Publications

In regions with a strong seasonal or interannual asymmetry in the distribution of precipitation and higher frequency of droughts, collective irrigation systems are vital infrastructures for agricultural activity. Although operating for decades, several systems have ageing infrastructures, with relevant water losses and pumping energy inefficiencies. Consequently, the systems are not adequately designed or operated to meet current and future water demand. Therefore, rehabilitation to improve water and energy efficiency while ensuring infrastructure, economic sustainability and service quality is crucial. In this sense, comprehensive approaches using performance assessment to support the planning process or benchmarking between water users associations play an essential role in improving efficiency in collective irrigation systems.

Many collective irrigation systems have been operating for decades, facing high degradation of existing infrastructures and huge water-energy efficiency problems. Predominantly composed of open canals, they have been partially or entirely converted into pressurised pipe systems, implying a considerable increase in energy consumption and operation and maintenance costs. Simple, easy-to-use, and comprehensive approaches for energy efficiency assessment in collective irrigation systems are needed for diagnosis and assisting decision-making on implementing adequate improvement measures. This research proposes and demonstrates an innovative approach based on the water and energy balances and performance indicators to assess the effect of water losses, network layout and operation, energy recovery, and equipment on energy efficiency. A novel methodology for energy balance calculation is proposed for open canal, pressurised and combined systems. The application to a real-life open canal system and network areas allowed the identification of efficiency problems mainly due to water losses in canals, followed by the dissipated energy in friction losses. Less critical are pumping and manoeuvring equipment inefficiencies. Also, a considerable excess of gravity energy is recovered in hydropower plants. In raising pipe systems, in which shaft input energy predominates and costs for pumping play a key role, surplus and dissipated energy in friction losses are the most relevant issues. Significant energy is lost in the water conveyance and distribution in both systems. Consequently, the potential to improve energy efficiency through water loss management, network layout, and operation improvement, besides pumping and manoeuvring equipment replacement, is considerable.

This study compares and discusses the adequacy of surrogate resilience metrics proposed in the literature for resilience assessment of drinking water systems concerning demand increase and network redundancy. A sensitivity analysis is carried out for increasing flow rates using a conceptual case study with different layouts and demand scenarios, selecting several metrics to assess the resilience of two real network areas. Resilience metrics based on surplus energy are sensitive to network layout and demand scenarios. The network resilience index considers hydraulic reliability and network diameter uniformity. In contrast, the weighted resilience index also considers the network topology and gives importance to pipes with higher flow rates. Entropy-based resilience metrics mainly rely on the network flows' uniformity and are sensitive to pipe redundancy. The entropy metric most adequate to assess the hydraulic capacity is the diameter-sensitive flow entropy, since it is sensitive to the velocity inside the pipes. Topology metrics cannot assess the hydraulic capacity though evaluate the system redundancy (meshed-ness coefficient), robustness (central-point dominance) and water transportation efficiency (average-path length). Surrogate resilience metrics do not assess the system performance during a failure. They indicate systems which are better prepared to overcome failure events and increased demand events, providing vital information to drinking water systems management.

A global framework to assess the energy use and efficiency in wastewater systems is presented, focusing on the development of a portfolio of energy use improvement measures specifically tailored to these systems. The framework includes a performance assessment system for energy efficiency in wastewater systems and an energy balance scheme. The development and analysis of the portfolio of measures included the following steps: (i) an extensive review and compilation of existing energy improvement measures on the urban water cycle, (ii) a tailored survey addressed to multidisciplinary teams of wastewater utilities, (iii) the consolidation of the portfolio of measures for wastewater systems with the identification of main benefits and drawbacks of each measure and (iv) the discussion of the application of the improvement measures. Results from the survey for the different assessed dimensions (e.g., priority, importance) of each measure are presented together with a specific analysis of wastewater utilities. The final portfolio is instrumental for utilities to select measures, decide on the priority ones and prepare an implementation plan.

Com secas cada vez mais frequentes e prolongadas em Portugal, é necessário repensar medidas que permitam enfrentar a falta de água. A água residual tratada constitui uma fonte de água alternativa, a ser utilizada como água para reutilização (ApR) em usos compatíveis, como rega de espaços verdes e lavagem de ruas.A modelação do decaimento de cloro em Sistemas de Distribuição de ApR (SDApR) carece de estudos que proponham metodologias de implementação dos modelos, técnicas de trabalho experimental a nível laboratorial e exemplos de aplicação à escala real. A modelação contribui para promover uma gestão eficaz da desinfeção da ApR, ajudando a determinar dosagens de desinfetante, concentrações residuais nas redes e locais de cloragem.Neste artigo apresenta-se uma metodologia para modelar o decaimento de cloro em ApR usando o software EPANET-MSX. A metodologia envolveu três fases: desenvolvimento do modelo hidráulico, modelação do decaimento de cloro na água e modelação do decaimento de cloro devido às paredes do reservatório e condutas. O modelo foi aplicado num SDApR da área de Lisboa e calibrado com ensaios à escala real, permitindo simular o decaimento de cloro em diferentes pontos do SDApR ao longo do tempo e prever as necessidades de doseamento de cloro

The number of climate-related disasters has progressively increased in the last two decades and this trend will drastically exacerbate in the medium- and long-term horizons according to climate change projections. In this framework, through a multi-disciplinary team and a strong background acquired in recent projects, ICARIA aims to promote the use of asset-level modeling to achieve a better understanding of climate related tangible direct and indirect impacts on critical assets due to complex, cascading, and compound disasters. Furthermore, it takes into account the related risk reduction provided by suitable, sustainable, and cost-effective adaptation solutions. ICARIA focuses on both (i) critical assets and services that were not designed for potential climate change-related impacts that can increase the unplanned outages and failures, and (ii) on housing, natural areas, and population. Cutting edge methods regarding climate scenario building, asset-level-coupled models, and multirisk assessment approaches will be implemented and replicated in three EU regions to understand how future climate scenarios might affect critical assets and to provide decision-making support tools to private and public risk owners to assess the costs and benefits of various adaptation solutions.

This paper investigates the effect of different types of structural and operational measures on water mixing and renewal time in circular and rectangular cross-section water storage tanks, aiming at a better understanding of the flow dynamics to find practicable solutions to improve their design, rehabilitation and operation. An experimental programme, including traditional tracer and dye tracer tests, was carried out in small-scale tanks for different configurations and operating conditions. Two tanks were tested with and without interior structures, with the inlet/outlet pipes at different locations and for constant and variable water level. The main findings are that: i) the most effective measure is operating with fill-and-draw cycles, however, for tanks operated nearly full structural measures are recommendable; ii) reducing the inlet pipe diameter and installing nozzles near the tank bottom improve the mixing conditions; iii) the use of baffles is recommendable when the inlet and outlet pipes are very close.

By leveraging performance assessment systems (PASs) and incorporating targeted strategies, utilities can enhance the overall effectiveness, reliability, efficiency, and environmental performance of their wastewater treatment facilities. This work presents the results obtained from a comprehensive analysis of treatment reliability and energy performance of three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The results allowed identifying, for each WWTP, improvement needs related to the aeration energy requirements, as well as to determine the effluent concentration targets required to achieve higher reliability levels while potentially reducing running costs. By analysing reliability combined with energy efficiency, this methodology allowed identifying the WWTPs

Climate change has emerged as a global challenge, with consequences for the environment and societies. To mitigate its impacts, reclaimed water (RW) offers potential by reducing water withdrawal and minimizing pollution discharges in the environment. Safe RW requires disinfection and a sound management of chlorine residuals throughout the RW distribution systems (RWDSs). This study focuses on implementing and calibrating a chlorine decay model using EPANET-MSX in a real RWDS, incorporating both bulk and wall decays. The bulk decay accounts for reactions of monochloramine formation, auto-decomposition, and depletion by a parallel second-order mechanism where monochloramine reacts both with fast and slow organic matter reactive fractions. Two wall decays were considered in the RWDS, one in the tank, modeled through an overall wall decay constant, and one in the pipes, modeled through a wall decay constant. Field experiments were conducted to calibrate the complete model. This model was used as a support tool to diagnose the RWDS status condition and cleaning needs, and to manage its operation. Through simulated scenarios considering monochloramine wall decays similar to those observed in drinking water distribution systems, the model allowed predicting adequate chlorine dosing in summer and winter scenarios, so as to guarantee monochloramine concentrations between 1 mg/L and 5 mg/L through the network. These results point to the potential use of much lower doses than the ones currently applied.

Water treatment improvement is mandatory to face current water quality challenges, being a focus of EU societal challenges. While the presence of micropollutants in natural waters, e.g. pharmaceutical compounds (PhCs) that resist to conventional treatments, constitutes an increasingly addressed issue, activated carbon (AC) adsorption is considered one of the best available technologies to control them during conventional [1] and advanced [2] drinking water treatment. The main objective of this work was the development of high-performing PACs prepared by steam activation of pine nut shells, conducted within EMPOWER+ project (https://empower.rd.ciencias.ulisboa.pt/).

Water scarcity and the increasing contamination of water resources are driving the use of alternative sources, such as the use of treated effluents. This study aims to demonstrate the combination of ozonation and reverse osmosis, at pilot scale, in batch and in continuous operation, to produce water to be used in the brewing industry. This solution sets a new paradigm of water use by testing a sound technology for water supply from treated wastewater. This pilot study aims to assess the impact of different operating conditions on the final water quality, checked against drinking water quality standards and for contaminants of emerging concern (e.g., pharmaceutical compounds, and multiple pathogens). To this end, 3000 L of water have been produced and used for craft beer production and a 24/7 study will be conducted until July 2022.

The urban water cycle infrastructures are important consumers of electricity. Thus several efforts have been made recently to increase their energy efficiency. During rainfall events, the increase in flows pumped by interceptor sewers and treated in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) can lead to significant increases in energy consumption. These flow increases occur not only in the combined sewer systems, but also in separate wastewater systems, due to water infiltration into the sewers, the rainfall-derived infiltration and inflow (RDII) component, and illicit misconnections between stormwater and sewage systems. Controlling rainfall-derived inflows into wastewater systems is a difficult challenge that has received increasing attention

Coastal cities face growing challenges from flooding, sea water quality and energy sustainability, which increasingly require an intelligent, real-time management. Urban drainage infrastructures often require pumping stations (PS) in low-lying areas, which transport to the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) all waters likely to pollute downstream beaches, including rainfall-derived infiltration inflows and stormwater from small rain events. During the bathing season, decentralized management measures, including naturebased solutions, can be used to retain stormwater and promote its transport to the WWTP after the rainy event. However, the growth in pumped and treated flows increases energy consumption. In addition, realtime tools are required to support the assessment and prediction of the quality of bathing waters, to assess the possible need to prohibit beach water usage. During heavy rainfall events, decentralized management systems can also contribute to mitigate downstream flooding. Nevertheless, this requires the operation of the entire system to be different from that used to protect bathing water.

Associado ao crescimento populacional, as alterações climáticas e a progressiva urbanização da sociedade têm aumentado a pressão sobre os recursos hídricos. A par de mudanças comportamentais no uso da água e da utilização de dispositivos mais eficientes, a utilização de origens alternativas permite reduzir a pressão na captação de água no meio natural para a produção de água potável. As normas EN 16941-1:2018 e EN 16941-2:2021 têm como propósito o estabelecimento de requisitos para os sistemas de aproveitamento de águas pluviais (SAAP) e os sistemas de utilização de águas cinzentas tratadas (SUACT), respetivamente. Estas normas fornecem recomendações para o projeto, dimensionamento, instalação, identificação, comissionamento e manutenção dos referidos sistemas. Na EN 16941-2:2021, pelas características físico-químicas e microbiológicas das águas cinzentas, estão incluídos ainda aspetos relacionados com a monitorização da qualidade da água, algo que não acontece na EN 16941-1:2018. Ambas as normas fazem referência à abordagem fit-for-purpose, estabelecendo, assim, que o tratamento da água deve ter por objetivo a obtenção de características adequadas ao(s) uso(s) selecionado(s).

Advanced technologies have the potential to ensure safe and sustainable water supply, a major global challenge of the near future. TiO2-containing photocatalyst, wich combine TiO2 with carbon-based materials, are promising materials for wastewater treatment due to synergistic photodegradation and adsorption phenomena. The purpose of this study was to develop TiO2/AC composites and test fresh and photo-regenetared materials for the removal of methylene blue in aqueous solutiopns prepared in ultrapure water or in wastewater effluent.

O produto da altura e da velocidade da inundação (h.V) é o critério mais utilizado para definir os limiares da estabilidade e segurança de pessoas e viaturas face à ação dos caudais de inundação. Na maioria dos casos, os critérios de segurança têm limitado h.V a valores entre 0,4 e 0,5 m2/s, embora estudos recentes proponham a redução até 0,22 m2/s em áreas urbanas. Neste artigo apresenta-se um método expedito que permite aferir o cumprimento de limites pré-estabelecidos do produto de

Neste artigo descreve-se uma abordagem que permite avaliar o uso de energia em sistemas de águas residuais, que inclui um sistema de avaliação de desempenho (SAD) centrado na eficiência energética, um balanço energético e um portfólio de medidas de melhoria do uso de energia, especificamente focados para sistemas de águas residuais. Esta abordagem enquadra-se no nível de planeamento tático, estando alinhada com os princípios de melhoria contínua nas organizações, como a gestão patrimonial de infraestruturas (GPI). A abordagem proposta permite a aplicação de um balanço energético específico em três níveis de avaliação e de um SAD que segue uma estrutura completa de objetivos, critérios e métricas para avaliar o desempenho ao nível da eficiência energética em sistemas de águas residuais. Estas ferramentas suportam a seleção de medidas de melhoria do uso de energia atendendo às especificidades de cada sistema, por exemplo, o controlo de afluências indevidas, as limitações de dados de cadastro, a medição de caudais, ou ferramentas de modelação. A metodologia orientada para objetivos foca-se no sistema como um todo, permitindo que as entidades gestoras de águas residuais desenvolvam uma avaliação estruturada a médio e longo prazo.

Urban drainage systems have developed way beyond the traditional piped combined or separate sewer systems. Many

Urban drainage asset management gained momentum and importance in recent years because of economic considerations, low levels of services and evidence of the poor condition of many infrastructure components. Maintenance and rehabilitation activities are capital intensive and resources are limited. Physical urban water infrastructure has life expectancies of up to 100 years, while decisions taken in sewer asset management will have long-lasting impact on the functionality and quality of future services provided. These decisions can be supported by different approaches based on multiple sources of information, from various inspection techniques, deterioration models to assess the probability of failure, or technical service life, to sophisticated decision support systems crossing boundaries to other urban infrastructure. This abstract briefly presents sewer asset management in its manifold facets spanning a wide field of research and highlights existing research gaps while giving an outlook on future developments and research areas.

The Technical Guide presents the 4th generation of the service quality assessment system, which abandons some 3rd generation indicators and adds new ones to respond to the latest challenges to supply services, urban waste water management and urban waste management. Changes are also made to definitions and benchmarks for some indicators are adjusted.

O projeto Avaler+

These technical guidelines provides guidance on the use of the hybrid process of powdered activate carbon adsorption and ceramic microfiltration for sustainable drinking water production. They were developed based on the field demonstration of the technology, in Portugal, with a pilot prototype, within the LIFE Hymenb project LIFE12 ENV/PT/001154 "Tailoring hybrid membrane processes for sustainable drinking water production", conducted by LNEC - the National Civil Engineering Laboratory and Águas do Algarve, S.A.

O objetivo do presente Guia é a apresentação e a especificação dosistema correspondente à 2.ª geração de avaliação da qualidade dosserviços de abastecimento de água, de saneamento de águas residuaisurbanas e de gestão de resíduos urbanos prestados pelas entidadesgestoras sujeitas a regulação.Este sistema constitui uma peça fundamental do modelo de regulaçãoem implementação pela ERSAR, sumariamente descrito neste Guia emais detalhadamente descrito em [1], nomeadamente no que respeitaà componente da regulação da qualidade do serviço, de forma a tornarpossível a avaliação quantificada.Note-se que, de acordo com o disposto na alínea e) do n.º 1 do artigo 5.ºdo Decreto-Lei n.º 277/2009, de 2 de outubro, a ERSAR tem atribuiçõesnão apenas para assegurar a regulação da qualidade de serviço prestadoaos utilizadores pelas entidades gestoras, mas também para avaliaro desempenho dessas entidades, promovendo a melhoria dos níveis deserviço. É no quadro destas atribuições que se pretende promover estesistema de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços de águas e resíduos.A 2.ª geração do sistema de avaliação da qualidade do serviço resultouda análise crítica do sistema de indicadores adotado na 1.ª geração e darespetiva aplicação desde 2004 ao universo das entidades concessionáriase teve em conta o estado atual de conhecimentos e a experiênciainternacional entretanto adquirida.Para além da identificação e da especificação de todos os componentesdo sistema de avaliação, e em particular do conjunto de indicadores dequalidade do serviço a utilizar em cada um dos três tipos de serviços,são também definidos os procedimentos de avaliação, através dadefinição da informação a obter, do cálculo de indicadores, da sua interpretaçãoe análise comparativa, numa perspetiva de benchmarking, eda produção do relatório de síntese.

N/A

O objectivo do presente Guia é a apresentação e a especificação do sistema correspondente à 2.ª geração de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços de abastecimento de água, de saneamento de águas residuais urbanas e de gestão de resíduos urbanos prestados pelas entidades gestoras sujeitas a regulação. Este sistema constitui uma peça fundamental do modelo de regulação em implementação pela ERSAR, sumariamente descrito neste Guia e mais detalhadamente descrito em [1], nomeadamente no que respeita à componente da regulação da qualidade do serviço, de forma a tornar possível a avaliação quantificada. Note-se que, de acordo com o disposto nas alíneas e) do artigo 5.º do Decreto-Lei n.º 277/2009, de 2 de Outubro, a ERSAR tem atribuições não apenas para assegurar a regulação da qualidade de serviço prestado aos utilizadores pelas entidades gestoras bem como para avaliar o desempenho dessas entidades, promovendo a melhoria dos níveis de serviço. É no quadro destas atribuições que se pretende promover este sistema de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços de águas e resíduos. A 2.ª geração do sistema de avaliação da qualidade do serviço resultou da análise crítica do sistema de indicadores adoptado na 1.ª geração e da respectiva aplicação desde 2004 ao universo das entidades concessionárias e teve em conta o estado actual de conhecimentos e a experiência internacional entretanto adquirida. Para além da identificação e da especificação de todos os componentes do sistema de avaliação, e em particular do conjunto de indicadores de qualidade do serviço a utilizar em cada um dos três tipos de serviços, são também definidos os procedimentos de avaliação, através da definição da informação a obter, do cálculo de indicadores, da sua interpretação e análise comparativa, numa perspectiva de benchmarking, e da produção do relatório de síntese.

Invited papers from the IWA Leading Edge Conference on Strategic Asset Management (LESAM), Lisbon, October 2007

A simulação matemática dos sistemas de abastecimento de água é hoje em dia uma ferramenta indispensável aos serviços de água, para apoio a uma gestão técnica racional. O campo de aplicação é variado, sendo um auxiliar das actividades de planeamento, de projecto, de operação e demanutenção. Destacam-se o apoio ao dimensionamento de novas redes, aos programas de reabilitação, ao licenciamento de novas ligações, ao controlo de perdas de água, ao controlo da qualidade da água nas redes ou à gestão optimizada de energia.Em Portugal, o desenvolvimento e a aplicação de modelos matemáticos de sistemas de distribuição de água iniciou-se na década de 80, com o modelo da rede de Almada, elaborado em 1981 pelo LNEC. Depois dealguns anos em que a actividade realizada se centrou essencialmente no ambiente científico e académico, as empresas de consultoria começaram a ganhar espaço de mercado na prestação deste tipo de serviços para as entidades gestoras. Numa fase inicial os requisitos computacionais eramconsideráveis

The number of climate-related disasters has progressively increased in the last two decades and this trend will drastically exacerbate in the medium- and long-term horizons according to climate change projections. In this framework, through a multi-disciplinary team and a strong background acquired in recent projects, ICARIA aims to promote the use of asset-level modeling to achieve a better understanding of climate related tangible direct and indirect impacts on critical assets due to complex, cascading, and compound disasters. Furthermore, it takes into account the related risk reduction provided by suitable, sustainable, and cost-effective adaptation solutions. ICARIA focuses on both (i) critical assets and services that were not designed for potential climate change-related impacts that can increase the unplanned outages and failures, and (ii) on housing, natural areas, and population. Cutting edge methods regarding climate scenario building, asset-level-coupled models, and multi-risk assessment approaches will be implemented and replicated in three EU regions to understand how future climate scenarios might affect critical assets and to provide decision-making support tools to private and public risk owners to assess the costs and benefits of various adaptation solutions.

Activated carbons are versatile adsorbents that can play a crucial role in the enhancement of wastewater treatment, namely by controlling organic microcontaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and organic matter. These materials have a 100-year market availability, large scientific testing at lab-scale and applicability in consolidated technologies. However, the use of activated carbons at full-scale wastewater treatment is still emerging, driven by the increasing awareness on environmental and human threats mainly resulting from CECs. The present chapter reviews the literature on the application of activated carbons in full- or large pilot-scale plants, highlighting the state-of-art knowledge on practical issues on operational set-ups, improvements on water overall quality, and costs. The selection criteria and properties of the powdered and granular (PAC and GAC) materials used, and the pros and critical aspects of their application, relevant for product development and process optimisation, are also analysed and determine the research needs proposed for a technical, economic, and environmentally sustainable application of activated carbon in full-scale advanced wastewater treatment.

Urban areas are dynamic, complex, and vulnerable systems involving multiple strategic services such as water supply, wastewater, and stormwater and waste management. Climate-change trends may directly affect the urban water cycle, through heavy rainfall, tides, and droughts, potentially causing cascading impacts with serious consequences for people, the natural and built environments, and the economy. These challenges to urban areas require an integrated and sustainable approach to increase their resilience, with the allocation of the needed resources, including the development and implementation of disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies, plans, and regulations in all relevant sectors. This chapter describes a resilience-assessment framework to be used by cities and urban-service managers. It considers a structured and objective-driven assessment aiming at supporting the development and monitoring of cities' and urban services' resilience action plans, thus contributing to appropriate DRR investments. Our approach considers four resilience dimensions: organizational, spatial, functional, and physical. It is aligned with the UNDRR's Disaster Resilience Scorecard for Cities and addresses the priorities of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. In this chapter, we apply the resilience-assessment framework to the waste and mobility sectors in Lisbon (Portugal), identifying main opportunities to enhance their resilience and supporting the development of resilience and DRR strategies.

Atualmente os sistemas urbanos de água são reconhecidos como infraestruturas in­dispensáveis de suporte para a prestação de serviços públicos de primeira necessida­de à saúde e bem-estar das populações e à economia das sociedades

Urban areas are dynamic, complex, and vulnerable systems involving multiple strategic urban services, stakeholders, and citizens. Strategic services essential to society include water and sewerage (water supply, and wastewater and stormwater management), waste management, energy supply, public lighting, transport, and public security. The potential effects of climate dynamics on the urban areas might lead to the aggravation of existing fragile conditions and the emergence of new hazards or risk factors, with major impacts on strategic urban services, people, the natural and built environment, and the economy. Climate change challenges to urban areas thus require an integrated and sustainable approach to increase their resilience, with the allocation of the needed resources at all administrative levels. These include the development and implementation of disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies, policies, plans, laws, and regulations in all relevant sectors (UNISDR, 2015). This chapter describes a resilience assessment framework to be used by cities and urban-service managers. The framework considers a structured and objective-driven assessment aiming at supporting the development and monitoring of cities

This chapter briefly presents concepts and methodologies to support the management of urban drainage infrastructure. After the introduction, data requirements for assessing the condition of urban drainage systems are presented. Data can be collected in different ways. Data analysis allows for determining structural and functional issues and system performance. The causes and consequences of failures are required for condition assessment and are the subject of the risk section. Any intervention in the urban drainage system has a cost that must be assessed. Mathematical modelling of the urban drainage systems has an advantage for evaluating the hydraulic and structural performance. Decisions on the management of urban drainage rehabilitation need to be addressed considering the different points of view or aspects that are often contradictory. This may be addressed by using multi-criteria decision analysis methodologies.

Urban water services make use of extensive networked infrastructures - water supply and drainage systems. Efficient management of these services relies on the quality of measurements of hydraulic variables in pipes and sewers to support robust analysis of systems

Urban water services make use of extensive networked infrastructures

Rainwater harvesting systems (RWHS) can result in important benefits, but there are a number of potential negative risks. The risks associated with RWHS depend on several factors and duly consideration is required to ensure that risks associated with this type of solutions are low. Therefore, a generic and systematic approach to manage risk is required. This chapter introduces a brief overview of concepts and terminology adopted. Subsequently, an overview of common approaches to risk management is presented. The chapter focuses on specific aspects for the application of these approaches to RWHS, with emphasis on risk identification, specific risk treatment action, and monitoring. Different approaches on how to determine risks such as water safety plan (WSP), risk management process (RMP), and hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) can be used, but all of them have some common steps.

Conventional treatment processes for the removal of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins are thoroughly described in this chapter, including chemical treatment (heavy metals, herbicides, and photosensitizers), coagulation/flocculation combined with air flotation, and various adsorption processes.

This research aims at developing a comprehensive approach for assessing the energy use and efficiency in wastewater systems, considering the water-energy-greenhouse gas (W-E-G) emissions nexus supported by methods and tools, such as a tailored energy balance and a performance assessment system (PAS). This approach is aligned with continuous improvement principles and allows carrying out the diagnosis of energy efficiency in wastewater systems supporting the building of a portfolio of energy use improvement measures responding to strategic objectives and attending to the systems

Drinking water storage tanks are essential components of water supply systems to store water, to level off pressure in networks and to meet emergency storage. They are also frequent sources of deterioration of drinking water quality and safety owing to inadequate tank design and operation. Mostly, existing tanks design, dimensions and operation do not account for water mixing and renewal.

Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) are crucial to achieving the goals of the United Nations Agenda 2030 for sustainable development and other global agendas, such as the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. In the last decade, the NBS umbrella concept has become more relevant intending to contribute to urban resilience and to address the climate change challenges. NBS are living solutions inspired by nature that use or mimic natural processes intending to face several societal challenges, from the perspective of resource-efficient use and the promotion of economic and environmental benefits. Currently, cities are encouraged to understand and measure the NBS contribution to identify adequate strategies for enhancing resilience and prioritize investments accordingly. The objective of the present thesis is to promote and enhance the NBS implementation in cities, focused on solutions for stormwater management and control. Based on the analysis of their contribution to urban resilience, the potential to meet environmental, social, and economic challenges and to adapt across diverse urban scales and contexts is demonstrated. In this sense, a Resilience Assessment Framework (RAF) to assess the NBS contribution to urban resilience was developed. This framework aims to assess the NBS contribution to urban resilience. Moreover, a Guidance for the RAF application in cities with different resilience maturity was developed, which involved the RAF validation by seven cities (from a national and international context), that participated voluntarily in this phase. In this context, the developed RAF is comprehensive and multidimensional. It is driven by the definition of objectives, criteria, and metrics, according to the proposed structure for assessing the water supply and wastewater system service performance in the framework of the ISO 24500 standards of the International Organization for Standardization. For an oriented assessment of the criteria, qualitative and quantitative metrics were defined, considering data from different sources and complexity. Reference values were also identified and metrics' classifications were defined. In this classification, each answer is associated with a resilience development level, intending to assess the NBS contribution to urban resilience on a normalized scale. To support the RAF application to cities with different resilience maturity (in terms of resilience and available information), three analysis degrees (essential, complementary, and comprehensive) and a set of metrics were proposed, which are pre-defined in the guidance for the RAF application. To support the selection of the analysis degree more adequate to any city, a structure to characterize the city's profile was developed. This complementary profile also supports the interpretation of the RAF results, both at the city and at the level of specific NBS. To conclude, the application of the RAF essential analysis degree to the seven participating cities, with different challenges regarding urban resilience and NBS, and of the comprehensive analysis degree (complete RAF) to Porto´s urban area, through an assemble assessment at the city and NBS levels, were presented.

Over the past two decades, performance assessment (PA) has been one of the areas show-ing the greatest advancement in the water sector. PA aims to measure effectiveness and/or efficiency of an activity or process using performance metrics, supporting the decision-making process and the continuous improvement of water utilities. Despite the potential benefits, few projects, and initiatives on PA have been undertaken regarding storm water systems (SWS). The present thesis aims to develop a performance assessment framework (PAF), applicable to both conventional SWS and sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS), objective driven and focused on systems

Infrastructure asset management (IAM) has been increasingly becoming a key topic in the mind-set shift of the water sector managers and policy makers, allowing to assist in the operational, tactical and strategic decision-making in urban water infrastructures. Nevertheless, IAM implementation by the water utilities is still far from needed and not widespread, due to several challenges and constraints, mainly associated with limited human, technological and financial resources. The current research aims at enhancing urban water infrastructure asset management through an integrated decision-making approach, that includes novel methodologies for condition assessment, service life prediction and cost modelling. This approach can be applied at three assessment levels

Este trabalho tem como objetivo melhorar a eficiência energética dos sistemas de abastecimento de água através do desenvolvimento de uma metodologia orientada por objetivos e com recurso ao balanço energético e a métricas de desempenho que permitem identificar as principais origens de ineficiência energética dos sistemas, comparar diferentes alternativas de intervenção e contribuir para a melhoria contínua destes sistemas.A metodologia de investigação seguida contempla desenvolvimentos científicos aliados a uma aplicação prática num conjunto alargado de casos de estudo através de ferramentas de cálculo automático desenvolvidas para o efeito. Os desenvolvimentos científicos consistem na formulação matemática de um balanço energético flexível em termos de dados necessários para a sua implementação; o desenvolvimento de métricas de desempenho que permitem identificar a origem das ineficiências energéticas (equipamentos, perdas de água ou configuração e operação) e a sua sistematização numa metodologia que segue os princípios de melhoria contínua (Plan-Do-Check-Act). A aplicação a casos de estudo é efetuada em três etapas. A primeira etapa consiste na aplicação do balanço energético agregado e métricas de desempenho para diagnosticar ineficiências a nível global em sistemas sem modelo matemático. A segunda etapa consiste na aplicação de um balanço detalhado com recurso a modelos matemáticos, bem como uma análise de sensibilidade aos diferentes métodos. A terceira etapa centra-se na aplicação detalhada de dois casos de estudo para ilustrar a metodologia.Os principais resultados são: i) uma metodologia integrada para o diagnóstico água-energia em sistemas de abastecimento de água; ii) um novo balanço energético para sistemas de abastecimento de água; iii) resultados da aplicação do balanço e das métricas de eficiência energética em 110 sistemas; iv) ferramentas para cálculo das diferentes formulações de balanço energético e de métricas de desempenho; e v) valores reais e exemplos de soluções não convencionais que conduziram a melhorias de desempenho energético.

As estações de tratamento de águas residuais (ETAR) são atualmente alvo de esforços de melhoria do seu desempenho técnico, ambiental e económico. Empresas, reguladores e organismos de financiamento têm utilizado sistemas de avaliação de desempenho para apoiar as suas decisões. Neste contexto, o LNEC desenvolveu a 1.ª e 2.ª geração do sistema de avaliação de desempenho (PAS) de ETAR baseado em indicadores (PIs) e índices de desempenho (PXs). Para ambos, os valores de referência para o julgamento do desempenho são elementos chave. Apesar de serem elementos cruciais, os valores de referência precisavam ainda de ser definidos para avaliar e melhorar o desempenho das ETAR com foco na eficiência energética e gestão de afluências pluviais. Assim, o objetivo da tese foi desenvolver a terceira geração do PAS com valores de referência para avaliar o desempenho. Os PIs e PXs focam os objetivos principais da ETAR, ou seja, garantir a sustentabilidade técnica, econômica e ambiental, garantindo um tratamento eficaz e fiável com o consumo mínimo de energia, reagentes e produção de lamas. A estratégia seguida consistiu em desenvolver ou selecionar a partir da segunda geração do PAS sub-conjuntos de PIs e PXs de acordo com os objetivos, nomeadamente, eficácia, fiabilidade, desempenho energético e consumo de reagentes e gestão das lamas. Os valores de referência foram derivados com base numa revisão da literatura, equações empíricas e/ou estudos de campo e, sempre que aplicável, incorporam o efeito de parâmetros chave, de modo a avaliar o efeito das variações de caudal e de concentração. Foi desenvolvida uma análise estatística dos PXs para avaliar a fiabilidade da ETAR. Foi também demonstrada a flexibilidade do sistema de avaliação de desempenho para diferentes objetivos e uma abordagem para diagnosticar oportunidades de melhoria do desempenho, utilizando os PIs e PXs num ciclo PDCA (plan-do-check-act).

Este trabalho de investigação teve como objectivo principal propor, aplicar e validar uma metodologia que permitisse transformar dados de consumo urbano de água, obtidos a partir de sistemas de telemetria, em informação útil para a gestão dos serviços de água e para os consumidores.A metodologia encontra-se estruturada em quatro módulos: planeamento e monitorização,processamento de dados, produção de informação de caracterização e previsão eclassificação. Tirando partido de dados de consumo telemedidos aos vários níveis, desde o cliente individual às zonas de medição e controlo (ZMC), procede-se à aplicação dametodologia para caracterização de grandes consumidores, previsão do consumodoméstico nocturno, avaliação do efeito da variação de pressão no consumo autorizado enas perdas de água e previsão do consumo em ZMC.Para além da metodologia estruturada para a análise de consumos, as principaiscontribuições inovadoras são o desenvolvimento de modelos de previsão e de classificação do consumo em ZMC, em função das variáveis explicativas mais significativas, e a obtenção de expressões para a variação do consumo autorizado e das perdas reais com a pressão.O trabalho desenvolvido contribuirá para um uso mais eficiente da água, através de ummelhor conhecimento sobre as várias componentes do consumo urbano de água, assimcomo para o estabelecimento de critérios de projecto e de exploração da rede maissustentados.

Os serviços de abastecimento de água (SAA) têm vindo a incorporar princípios desustentabilidade na sua prática de gestão. O estado da arte em metodologias de avaliação dedesempenho de SAA mostrou a necessidade de abordar especificamente o tratamento,considerado insatisfatoriamente nas abordagens sistematizadas existentes.Na presente dissertação desenvolveu-se um sistema de avaliação de desempenho (PAS) deestações de tratamento de água (ETA), orientado por objectivos, normalizado e quantitativo,destinado a apoiar a tomada de decisão, e cobrindo os domínios qualidade da água tratada,eficiência/fiabilidade, utilização de água, energia e materiais, gestão de subprodutos, segurança,recursos humanos e económico financeiros.O PAS integra uma componente para avaliação do desempenho global, baseada em indicadoresde desempenho, e uma componente para avaliação do desempenho operacional, baseada emíndices de desempenho que avaliam, numa escala 0-300, a qualidade da água tratada, eficiênciasdas várias operações/processos unitários (OPU) e sua relação com condições de operação.Foi desenvolvida uma ferramenta de cálculo automático do PAS.A aplicação do PAS a cinco ETA de características diversas permitiu avaliar a evoluçãotemporal do seu desempenho, comparar estações e OPU, e identificar oportunidades de melhoriana operação das OPU, na qualidade da água tratada e utilização de recursos.

This internal report of Work Package 2

This document presents the links to and the contents of the

This report offers an overview of key present challenges for water governance across the 6 Living Labs of B-WaterSmart: Alicante (Spain), Bodø (Norway), East Frisia (Germany), Flanders (Belgium), Lisbon (Portugal) and Venice (Italy), according to the 12 OECD Principles for Water Governance (2015). It includes a set of recommendations for the LLs of the project and beyond, with a view to a more adaptive, fair and resilient water governance, along the lines of the circular economy and a fuller integration into the nexus of water, energy and waste

This document reports the activity developed in the second year of the EMPOWER+ project including the progress and results of the Task 1 & 2 - PACs, GACs and magnetic PAC synthesis and characterization, Task 3 - Batch adsorption studies with the produced PACs and GACs, Task 4 - Rapid small colunm tests and Task 7 - GAC regeneration assays.

The B-WaterSmart project, and specifically through WP6, aims at providing an assessment framework to support multi-stakeholder and strategic decision-making towards the transition to a water-smart society that recognizes multiple values and facilitates the active participation of a varied set of actors.

This document is the Management Plan for the LIFE Fitting project. Its purpose is to establish the project management composition, responsibilities, and processes to be followed throughout the project duration regarding project management. This project management plan is a deliverable of task 1.1 and is expected to be updated whenever a change in project requirements occurs or a risk or unexpected deviation from the planned course of action is encountered.

Milestone (MS) 22 contains the Living Lab (LL) strategic agendas (SA) as agreed with stakeholders in the Communities of Practice (CoPs). MS22 builds upon MS6 and MS12 and illustrates the changes to the SAs that occurred as result of the discussion with stakeholders. An overview of discussions held during the CoP meetings concerning the SAs is provided. The next steps with the SAs are also discussed.

In this document, the Lisbon Living Lab presents the sequence of quarterly exchanges of specification between Task (T) 2.4 and T3.5 that occurred from March 2021 (M7) until February 2023 (M30). The output of subtasks 2.4.2, 2.4.3 and 2.4.4 fed the development of the software tools in T3.5 and its outputs. A short and concrete description of the exchange of specification is provided.

This report documents the final release of the water cycle modelling and assessment solutions toolkit, which is comprised of the following ten tools: the water reuse strategic platform (#16), the environment for decision support and alternative course selection (#17), Re-Actor (#18), the sludge management platform (#19), the UWC observatory (#20), the stormwater reuse management system (#21), the Nessie System (#29), the Environmental Dashboard (#30), the Digital Enabler (#32) and the climate-readiness certification tool (#33) . It includes the following aspects: tool description, attributes and information around pre-existing background, developments and advancements within the project, navigation and primary functionalities, interoperability, indicative applications and synergistic benefits and how to access each tool and test data. It presents the use of the tools in the LLs by explaining the tools' integrative use, conceptual links, data flows and pilot interactions.

This report documents the final release of the water cycle modelling and assessment solutions toolkit, which is comprised of the following eight tools: UWOT #22, regional demand-supply matching GIS tool #23, reclaimed water distribution network water quality model #24, water-energy-phosphorous balance planning module #25, QMRA+ #26, risk assessment for urban water reuse module #27, short-term demand forecasting tool #28 and SuTRa #31 and complements the other toolkit. It includes the following aspects: tool description, attributes and information around pre-existing background, developments and advancements within the project, navigation and primary functionalities, interoperability, indicative applications and synergistic benefits and how to access each tool and test data. It presents the use of the tools in the LLs by explaining the tools' integrative use, conceptual links, data flows and pilot interactions.

EXCLUSIVO: AWARE-P vence prémio alemão e conquista novo reconhecimento internacional: É a primeira vez que é distinguido um projecto de um país que não fala alemão, entrevista de Ana Santiago (Jornalista do Jornal Água & Ambiente - Portal Ambiente Online) a Helena Alegre, 19 de Agosto de 2014

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