Publications

O Porto de Leixões, localizado na costa norte de Portugal, é um dos maiores do país, recebendo diariamentevários navios de grandes dimensões. Um dos principais postos de acostagem situa-se à entrada do porto e encontra-se sujeito à agitação marítima que é difratada pelo olhe principal de proteção do porto. Para avaliar dos movimentos induzidos no navio estacionado nesse posto de acostagem e as forças exercidas nas suas amarras e defensas pela agitação incidente, utilizou-se o modelo físico de Leixões, construído num dos tanques do LNEC. Neste modelo físico, encontra-se representada a envolvente do porto de Leixões, assim como a sua batimetria. O modelo do navio

An alternative to the energy matrix expansion, due to the increase of global electricity demand, is the renewable sea wave energy source, which has high energy potential. The Oscillating Water Column (OWC) converter is one of the most studied, although it is not yet used at commercial scale. Therefore, searching the optimal geometric configuration is fundamental to turn this device viable. This study proposes a numerical analysis of an onshore OWC for different slopes of chamber walls (from 40o to 90o) and equipped with a Wells turbine. Simulations of incompressible 2D flows are performed by means of the FLUENT® software, which is based on Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. The k-

The most studied device used for extracting wave energy is the Oscillating Water Column (OWC). In general, numerical simulations of these cases by means of models based on Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations adopt the Volume of Fluid method to deal with the free surface flow which is considered incompressible in both water and air. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of the compressibility effect on the air inside the OWC chamber by the FLUENT® numerical model. A methodology is implemented, taking into account both water and air flows incompressible, but, at every instant, a pressure condition is imposed on the top boundary of the chamber to consider the compressibility effect. This pressure condition is based on an analytical equation that considers the isentropic transformation of the air and effects of Wells and impulse turbines. Results of compressible and incompressible numerical models are compared. The amplification factor, the root mean square of air pressure inside the chamber and OWC efficiency in relation to incident wave period, wave height and turbine characteristic relation are analyzed. Results show that air compressibility effects can diminish the predicted OWC efficiency up to about 20% in both Wells and impulse turbines.

In this study, a numerical analysis of the performance of two Oscillating Water Column (OWC) wave energy converters, at different front and back wall slopes, was carried out. The first device had vertical front and back walls and the second one had its wall slopes of 40° in relation to the horizontal plane. The FLUENT® numerical model, which is based on the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations, was used. The Volume of Fluid (VoF) method was employed to take into account free surface flows. The case study comprised a 10 m deep flume with an onshore OWC at its end, equipped with a Wells turbine. A 2D hydrodynamic mathematical model was employed and a 3D air pressure effect inside the OWC air-chamber was considered. Analyses of the hydrodynamics behavior, fluid-structure interaction outside (run-up/down, reflected waves) and inside the chamber (free surface elevation, sloshing) and energy distribution (pneumatic extracted energy, reflected wave energy and energy losses) were conducted. Results showed that the device with inclined walls had the best efficiency in comparison with the other one. However, the latter showed lower variation in efficiency in the wave period range than the former.

The main objective of this study is to investigate differences of random incident waves from regular ones in performance of wave energy converters (WEC). A numerical analysis of an onshore oscillating water column (OWC) WEC is carried out by means of the FLUENT® software, which is based on Reynolds - Averaged Navier-Stokes equations. Analyses of the efficiency of an onshore OWC device with similar characteristics of the Pico

Atualmente, mais importante que assegurar a resistência de um aglomerado urbano a um eventual invasor, importa garantir a sobrevivência a catástrofes naturais das infraestruturas críticas que garantem a salubridade das condições de vida nesse aglomerado, a mobilidade dos habitantes e o abastecimento de bens essenciais. Em rigor, face ao carater aleatório destas solicitações, pretende-se que, uma vez terminadas essas solicitações extremas, eventuais estragos causados pelas mesmas não impeçam o restabelecimento, em tempo útil, das atividades normais da população. Nesta comunicação apresentam-se ferramentas e procedimentos para avaliação do risco associado a infraestruturas críticas com um viés para o controlo de cheias urbanas e de infraestruturas de transporte marítimo.

The current program of Systematic Observation of Maritime Works (OSOM+), under development at the National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC), is essentially applied to rubble mound breakwaters. The OSOM

HIDRALERTA is a forecast and early warning system for coastal and port regions capable of predicting emergency situations, as well as carrying out risk assessment. The system concentrates on evaluating wave overtopping and flooding scenarios. It uses offshore sea-wave and wind forecast data, as well as tide data, as input to determine wave overtopping at specific locations. The calculation of the mean overtopping discharge over a structure is made through artificial neural network (ANN) tools and/or empirical formulae, which are able to define the spatial distribution of the flow behind the structure.The HIDRALERTA system is composed of four modules developed in Open Source Web Technology, mainly using the Python Language. The Warning System can be configured and adapted for specific scenarios. The system has been successfully tested for the Port and Bay of Praia da Vitória, Terceira Island, Azores, Portugal, and is now under development and being implemented at the ports of Madalena do Pico and S. Roque do Pico.This paper describes the work carried out to date on the system and its application to these two ports in the Pico Island, Azores.

A set of scale-model tests carried out to enlarge the range of wave steepness values analysed in run-up, overtopping and armour layer stability studies, focusing on oblique extreme wave conditions and on their effects on a gentler slope breakwater

Mechanical constraints have a non-negligible influence in the motion of oscillating wave surge converter (OWSC) devices. The key novelty of this paper is a numerical simulation tool for OWSCs that does not neglect or significantly compromise mechanical constraints such as hydraulic power take-off (PTO) system, revolute joints and frictional contacts among components. The paper is aimed at presenting the key components of the numerical simulation tool and at validating it with laboratory data featuring an OWSC with mechanical constraints under regular and irregular waves. It is based on the implementation of the multibody solver of Project Chrono under the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) model of DualSPHysics, where the SPH solver resolves the interaction between wave and flap and the multibody solver resolves the interaction between flap and mechanical constraints. Comparison between numerical results and experimental data show that the numerical simulation tool properly predicts the dynamics of the OWSC. Furthermore, in what concerns hydrodynamics of the near-flap flow, the computed and measured free-surface elevations and phase-averaged flow field show reasonable agreement. Once properly validated, the numerical simulation tool is then applied to study the influence of several mechanical constraints, PTO damping characteristics and flap inertia on the hydrodynamic of the OWSC. The viability of OWSC design solutions based on the developed numerical simulation tool is emphasised, in view of its performance in the test cases to which it was subjected.

Nesta comunicação, descrevem-se os mais recentes desenvolvimentos no LNEC em termos de instalações experimentais, técnicas de construção, equipamentos e metodologias utilizadas nos ensaios em modelo físico, com a apresentação de casos de estudos realizados para as zonas portuárias de Peniche Ponta Delgada, Leixões

Within the BlueSafePort project, an early warning system (EWS) for moored ships in the port of Sines as developed. In order to improve the reliability and accuracy of the system, two neural networks (NN) were trained,using wave buoys measured datasets. Numerical models results for the wave propagation are djusted and forecasts are improved.The trained neural networks were able to produce more accurate stimates for the significant wave height and mean wave period, at the buoy location, deployed in front of the ines Port. The use of the new NN led to an overall reduction of the root mean square error of around 80% compared with SWAN numerical model simulations, thus reducing potential errors in subsequential alculations and alert levels issued by the system for the moored ships.

Within the LIFE Garachico project, an HIDRALERTA EWS is being extended to include methodologies for creating an effective flexible adaptation strategic framework for coastal area of Praia da Vitória. This strategic framework is based on the definition of acceptable risk levels and specific interventions at the local level, allowing to increase the resilience of coastal urban areas against extreme coastal events (both present and future) consequences of climate change.

Esta comunicação descreve os ensaios de pressões efetuados para a caraterização das pressões máximas exercidas nos pilares de secção circular da ponte que liga o porto de Dakhla à costa bem como dos perfis verticais de pressões associadas.

Nesta comunicação são descritos os desenvolvimentos iniciais dos sub-casos do projeto C2IMPRESS referentes aos portos de Aveiro e da Figueira da Foz. A fase inicial envolveu a estimativa preliminar do galgamento induzido pelas ondas em alguns perfis das estruturas dos dois portos, assim como um primeiro inquérito sobre risco aos utilizadores desses dois portos.

Esta comunicação descreve os estudos em modelo reduzido tridimensional de estabilidade hidráulica e de galgamentos para o prolongamento do molhe leste correspondente à 3ª Fase de Expansão do Terminal XXI, do Porto de Sines.

Neste trabalho apresenta-se uma metodologia para determinar as condições de segurança e acessibilidade de navios ao longo do trajeto de acesso ao porto, ilustrando-se a sua aplicação nos casos de estudo dos portos de Sines. este trabalho insere-se no âmbito do desenvolvimento de novos sistemas de previsão e alerta para a navegação nos portos de Sines e Aveiro.

O litoral português apresenta um valor natural, económico e cultural único e de importância amplamente reconhecida. O dinamismo costeiro pode levar à ocorrência de galgamentos de estruturas de proteção costeira em situações de temporal, que podem causar inúmeros danos, podendo mesmo resultar na perda de vidas humanas ou na destruição de estruturas próximas da linha de costa. Deste modo, a gestão das zonas costeiras próximas de aglomerados populacionais deve considerar a implementação de medidas sustentáveis que mitiguem os fenómenos que afetam o litoral de forma mais gravosa, de que são exemplo a implementação de estruturas de proteção costeira.

No âmbito do projeto BlueSafePort está a ser desenvolvido um sistema para prever e alertar situações de emergência causadas pela agitação marítima, relacionadas com a navegação em portos, bem como constrangimentos operacionais. A paralisação dos terminais portuários leva a grandes perdas económicas e afeta em grande parte a competitividade geral do porto. Assim, o objetivo deste sistema é reduzir a vulnerabilidade do porto aumentando a sua capacidade de planeamento e resposta e

Physical modelling is one of the tools to help characterize wave runup and overtopping in maritime structures. Usually, the determination of wave runup is made by using resistive wave gauges along the breakwater slope while the evaluation of overtopping volumes (individual or total) is made by weighing the water overtopped with a scale that is collected in a reservoir installed on this scale.Nowadays, non-intrusive methodologies for the assessment of those parameters are being used, due to their simplicity and low cost. Video cameras, constitute a good alternative to old methods; however, their performance depends essentially on the post-processing methodologies used.The present paper presents the application of the Timestack methodology done so far, in the evaluation of: wave runup in 2D and 3D physical tests. The video-derived statistical parameters of wave runup (Rumax, Rumin, Rumed e Ru2%) are compared with the corresponded ones obtained with resistive wave gauges. The total water volume and the average overtopping flow rate from video data is compared with the one collected by a reservoir. Those cases will illustrate the advantages and drawbacks associated with Timestack methodology.

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Realização de ensaios em modelo físico reduzido 3D para a avaliação da estabilidade do quebra-mar destacado do Porto Inlgês, Maio, Cabo-Verde

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Adverse sea conditions can cause emergency situations associated to wave overtopping, which endanger the safety of people and goods, with negative impacts for society, the economy and the environment. Therefore, a methodology to assess the overtopping risk in port and coastal areas is essential for a proper planning and management of these areas.The Portuguese National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC) has been developing the HIDRALERTA system, an integrated decision-support tool for port and coastal management, which focus in preventing and supporting the management of emergency situations and the long-term planning of interventions in the study areas. It enables the user to calculate the risk for various port and coastal activities, starting with the characterization of sea-waves, wind field and tide levels at the study regions.HIDRALERTA was already tested at different places in Portugal: Costa da Caparica beach, in Almada, and port of Praia da Vitória, in the Azores. However, in both cases, the evaluation of wave overtopping / flooding consequences was carried out using a quite simple approach. In fact, such consequences were assessed only at a global and qualitative level, based on information provided by the responsible authorities.This paper aims at testing a quantitative methodology to evaluate overtopping consequences: the Analytic Network Process (ANP). This methodology was proposed to solve complex decision-making problems and its objective is to calculate the priorities among decision elements which will define their final weights on the consequences. The ANP approach can produce interdependencies between criteria and compute the respective weight of each criterion. Such a network model with dependence and feedback improves the priorities derived from judgements and makes prediction more accurate. So, the ANP allows comparison among clusters of elements. Furthermore, in this methodology we take into account the impacts of alternatives on the importance of criteria, by normalizing the comparison matrix. Thus, the given alternatives can influence the ranking of criteria.Application of the ANP methodology to the case study of Praia da Vitória port is presented and a consequences level map is obtained.

Apresenta-se um novo sistema de alerta para navios amarrados em portos que se encontra em desenvolvimento no Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil. O sistema SWAMS_ALERTA é um sistema de previsão e alerta baseado na avaliação do risco associado ao comportamento de navios amarrados em zonas portuárias.Os riscos associados a navios amarrados decorrem de movimentos excessivos, quer no plano horizontal, quer no plano vertical. Estes movimentos podem condicionar as atividades portuárias, nomeadamente cargas e descargas, mas em casos extremos podem levar à ocorrência de situações de emergência, tais como rotura de cabos, rotura de cabeços de amarração ou até colisões com o cais. As consequências deste tipo de situações envolvem sempre grandes prejuízos materiais e por vezes humanos.O sistema SWAMS_ALERTA utiliza as medições e previsões de agitação marítima para a determinação dos seus efeitos em termos de movimentos nos seis graus de liberdade e forças nas amarras e defensas quando o navio se encontra estacionado no cais. Para tal, o sistema recorre a uma série de modelos numéricos, interligados entre si. A comparação destes valores com valores máximos admissíveis pré-estabelecidos permite a avaliação, em tempo real, de situações de emergência e a emissão de alertas dirigidos às entidades portuárias.O sistema é constituído por 4 módulos:I

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