Publications

O Porto de Leixões, localizado na costa norte de Portugal, é um dos maiores do país, recebendo diariamentevários navios de grandes dimensões. Um dos principais postos de acostagem situa-se à entrada do porto e encontra-se sujeito à agitação marítima que é difratada pelo olhe principal de proteção do porto. Para avaliar dos movimentos induzidos no navio estacionado nesse posto de acostagem e as forças exercidas nas suas amarras e defensas pela agitação incidente, utilizou-se o modelo físico de Leixões, construído num dos tanques do LNEC. Neste modelo físico, encontra-se representada a envolvente do porto de Leixões, assim como a sua batimetria. O modelo do navio

An alternative to the energy matrix expansion, due to the increase of global electricity demand, is the renewable sea wave energy source, which has high energy potential. The Oscillating Water Column (OWC) converter is one of the most studied, although it is not yet used at commercial scale. Therefore, searching the optimal geometric configuration is fundamental to turn this device viable. This study proposes a numerical analysis of an onshore OWC for different slopes of chamber walls (from 40o to 90o) and equipped with a Wells turbine. Simulations of incompressible 2D flows are performed by means of the FLUENT® software, which is based on Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. The k-

The most studied device used for extracting wave energy is the Oscillating Water Column (OWC). In general, numerical simulations of these cases by means of models based on Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations adopt the Volume of Fluid method to deal with the free surface flow which is considered incompressible in both water and air. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of the compressibility effect on the air inside the OWC chamber by the FLUENT® numerical model. A methodology is implemented, taking into account both water and air flows incompressible, but, at every instant, a pressure condition is imposed on the top boundary of the chamber to consider the compressibility effect. This pressure condition is based on an analytical equation that considers the isentropic transformation of the air and effects of Wells and impulse turbines. Results of compressible and incompressible numerical models are compared. The amplification factor, the root mean square of air pressure inside the chamber and OWC efficiency in relation to incident wave period, wave height and turbine characteristic relation are analyzed. Results show that air compressibility effects can diminish the predicted OWC efficiency up to about 20% in both Wells and impulse turbines.

In this study, a numerical analysis of the performance of two Oscillating Water Column (OWC) wave energy converters, at different front and back wall slopes, was carried out. The first device had vertical front and back walls and the second one had its wall slopes of 40° in relation to the horizontal plane. The FLUENT® numerical model, which is based on the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations, was used. The Volume of Fluid (VoF) method was employed to take into account free surface flows. The case study comprised a 10 m deep flume with an onshore OWC at its end, equipped with a Wells turbine. A 2D hydrodynamic mathematical model was employed and a 3D air pressure effect inside the OWC air-chamber was considered. Analyses of the hydrodynamics behavior, fluid-structure interaction outside (run-up/down, reflected waves) and inside the chamber (free surface elevation, sloshing) and energy distribution (pneumatic extracted energy, reflected wave energy and energy losses) were conducted. Results showed that the device with inclined walls had the best efficiency in comparison with the other one. However, the latter showed lower variation in efficiency in the wave period range than the former.

The main objective of this study is to investigate differences of random incident waves from regular ones in performance of wave energy converters (WEC). A numerical analysis of an onshore oscillating water column (OWC) WEC is carried out by means of the FLUENT® software, which is based on Reynolds - Averaged Navier-Stokes equations. Analyses of the efficiency of an onshore OWC device with similar characteristics of the Pico

Atualmente, mais importante que assegurar a resistência de um aglomerado urbano a um eventual invasor, importa garantir a sobrevivência a catástrofes naturais das infraestruturas críticas que garantem a salubridade das condições de vida nesse aglomerado, a mobilidade dos habitantes e o abastecimento de bens essenciais. Em rigor, face ao carater aleatório destas solicitações, pretende-se que, uma vez terminadas essas solicitações extremas, eventuais estragos causados pelas mesmas não impeçam o restabelecimento, em tempo útil, das atividades normais da população. Nesta comunicação apresentam-se ferramentas e procedimentos para avaliação do risco associado a infraestruturas críticas com um viés para o controlo de cheias urbanas e de infraestruturas de transporte marítimo.

The current program of Systematic Observation of Maritime Works (OSOM+), under development at the National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC), is essentially applied to rubble mound breakwaters. The OSOM

HIDRALERTA is a forecast and early warning system for coastal and port regions capable of predicting emergency situations, as well as carrying out risk assessment. The system concentrates on evaluating wave overtopping and flooding scenarios. It uses offshore sea-wave and wind forecast data, as well as tide data, as input to determine wave overtopping at specific locations. The calculation of the mean overtopping discharge over a structure is made through artificial neural network (ANN) tools and/or empirical formulae, which are able to define the spatial distribution of the flow behind the structure.The HIDRALERTA system is composed of four modules developed in Open Source Web Technology, mainly using the Python Language. The Warning System can be configured and adapted for specific scenarios. The system has been successfully tested for the Port and Bay of Praia da Vitória, Terceira Island, Azores, Portugal, and is now under development and being implemented at the ports of Madalena do Pico and S. Roque do Pico.This paper describes the work carried out to date on the system and its application to these two ports in the Pico Island, Azores.

A set of scale-model tests carried out to enlarge the range of wave steepness values analysed in run-up, overtopping and armour layer stability studies, focusing on oblique extreme wave conditions and on their effects on a gentler slope breakwater

Mechanical constraints have a non-negligible influence in the motion of oscillating wave surge converter (OWSC) devices. The key novelty of this paper is a numerical simulation tool for OWSCs that does not neglect or significantly compromise mechanical constraints such as hydraulic power take-off (PTO) system, revolute joints and frictional contacts among components. The paper is aimed at presenting the key components of the numerical simulation tool and at validating it with laboratory data featuring an OWSC with mechanical constraints under regular and irregular waves. It is based on the implementation of the multibody solver of Project Chrono under the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) model of DualSPHysics, where the SPH solver resolves the interaction between wave and flap and the multibody solver resolves the interaction between flap and mechanical constraints. Comparison between numerical results and experimental data show that the numerical simulation tool properly predicts the dynamics of the OWSC. Furthermore, in what concerns hydrodynamics of the near-flap flow, the computed and measured free-surface elevations and phase-averaged flow field show reasonable agreement. Once properly validated, the numerical simulation tool is then applied to study the influence of several mechanical constraints, PTO damping characteristics and flap inertia on the hydrodynamic of the OWSC. The viability of OWSC design solutions based on the developed numerical simulation tool is emphasised, in view of its performance in the test cases to which it was subjected.

This paper presents a comparison of two URANS models based on the VoF approach, FLUENT (Fluent, 2006) and IH2VOF (Lara et al., 2011), to perform a detaiied analysis of the hydrodynamic phenomena outside and inside an open Oscillating Water Coiumn (OWC) device. This analysis is important to determine the ability of each solver in accurate modelling the complex non-linear phenomena which occur in the wave-fluid-structure interaction, in order to use it in the deveiopment of an innovative integrated tool at prototype scale. Numerical results of free surface elevation, oscillating free surface inside the water chamber, amplification factor and phase lag are analysed and compared with experimental data for several incident wave conditions. For an OWC with a fuliy open chamber, good agreement was achieved between experimental data and numerical results obtained with two modeis with different numerical methodologies.

In order to account for scour problems, protection systems are usually employed around the foundations, i.e. Arklow Bank OWF and Scroby Sands OWF (Whitehouse et al., 2011). Their design is main-ly of semi empiric nature (De Vos et al., 2011) and probabilistic approaches haven

An analytical model is applied to a schematic case of an oscillating water column (OWC), without head loss, to obtain a first estimation of the chamber hydraulic efficiency. The IH2VOF numerical model of wave-structure interations is applied to perform an investigation, useful to complement and verify the analytical approach and analyses the flow characteristics on the OWC, including nonlinear effects. The numerical model was validated against physical model tests on a schematic OWC stucture at the National Laboratory of Civil Engineering, presenting god agreement.A significant difference of amplification factor parameter was observed between lhe analytical results and numerical results and experimental data, which may be attributed to the absence of head loss in the analytical model.

Nesta comunicação, descrevem-se os ensaios em modelo físico realizados com o objetivo de caracterizar o campo de ondas em torno de um navio livre, quando sujeito a condições de agitação incidente regular e irregular. Estes dados são especialmente importantes para a validação de modelos numéricos de caracterização da resposta de navios à ação da agitação incidente. Assim, para cada condição de agitação incidente, efetuaram-se medições da elevação da superfície livre e das componentes da velocidade em diversos pontos em redor do navio. Apresentam-se as seguintes análises dos dados experimentais: análise temporal e espetral (espetro de energia e wavelets) dos valores de elevação da superfície livre e análise temporal da velocidade das partículas, a meio da coluna de água. A análise temporal e espetral de cada série de medições obtida permite a caracterização da agitação nos pontos em redor do navio, em termos de alturas, períodos e velocidade. Avalia-se também a influência do navio nas características da agitação.

This paper aims at presenting two diíferent methodologies to evaluale wave overtopping consequences: the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Analytic Network Process (ANP). The AHP is based on lhe comparison of successive and paired information that was selecled and quantified having in mind its hierarchic prioritization by taking into account lhe estimated relevance of each considered criterion or indicator. The ANP provides a general framework lo deal with decisions without making assumplions about the independence of higher level elements from lower level eiements and about the independence of the elements within a levei. In fact, the ANP uses a network without the need lo specify leveis as in a hierarchy structure iike lhe AHP. Influence is a central concept in the ANP. Applicalion of the AHP and the ANP melhodologies to lhe case study of Praia da Vitória harbour (Azores, Porlugal) is presenied. With the AHP, a consequences level map is obtained.

Wave run-up parameters are key factors in studying coastal flooding. An experiment was performed at LNEC to study wave run-up and overtopping on a breakwater.This work investigates the possibility of measuring wave run-up by using a video-monitoring technique.Water level oscillations were identified on the breakwater slope over time. Wave run-up was marked on each timestack image produced for each test.Run-up events were identified and related to the surf similarity parameter. Properties of wave run-up derived from video imagery were analysed and compared to data from a wave gauge placed over the breakwater cross-section. Results confirmed that the video imagery technique is an alternative technique for measuring run-up in physical model experiments.

Neste artigo apresenta-se uma metodologia que visa minimizar os erros associados à medição por ADV (Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry). Estes erros podem ter duas causas: insuficiência de partículas em suspensão na coluna de água; e desalinhamento dos eixos do ADV com os eixos coordenados do problema. Seguindo esta metodologia, aplica-se primeiramente um filtro digital para eliminar as frequências elevadas fisicamente irrealistas e, em seguida, aplica-se uma transformação de coordenadas para alinhar as componentes de velocidade medidas com o sistema de coordenadas do problema, sendo possível identificar o desalinhamento do ADV face a esse sistema de coordenadas.Apresenta-se a aplicação desta metodologia na propagação de ondas regulares num canal.

Para a praia da Galé, Algarve, foram efetuados um conjunto de ensaios em modelo físico (canal de ondas) com o principal objetivo de analisar a hidrodinâmica da propagação de ondas sobre um fundo rochoso, para várias condições de agitação regular e irregular incidente. Efetuaram-se medições da elevação da superfície livre com sondas resistivas ao longo do canal e das componentes da velocidade com ADV, a meio da coluna de água em várias secções ao longo do canal. A evolução dos resultados ao longo do canal permite um melhor conhecimento do processo de propagação e contribui com dados para a validação de modelos numéricos.

Ships berthed inside sheltered basins can experience excessive movements due to waves. The paper presents an integrated numerical tool that interconnects several numerical models to reproduce the most relevant physical phenomena associated to wave action on a moored ship, the resulting ship movements and the forces on mooring lines and fenders. A new methodology was developed to determine the hydrodynamic forces on the ship.A non-linear phase resolving Boussinesq model is used to propagate waves from outside the harbour to wherever desired location inside the harbour. A modified version of a 3D panel method model computes the hydrodynamic coefficients of the ship, whereas the Haskind relations determine the wave forces on the ship. The time series of the moored ship motions and forces on moorings are obtained with another numerical model. This new methodology is used to replicate the scale model tests of a moored tanker inside Leixões Harbour.

Neste artigo, apresenta-se uma descrição do papel da modelação física no apoio aos estudos de Engenharia Costeira e Portuária, ilustrando-se as suas potencialidades com exemplos de casos de estudo.Referem-se os contributos inovadores em conceitos, equipamentos, técnicas e procedimentos experimentais que têm sido desenvolvidos nos recentes anos. Assim, apresentam-se metodologias a explorar no futuro, tais como procedimentos destinados a facilitar, agilizar e automatizar as análises de estabilidade e galgamentos de quebra-mares, assim como dos danos no manto protetor, provocados pela agitação marítima nele incidente, e o acesso remoto a ensaios experimentais, e à informação associada à realização destes, a clientes/investigadores interessados.Por fim, são apontados cenários de desenvolvimento para a modelação física de modo a lidar com as consequências das alterações climáticas, e que incorporem: a) sequências de eventos de temporal, incluindo efeitos cumulativos, b) a subida do nível médio do mar; c) técnicas de medição não intrusivas que permitam obter a análise de fenómenos complexos, com características de grande variabilidade temporal e espacial, sem interferir nos mesmos ou no próprio sistema modelado.

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