de amarração ou até colisões com o cais. As consequências deste tipo de situações envolvem sempre grandes prejuízos materiais e por vezes humanos.O sistema SWAMS_ALERTA utiliza as medições e previsões de agitação marítima para a determinação dos seus efeitos em termos de movimentos nos seis graus de liberdade e forças nas amarras e defensas quando o navio se encontra estacionado no cais. Para tal, o sistema recorre a uma série de modelos numéricos, interligados entre si. A comparação destes valores com valores máximos admissíveis pré-estabelecidos permite a avaliação, em tempo real, de situações de emergência e a emissão de alertas dirigidos às entidades portuárias.O sistema é constituído por 4 módulos:I

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