Publications

O Porto de Leixões, localizado na costa norte de Portugal, é um dos maiores do país, recebendo diariamentevários navios de grandes dimensões. Um dos principais postos de acostagem situa-se à entrada do porto e encontra-se sujeito à agitação marítima que é difratada pelo olhe principal de proteção do porto. Para avaliar dos movimentos induzidos no navio estacionado nesse posto de acostagem e as forças exercidas nas suas amarras e defensas pela agitação incidente, utilizou-se o modelo físico de Leixões, construído num dos tanques do LNEC. Neste modelo físico, encontra-se representada a envolvente do porto de Leixões, assim como a sua batimetria. O modelo do navio

An alternative to the energy matrix expansion, due to the increase of global electricity demand, is the renewable sea wave energy source, which has high energy potential. The Oscillating Water Column (OWC) converter is one of the most studied, although it is not yet used at commercial scale. Therefore, searching the optimal geometric configuration is fundamental to turn this device viable. This study proposes a numerical analysis of an onshore OWC for different slopes of chamber walls (from 40o to 90o) and equipped with a Wells turbine. Simulations of incompressible 2D flows are performed by means of the FLUENT® software, which is based on Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. The k-

The most studied device used for extracting wave energy is the Oscillating Water Column (OWC). In general, numerical simulations of these cases by means of models based on Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations adopt the Volume of Fluid method to deal with the free surface flow which is considered incompressible in both water and air. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of the compressibility effect on the air inside the OWC chamber by the FLUENT® numerical model. A methodology is implemented, taking into account both water and air flows incompressible, but, at every instant, a pressure condition is imposed on the top boundary of the chamber to consider the compressibility effect. This pressure condition is based on an analytical equation that considers the isentropic transformation of the air and effects of Wells and impulse turbines. Results of compressible and incompressible numerical models are compared. The amplification factor, the root mean square of air pressure inside the chamber and OWC efficiency in relation to incident wave period, wave height and turbine characteristic relation are analyzed. Results show that air compressibility effects can diminish the predicted OWC efficiency up to about 20% in both Wells and impulse turbines.

In this study, a numerical analysis of the performance of two Oscillating Water Column (OWC) wave energy converters, at different front and back wall slopes, was carried out. The first device had vertical front and back walls and the second one had its wall slopes of 40° in relation to the horizontal plane. The FLUENT® numerical model, which is based on the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations, was used. The Volume of Fluid (VoF) method was employed to take into account free surface flows. The case study comprised a 10 m deep flume with an onshore OWC at its end, equipped with a Wells turbine. A 2D hydrodynamic mathematical model was employed and a 3D air pressure effect inside the OWC air-chamber was considered. Analyses of the hydrodynamics behavior, fluid-structure interaction outside (run-up/down, reflected waves) and inside the chamber (free surface elevation, sloshing) and energy distribution (pneumatic extracted energy, reflected wave energy and energy losses) were conducted. Results showed that the device with inclined walls had the best efficiency in comparison with the other one. However, the latter showed lower variation in efficiency in the wave period range than the former.

The main objective of this study is to investigate differences of random incident waves from regular ones in performance of wave energy converters (WEC). A numerical analysis of an onshore oscillating water column (OWC) WEC is carried out by means of the FLUENT® software, which is based on Reynolds - Averaged Navier-Stokes equations. Analyses of the efficiency of an onshore OWC device with similar characteristics of the Pico

Atualmente, mais importante que assegurar a resistência de um aglomerado urbano a um eventual invasor, importa garantir a sobrevivência a catástrofes naturais das infraestruturas críticas que garantem a salubridade das condições de vida nesse aglomerado, a mobilidade dos habitantes e o abastecimento de bens essenciais. Em rigor, face ao carater aleatório destas solicitações, pretende-se que, uma vez terminadas essas solicitações extremas, eventuais estragos causados pelas mesmas não impeçam o restabelecimento, em tempo útil, das atividades normais da população. Nesta comunicação apresentam-se ferramentas e procedimentos para avaliação do risco associado a infraestruturas críticas com um viés para o controlo de cheias urbanas e de infraestruturas de transporte marítimo.

The current program of Systematic Observation of Maritime Works (OSOM+), under development at the National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC), is essentially applied to rubble mound breakwaters. The OSOM

HIDRALERTA is a forecast and early warning system for coastal and port regions capable of predicting emergency situations, as well as carrying out risk assessment. The system concentrates on evaluating wave overtopping and flooding scenarios. It uses offshore sea-wave and wind forecast data, as well as tide data, as input to determine wave overtopping at specific locations. The calculation of the mean overtopping discharge over a structure is made through artificial neural network (ANN) tools and/or empirical formulae, which are able to define the spatial distribution of the flow behind the structure.The HIDRALERTA system is composed of four modules developed in Open Source Web Technology, mainly using the Python Language. The Warning System can be configured and adapted for specific scenarios. The system has been successfully tested for the Port and Bay of Praia da Vitória, Terceira Island, Azores, Portugal, and is now under development and being implemented at the ports of Madalena do Pico and S. Roque do Pico.This paper describes the work carried out to date on the system and its application to these two ports in the Pico Island, Azores.

A set of scale-model tests carried out to enlarge the range of wave steepness values analysed in run-up, overtopping and armour layer stability studies, focusing on oblique extreme wave conditions and on their effects on a gentler slope breakwater

Mechanical constraints have a non-negligible influence in the motion of oscillating wave surge converter (OWSC) devices. The key novelty of this paper is a numerical simulation tool for OWSCs that does not neglect or significantly compromise mechanical constraints such as hydraulic power take-off (PTO) system, revolute joints and frictional contacts among components. The paper is aimed at presenting the key components of the numerical simulation tool and at validating it with laboratory data featuring an OWSC with mechanical constraints under regular and irregular waves. It is based on the implementation of the multibody solver of Project Chrono under the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) model of DualSPHysics, where the SPH solver resolves the interaction between wave and flap and the multibody solver resolves the interaction between flap and mechanical constraints. Comparison between numerical results and experimental data show that the numerical simulation tool properly predicts the dynamics of the OWSC. Furthermore, in what concerns hydrodynamics of the near-flap flow, the computed and measured free-surface elevations and phase-averaged flow field show reasonable agreement. Once properly validated, the numerical simulation tool is then applied to study the influence of several mechanical constraints, PTO damping characteristics and flap inertia on the hydrodynamic of the OWSC. The viability of OWSC design solutions based on the developed numerical simulation tool is emphasised, in view of its performance in the test cases to which it was subjected.

The To-SEAlert project has the aim of increasing the efficiency, robustness and reliability of the HIDRALERTA system.

Communities can be vulnerable to wave-induced flooding and risk is expected with rising sea levels and population growth.

The assessment of damage evolution in scale model tests of rubble-mound breakwaters can be achieved by comparing eroded depths and volumes between consecutive surveys. Aiming to evaluate damage evolution on rubble-mound breakwater, scale model tests were recently conducted on the maritime hydraulic facilities of the National Laboratory for Civil Engineering. This paper focuses on the use of novel, non-intrusive survey methodologies such as the Time of Flight (ToF) principle technique. Damage evaluation is based on the comparison of point clouds obtained before and after each test series, enabling the extraction of profiles, the calculation of eroded depths and eroded volumes and the estimation of displaced units.

Neste estudo recorre-se à modelação numérica para a simulação de eventos de galgamento, inundação e erosão costeira em zonas costeiras devido a ocorrência de tempestades. Esta metodologia está a ser estudada para o troço costeiro da Costa da Caparica, na área que compreende toda a extensão da estrutura de defesa aderente, para a tempestade Hércules/Christine. Nesta modelação numérica recorreram-se aos modelos numéricos SWAN e XBeach. Estes modelos foram utilizados para simular 96 h de forçamentos oceanográficos sobre a área de estudo, representando assim a tempestade entre os dias 3 e 7 de janeiro de 2014. Os resultados preliminares apontam para um subestima dos run-up consequência da parametrização do modelo e das características da batimetria considerada.

This work aims to determine the exploitable wave energy resource at six potential sites, located in the Azores, Madeira and Sines. For that purpose, the third-generation wave model SWAN is used to estimate the sea-wave conditions over the last 40 years. Boundary conditions of the sea states and wind fields are provided by the climate reanalysis datasets ERA5. Using those results as inputs to the SWAN model, the sea-states were propagated shoreward, in order to estimate and analyse the wave conditions in the regions of interest. By combining the average energy flux per unit-length of wave front and the probability of occurrence of each sea state, the average exploitable annual energy per unit length of wave crest can be computed. The variability of this energy flux is analysed since it is of fundamental importance for the efficiency of the Wave Energy Converters (WEC).

A avaliação do espraiamento e do galgamento em estruturas de proteção costeira e portuária é fundamental para o projeto de novas estruturas e na verificação da segurança de estruturas já existentes. A sua determinação tem como objetivos principais a definição da cota de coroamento da estrutura e o estabelecimento das condições de serviço dessa estrutura. Uma das metodologias mais utilizadas para a avaliação do espraiamento e do galgamento em estruturas marítimas é a modelação física. Nessa metodologia, são várias as técnicas que podem ser usadas para a avaliação desses fenómenos físicos. Neste âmbito, salientam-se o uso de sondas resistivas, de balança ou de imagens vídeo. Neste trabalho são apresentados os resultados de um estudo em modelo físico do espraiamento e galgamento da estrutura de proteção portuária do Porto da Ericeira para diferentes condições de agitação marítima. Comparam-se ainda várias técnicas de avaliação do espraiamento e do galgamento que foram utilizadas nesses ensaios em modelo físico para avaliar o seu desempenho.

Neste trabalho apresentam-se os resultados de simulações numéricas do comportamento de um navio ferry amarrado nos dois portos da ilha do Pico, São Roque e Madalena, durante a passagem recente de duas grandes tempestades, nomeadamente o furacão Lorenzo entre 2 e 5 de outubro de 2019 e a depressão Elsa entre 19 e 22 de dezembro de 2019. No âmbito do projeto ECOMARPORT encontra-se em desenvolvimento um sistema de alerta para os riscos de navios amarrados nos referidos portos. Este sistema permite prever com 72 horas de antecedência os efeitos da agitação marítima em navios amarrados, mais concretamente, os seus movimentos e forças no sistema e amarração. A comparação destes resultados com os limites de segurança e de operacionalidade do terminal portuário permite avaliar o risco e tomar medidas preventivas. Os resultados obtidos em cada um dos portos permite comparar a eficácia da amarração proposta.

Para caracterizar a resposta de um trecho do quebra-mar de taludes do porto da Ericeira à agitação marítima nele incidente, realizaram-se no canal de ondas irregulares do LNEC um conjunto de ensaios em modelo físico bidimensional (2D) desse mesmo trecho. Nesta comunicação descreve-se a instalação experimental, bem como a metodologia utilizada no levantamento da envolvente do quebra-mar com vista à caracterização da evolução do dano. Esta metodologia baseou-se na avaliação da erosão do manto resistente utilizando o sensor de posição Kinect na obtenção de modelos tridimensionais de superfície. Apresentam-se ainda, alguns resultados relativos aos danos ocorridos início e no final de uma das três séries de ensaios realizadas.

Esta comunicação apresenta uma análise dos coeficientes de segurança ao derrubamento e ao deslizamento na superestrutura do quebra-mar do Porto da Ericeira quando sujeito à acção de temporais, calculados com base nas forças obtidas por aplicação das fórmulas aplicáveis a este caso de estudo. Dada a previsão de subida do nível do mar na costa oeste portuguesa, é importante analisar a sua influência no agravamento das forças nas superestruturas destas estruturas e, consequentemente, na estabilidade da superestrutura. Para tal, foram calculadas as forças horizontais e verticais e respetivos coeficientes de segurança que se exercem na superestrutura do quebra-mar utilizando as condições de agitação no pé da estrutura obtidas de modelos de hindcast considerando os níveis de maré atuais e para uma projeção de subida do nível do mar de 5 mm/ano. A análise de resultados permitiu concluir que o efeito da subida do nível do mar reduz ligeiramente a segurança desta superestrutura para o cenário considerado, não sendo a alteração significativa.

Para caracterizar a resposta de um trecho do quebra-mar de taludes do porto da Ericeira à agitação marítima nele incidente, realizaram-se no canal de ondas irregulares do LNEC um conjunto de ensaios com um modelo reduzido desse mesmo trecho. Nesta comunicação descreve-se a instalação experimental, incluindo os diversos instrumentos utilizados para medir as séries temporais das várias grandezas de interesse e o programa de ensaios, apresentando-se as grandezas medidas num subconjunto dos ensaios considerado mais interessante. Nestas grandezas incluem-se a elevação da superfície livre associada à agitação incidente, o espraiamento ao longo do talude, o volume de água de água galgado, a pressão em vários pontos da superestrutura e a erosão do manto protetor.

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A major objective of TRA LISBON 2022 Conference is to boost research and innovation capacity for the transport sector, throughout a full innovation cycle, from idea to market. Having this in view, the project

The demonstration area will be one of the main focus points of TRA LISBON 2022, presenting multifunctional spaces and being prepared to receive a large number of different types of on-site demonstrations (indoor and outdoor). On-line demonstrations will also be an option, allowing for the widest possible coverage of access for all the participants.The dedicated areas will allow for interactive demonstrations of technological innovations to be carried out by and for industry partners, researchers, and other stakeholders. Demonstrations are an excellent opportunity to introduce conference attendees in an engaging way, as well as to promote new contacts and promising business.

According to the CSA project plan, WP5.2 task objective is to organize technical tours that feature attractive and interactive showcases aiming at engaging participants into novel technologies for all transport modes and enabling stakeholders and their companies to disseminate and even sell their products and applications to all interested parties.

This report is part of HYDRALAB+ Work Package 10, which seeks to strengthen the coherence of experimental hydraulic and hydrodynamic research undertaken by the HYDRALAB+ partner organisations. It outlines the work carried out by Samui Design & Management Ltd, supported by HR Wallingford, in relation to the development of a data repository structure that can be adopted by participants of the HYDRALAB+ project.

Reliable prediction of wave run-up/overtopping and structure damage is a key task in the design and safety assessment of coastal and harbor structures. Run-up/overtopping and damage must be below acceptable limits, both in extreme and in normal operating conditions, to guarantee the stability of the structure and the safety of people and assets on and behind the structure. The mean-sea-level rise caused by climate change and its effects on wave climate may increase the number and intensity of run-up/overtopping events and make the existing coastal/harbor structures more vulnerable to damage.Accurate estimates, through physical modelling, of the statistics of overtopping waves for a set of climate change conditions, are needed. The research project HYDRALAB+ (H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015) gathers an advanced network of environmental hydraulic institutes in Europe, which provides access to a suite of environmental hydraulic facilities. They play a vital role in the development of climate change adaptation strategies, by allowing the direct testing of adaptation measures and by providing data for numerical model calibration and validation. The use of physical (scale) models allows the simulation of extreme events as they are now, and as they are projected to be under different climate change scenarios.The enclosed dataset refers to the experimental work developed at LNEC within HYDRALAB+ and considers 2D damage and overtopping tests for a rock armor slope, with four different approaches to represent storms. Data of free surface elevation, overtopping and damage is presented.

The HYDRALAB+ project is aimed at strengthening the coherence of experimental hydraulic and hydrodynamic research undertaken across its partner organisations. This report is D10.2 of the HYDRALAB+ project, entitled

The HYDRALAB+ project is aimed at strengthening the coherence of experimental hydraulic and hydrodynamic research undertaken across its partner organisations. This report is D10.3 of the HYDRALAB+ project, entitled

This deliverable is related to task 8.2

Neste relatório inicial são apresentadas a arquitetura e as caraterísticas gerais dos protótipos do sistema de previsão, alerta e gestão de riscos causados pela agitação marítima para os portos de Madalena do Pico, São Roque do Pico e Praia da Vitória. Os três protótipos em desenvolvimento têm por base uma arquitetura semelhante, com características distintas, nomeadamente no que respeita à localização dos dados de base, às malhas computacionais utilizadas e às características físicas das fronteiras, tanto no plano horizontal (interface terra-mar), como no vertical (batimetria dos fundos). Caracteriza-se o layout geral dos portos, bem como a sua morfologia e operabilidade.

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