Publications

Azulejos have been applied to architectural settings in Portugal for the last five centuries and represent one of its most unique art forms. In this article a group of representative samples regarding the chronology and typology of the majolica azulejos produced by the Lisbon workshops from the second half of the 16th century (beginning of majolica azulejos production in Portugal) up to the first quarter of the 19th century (after which more industrialized manufacturing processes were introduced) are studied. SEM-EDS was used to obtain morphological and chemical information on the glazes, ceramic bodies, and their interfaces. The results show that a major shift from lead-rich to lead-alkali glazes occurred in the transition from the 16th to the 17th century, while from then to the end of the studied period the same basic technology prevailed. The Lisbon tiles production is also considered in the European context.

Salt decay is one of the main decay mechanisms of the porous building materials but due to its complexity progress has been slow, both regarding the understanding of the mechanism itself and the definition of mitigation solutions. Research has so far privileged a reductionist approach, focusing on the behavior of a few individual salts. However, the typical reality of these constructions are multi-ionic solutions from which, depending on the conditions, different types of salts can precipitate in different crystalline forms. The originality of Arnold and Zehnder was that they did not embrace reductionist approaches, maintaining the focus on salt mixtures and the way these behave in real constructions. This path led to approaches to the problem and possible mitigation solutions that have not yet been adequately discussed and explored. In this review, I seek to identify the most interesting contributions of the two authors and the directions they suggest for future research.

The manufacture of majolica azulejos in Portugal started, as far as we know presently, around 1560s by the workshop of Hans Goos, a Flemish potter established in Lisbon as João de Góis. His younger brother, of whom we only know the adopted Portuguese name Filipe de Góis, was referred to in 1575 as a “master of glazed ceramics” and so he may have also produced azulejos around that time. The productions of what we may call the “circle of João de Góis” (maybe only a single workshop or maybe several sharing the same technology) encompasses a period thus starting around 1560 and lasting at least until the 1590s. Practically all the potentially locally-produced azulejos from this period that we have studied (around 20 different panels) could be fitted into the productions of that rather consistent circle, while confirmed imports from Antwerp and Seville are characterized by different technological traits. We had now the opportunity to study all the azulejo panels and patterned linings at the Palace, annexes and gardens of Bacalhôa, amounting to more than 50 different types, a research made all the more difficult by the mixing of tiles of like patterns but certainly different provenances and by the use of clays, glaze formulations or firing cycles that could not be safely included within the bounds of the circle of João de Góis. Since it is not viable to encompass all the types in a single paper, the most representative azulejo panels still extant at Bacalhôa were chosen, as well as the patterned types used at the Pleasure House by the lake and at the Palace itself. They were sampled and their morphological and chemical characteristics were compared between them and with previously published results, following which the panels and patterned tiles were organized in groups with a view to their future individual study.

In this paper, the authors discuss the use of public spaces by teenagers in four public parks in Lisbon, as as part of the larger research project under the auspices of the European Union. Using the living labs methodology, the study centered on teenagers as potential co-creators of public spaces through their social and spatial practices, and considers their potential for civic involvement and place making.

In 1550 Jan Floris de Vriendt (Antwerp 1520/24 - Talavera, Spain 1567) became the first painter of majolica to acquire the status of master in the painters’ Guild of Saint Luke in Antwerp. In his Het Schilder-Boeck, published in Haarlem in 1604, Karel van Mander writes: “Jan Floris was a potter of glazed ceramics more skilful and famous than any other in the Low Countries, and because of his talent he was called to Spain to work in the service of King Philip (…).” And yet, no work of his is known to survive in his native Antwerp. Although no reference to a Jan Floris has ever been found in Spain, several documents contemporary to his presumed presence in the country mention a certain Juan Flores, a Flemish master of majolica tiles in the service of King Philip II (1527-1598) until 1567, who can be identified as Jan Floris with a Castilianised name. This paper reviews Juan Flores’ career in Spain together with his known works there, as well as his presumed sojourn in Portugal where he may have worked for Brás [Afonso] de Albuquerque (1500-1581) producing majolica panels and patterned tiles for the decoration of the palace and gardens of Bacalhôa, near Lisbon. It also includes the results of an analytical characterization on samples collected in the Spanish panels and tiles attributed to Juan Flores, in order to determine and assess their morphologic features and chemical composition.

Este ensaio aborda a (re)invenção do espaço urbano a partir de lógicas cocriativas e, em específico, contempla o recurso feito a matéria azulejar no âmbito deste intuito. Por um lado, tendo por referência o Projeto Europeu C3Places, discute o potencial contributo da cocriação enquanto modus operandi do produzir espaço público urbano. Por outro lado, a partir de uma perspetiva exploratória, salienta determinados aspetos observados no decorrer de mapeamento de experiências cocriativas – em Portugal e no Brasil – que, em comum, recorrem ao azulejo na (re)invenção do espaço público. A reflexão destaca o potencial das iniciativas cocriativas no incrementar de sensibilidades coletivas com o património e o ambiente urbano. Observando que as mesmas não advêm de grandes ações, mas naquelas de menor âmbito, localizadas e de cunho colaborativo. O uso feito da matéria azulejar para a dinamização de ações coletivas e colaborativas é salientado. O que permite observar que, por um lado, a partir de uma lógica de continuidade-renovação, o recurso ao azulejo, viabiliza a invenção de património. Por outro lado, a aplicação de azulejo em espaço público protagoniza uma maior atenção coletiva com o ambiente urbano. A cocriação transformativa do espaço infere uma ligação à esfera pública, o que colabora para refletir sobre o papel que pode ter no incremento de práticas sociais mais envolvidas com os lugares urbanos e sensíveis à memória, ao património e ao ambiente.

Although the chronology of the tiling of Bacalhôa with majolica azulejos was always known to be around 1565, given the date inscribed in the panel representing the biblical episode of Susanna and the Elders, their provenance as well as the authorship of the figurative panels, remained clouded and open to personal opinion. A previous analytical study of the main panels and linings with patterned tiles of Bacalhôa concluded that some of them could not be ascribed to the workshops of Lisbon at that chronology, differing in terms of glaze and biscuit compositions and micro-morphology, suggesting that they may have been imported. The present paper presents a detailed study of those presumably imported panels and patterned tiles, firstly setting a reference based on the micro-morphological and analytical characteristics of the two panels depicting coats of arms, and then comparing the remaining items with them to verify whether they may be clustered together. Finally, we discuss their possible provenance.

This essay provides an overview of the architecture of the Bacalhôa palace and estate, and of some of its ceramic panels and linings. The estate comprises a varied range of tiles but the research project encompassing the present study focuses exclusively on the 16th century majolica type. Consequently, this article will make only sporadic or indirect references to Hispano-Moresque tiles. The project also included iconographic interpretations of certain significant azulejo panels and patterned tiles but these will be included in future papers specifically dedicated to those particular parts of the majolica tile linings, rather than as an integral aspect of the present study. Accordingly, this essay only includes iconographic details of groups of tiles that will not be examined in subsequent articles. This applies to the tiles of the Lake Wall and in the Vineyard Chapels.

This contribution, based on the European research Project C3Places, focuses on co-creation of public open spaces and addresses placemaking from the perspective of adolescents. It analyses their spatial practices and needs and the co-produced ideas for a teenagers-sensitive public space. The Project results must be seen in the context of the pandemic SARS-CoV-2 which is challenging the urban fabric, placemaking and research continuity. More than ever, it is crucial to develop strategies for inclusive and responsive public spaces. This paper aims to: 1) introduce the dynamics and insights acquired in a case-study with teenage students in Lisbon; 2) review the literature related to urban planning, especially in the public space production and consumption, in the context of the global pandemic; and 3) reflect on the ontological and methodological challenges that placemaking faces as a response to call for collaborative approaches.

As tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TIC) podem ser ferramentas inovadoras para a interação com e entre os utilizadores do espaço público. Por um lado, as ferramentas digitais (smartphones, relógios inteligentes, tablets, portáteis, etc.) colaboram para intermediar a criação de contextos socio-espaciais interativos; por outro, as TIC podem ser consideradas como recurso instigador de processos de planeamento mais colaborativos e participativos. O artigo discute alguns benefícios e desafios que as TIC apresentam no âmbito do aperfeiçoar o conhecimento sobre a relação entre espaço público aberto, pessoas e práticas sociais; e no que respeita à mediação e ao fomento de processos participativos na produção do espaço através do recurso às dinâmicas de cocriação. Para o desenvolvimento desta reflexão, realiza-se uma abordagem teórica e enquadradora a partir de perspetivas etnográficas e de planeamento e recorre-se ao conhecimento adquirido e experiências protagonizadas nos projetos CyberParks e C3Places.

Explorar algumas das possíveis implicações da transformação dos valores de uma cultura, no caso relacionada com o azulejo, conforme inspirado por lógicas criativo-economicistas, é o objectivo desta reflexão, entretanto assente numa pesquisa antropológica, ainda em fase iniciática. Para efeito, a reflexão se debruça sobre os seguintes aspectos: 1) as novas práticas culturais (formas de produção, de consumo, de uso) e os possíveis sentidos e significados assumidos pela transmutação do azulejo em outras matérias; 2) a relação entre os processos de culturalização e economização da cultura do azulejo e a promoção das cidades criativas; 3) as repercussões destes fenómenos nos processos de fazer e desfazer o património; 4) os possíveis impactes destas novas práticas, destes novos sentidos e significados da cultura azulejar na salvaguarda e conservação do azulejo integrado na arquitetura.

Ethnography matters when to provide sustainable and inclusive urban spaces is an issue. Advancing knowledge on the relationship between social practices and public space is therefore crucial. This paper seeks to contribute to widening the debate about this relationship, added now by the phenomenon of penetration of ICT into public spaces. The main goal is to propose a methodological approach to guide the research in the field of urban ethnography. This approach is based, on the one hand, on long experience in ethnographic studies on public spaces, with the goal of identifying the relationship between social practices and the space in the configuration of representations and creation of socio-spatial images, particularly in urban transformation processes. On the other hand, on a detailed analysis of the CyberParks Project objectives. Both allow us to better define the analysis dimensions and to identify their variables. Such framework could be used to guide future ethnographic research to be undertaking in CyberParks and beyond it.

A partir dos recentes marcos do ordenamento territorial relativamente às regras de valorização/proteção patrimonial, e tendo por contrapartida a realidade dos territórios do presente, discute-se sobre as lacunas existentes relativamente à relação entre salvaguarda do património e desenvolvimento social em Portugal. A reflexão desenvolve-se a partir das regras impostas (legislação) e que, principalmente a partir de 2009, tentam impulsionar o investimento em reabilitação. Visa abordar alguns aspectos acerca de como estas políticas – e regras – permitiram (ou não) a melhoria das condições dadas às populações – incremento de “qualidade de vida” – e como isso permitiu, preservando e valorizando a memória e os valores do passado, deixar uma marca do presente para as gerações futuras. Esta análise centrar-se-á numa perspectiva integrada do entendimento da relação entre conservação do património e desenvolvimento social.

Although considerable efforts have been made worldwide regarding alkali-silica reaction (ASR) prevention and mitigation, including the approval of new national and international regulations, several concrete structures are still being diagnosed with ASR. In Portugal, the new cases of ASR pertain to concrete produced mainly with igneous aggregates, whose potential reactivity is difficult to assess, notably on granitic and basaltic rocks. The most effective way to prevent ASR is an adequate knowledge of the alkali reactivity of the aggregate, which requires the application of appropriate tests and criteria to enable a correct classification. In the last 4 years a research program conducted in Portugal has evaluated more than 90 aggregates of different mineralogy and/or texture. The test campaign included petrography, ASTM C1260, RILEM AAR-3 and RILEM AAR-4.1 test methods. In this paper the results of ASR reactivity evaluation obtained in a group of granitic and basaltic aggregates are presented and discussed. From the results obtained, proposals to improve the reliability of existing test-methods are presented.

From the Favela Bras de Pina’s urbanization experience (Rio de Janeiro/Brazil) and the national program Local Ambulatory Support Service (SAAL), in Portugal, this identified the elements that supported the ideal of promoting a more inclusive architecture. Highlights the role of the methodology adopted in the design of both experiences: a participatory approach supported by specialized technical advisory services.

A avaliação da resistência por microperfuração tem grande utilidade na caracterização dos materiais que constituem as superfícies arquitectónicas e é particularmente relevante no estudo dos efeitos dos tratamentos de consolidação. Nas argamassas de baixa resistência, como as de cal aérea, verifica-se uma heterogeneidade muito elevada, atribuída aos valores característicos da matriz aglomerante e aos picos resultantes do corte ou arrancamento dos agregados. Os gráficos apresentam valores com dispersão muito elevada que dificulta ou impede a identificação das pequenas variações procuradas no estudo destes materiais, seja a perda de resistência por alteração, ou o incremento por consolidação. Propõe-se uma forma simples de interpretar os resultados e que procura separar os valores que caracterizam a matriz aglomerante dos que caracterizam o agregado. Esta abordagem verificou-se útil na avaliação do efeito promovido pela consolidação inorgânica aplicada a uma argamassa de cal. A utilidade na análise dos perfis que permitem avaliar o efeito do tratamento em profundidade será objecto de trabalho futuro.

Majolica tiles from the 17th-18th centuries make up one of the most important art heritages of Portugal. Their characterization and gains in knowledge through their reproduction are important to obtain information about their production methods, raw materials used, origin attribution and to contribute to studies in conservation and development of treatments. A group of Lisbon tiles from the late 17th to 18th centuries has been previously characterized and the biscuits now tentatively reproduced. Special attention was given to the effect of firing temperature and Ca compounds content on the final replica properties such as water absorption, porosity, water and thermal expansibilities, mechanical strength, chemical composition and mineralogy. Correlation models between the Ca compounds content and firing temperature were obtained for the previous properties. Replicas similar on those properties considered relevant were obtained that can be used in studies in conservation and in interventions.

O objetivo deste texto é situar a problemática da política de habitação em Portugal na atualidade, e compreender o contexto de desenvolvimento da atual crise contemporânea e a sua relação com o setor habitacional, visando sobretudo entender quais as consequências que esse processo de crise econômica traz para a vida das pessoas. Para elaboração deste ensaio, realizou-se uma revisão teórica do debate sobre os rebatimentos da crise econômica na habitação em Portugal. A reflexão ainda apoia-se em entrevistas realizadas com ativistas de uma associação de defesa do direito à habitação em Portugal, a Associação Habita. O artigo é parte da experiência de estágio de doutorado realizado no Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC) em Portugal, no âmbito do Programa de Pós Graduação em Serviço Social da PUC-Rio no Brasil, tendo como fomento a FAPERJ - Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.

Historic ceramic tiles – azulejos – are an important part of the cultural heritage of Portugal. However, there are not many studies about the materials used in their conservation to direct the conservator’s choice. This work is, to our knowledge, the first comprehensive study on the adhesives used to bind fragments of architectural tiles. Attention is paid to the extreme conditions that may challenge the tiles when used outdoors. Three types of adhesives commonly used in tile conservation have been studied (acrylics, epoxies and cellulose nitrates) and several parameters related to their workability, efficacy, compatibility and ageing behaviour were analysed. Information was obtained about the adhesives characteristics and their suitability for the re-adhesion of fragmented azulejos in architectural outdoor environments.

A significant number of problems related to concrete deterioration have been detected in large concrete structures in Portugal and worldwide, the leading cause being AAR. The importance of these structures, the number of for which AAR has already been identified or is very likely to be diagnosed in a near future, as well as the number of structures that are under or planned for construction, which may also come to develop AAR is why it is still nowadays a major concern. Therefore, a study is being conducted at LNEC to diminish the negative impact of AAR by increasing knowledge on how to reliably control AAR in new structures and on how to properly assess its extent and potential for future development in the existing ones, so that the risks to structural integrity and need for mitigation/remediation actions can be properly assessed. This paper presents methodologies, based on state-of-the-art knowledge collected on that study, which may be used by the construction industry stakeholders in the prevention of AAR in new concrete structures and on AAR diagnosis and prognosis in existing concrete structures. The presented information also provides an insight to LNEC specifications that LNEC will soon publish on this thematic.

This e-book and correspondent platform MyC3Place present the collection of the outcomes carried out by the partners of the C3Places Project. It explores the new dynamics of open spaces as a trusted service for community and expands our understanding on how mediated public open spaces function, paying attention to stakeholders, local context and different social groups. The e-book shows how it's possible to increase the quality of public open spaces (squares, parks, green spaces) as a community’s service, reflecting through ICT the needs of different social groups. Public spaces are critical for cultural identity, as they offer the place for interactions among generations and ethnicities. Even in the digital era, people still need contact with nature and other people to develop different life skills, values and attitudes, to be healthy, satisfied and environmentally responsible. Using ICT and co-creating with users, this e-book expands our knowledge on meeting emerging citizens’ needs about the future public space. All the contents are classified by means of keywords that are described on the following pages. Then the work of each partner is presented in detail.

C3Places - using ICT for Co-Creation of inclusive public Places is a project funded under the scheme of the ERA-NET Cofund Smart Urban Futures / Call joint research programme (ENSUF), JPI Urban Europe, https://jpi-urbaneurope.eu/project/c3places. C3Places aims at increasing the quality of public open spaces (e.g. squares, parks, green spaces) as community service, reflecting the needs of different social groups through ICTs. The notion of C3Places is based on the understanding that public open spaces have many different forms and features, and collectively add crucial value to the experience and liveability of urban areas. Understanding public open spaces can be done from a variety of perspectives. For simplicity’s sake, and because it best captures what people care most about, C3Places considers the “public” dimension to be a crucial feature of an urban space. Public spaces are critical for cultural identity, as they offer places for interactions among generations and ethnicities. Even in the digital era, people still need contact with nature and other people to develop different life skills, values and attitudes, to be healthy, satisfied and environmentally responsible. The book aims to spark discussion on the co-creation of public open spaces through the active involvement of different stakeholders in the production of a more inclusive, attractive and responsive urban environment. It intends to help researchers, governments and drivers in understanding and implementing more collaborative actions. The authors share experiences, visions and reflections on how co-creation and participatory processes can open up possibilities for a sustainable and equitable future. This book emphasises three dimensions: practice, reflection, and learning. Practice concerns driving actions, identified and analysed experiences that serve as key models. Reflection refers to exploring and examining the results and performances of a co-creation process. Co-creation is not the search for a final product, but rather a process and a new path to more responsive and inclusive communities. Learning refers to the knowledge transfer and replication induced by the synergy of the different actors involved in this book. The chapters which constitute this work were completed prior to Spring 2020, so the research and insights do not reference the global public health crisis caused by Covid-19. However, in such challenging times the argument for co-creation approaches to increase the potential of public spaces to support a range of inclusiveness outcomes is even stronger. This publication is based upon work of C3Places Project. The C3Places Project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 693443 and from FCT (Portuguese Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology).

This volume aims to promote discussion and critical thinking on the urban environment at the intersection of the neighbourhood and the city, along their socio-spatial relations, from an interdisciplinary, multidimensional and international perspective. The chapters cover various aspects related to the meaning of living, intervening, planning, managing, thinking about and producing the city in the digital era, with a view to increasing the understanding of neighbourhoods as part of a wider consideration of social and sustainable development and the need for greater care of urban communities. This has a direct impact on public open spaces, which lie at the core of CyberParks. The international scope of the edition is enhanced by its bilingual nature, as this volume targets, in addition to a European readership, also the readership of Portuguese-speaking countries. This publication is based upon work from COST Action TU1306, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology).

Vários

Publicação que regista os resumos expandidos realizados no âmbito do Congresso Ibero-americano "Património, suas matérias e imatérias", realizado nos dias 2-3 de novembro de 2016 no LNEC, contendo ainda em CDrom, os artigos completos.

Em 2011 cumpriram-se 100 anos sobre a publicação da Lei de Reorganização dos Serviços Artísticos e Arqueológicos da 1ª República (Maio de 1911). Este diploma constituiu uma referência incontornável no enquadramento do conceito de património que iria influenciar toda a prática da sua salvaguarda em Portugal. Por coincidência, cumpriram-se também neste ano os 80 anos da Carta de Atenas (Outubro de 1931), um marco histórico na produção de documentos orientadores de cariz internacional, que veio incentivar a produção de novas cartas e outros documentos internacionais que, em larga medida, ainda definem e sustentam as actuais práticas de preservação do património. O Instituto de História da Arte da Universidade de Lisboa e o Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil quiseram com este simpósio assinalar aquelas efemérides oferecendo às comunidades científicas e profissionais uma oportunidade de reflectirem sobre estes acontecimentos pioneiros e debaterem as consequências que eles tiveram no período transcorrido desde então, como forma de compreender melhor a salvaguarda do património nos dias de hoje, perante os desafios e exigências da sociedade moderna. Os artigos recebidos, e que constam nas presentes actas, demonstram o interesse que o tema suscita e confirmam que o País está bem apetrechado para cuidar do seu património em todas as vertentes que tal objectivo exige. Ao juntarmos as valências de duas instituições tão diferenciadas, procurámos mostrar que a preservação é um conceito multifacetado, que necessita de contributos diversos, mas precisos, e que não pode ser abordado de forma unilateral ou voluntarista por um qualquer grupo profissional ou ditado por meios burocráticos como medida normalizada ou normalizável. Os trabalhos agora publicados dão conta dos primórdios das preocupações sobre preservação, discutem problemáticas que percorreram o Séc. XX e reflectem sobre as situações actuais, cumprindo cabalmente as nossas expectativas e enriquecendo o acervo de exemplos e de doutrinas que nos permitem afirmar que não é por falta de conhecimento, de experiências ou de competências realizadoras que ainda hoje vemos acontecerem intervenções desqualificadas, mal preparadas e desajustadas. As presentes actas aí estão para demonstrar que fazer mal ou abandonar património não têm que ser fatalidades de um país.

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In the construction sector, overall policies on resource efficiency and the circular economy have as one of their objectives the shift from the use of natural mate-rials to industrial by-products and materials recovered from waste. In this context, the assessment of the presence of hazardous substances in construction products and the corresponding implications for the environment

The Lisbon Living Lab will be centred on teenagers (young people 13 to 17 years of age) as they are a particular age group with specific needs and interests on public spaces, the relationship between teens and public spaces is very intrinsic, as public spaces may serve as a fundamental (play)ground for teenagers’ development. The Lisbon’s Alvalade neighbourhood will be living lab to explore how teenagers use and behaviour in urban fabric and what are they needs and preferences on public open spaces. The main objective is to engage teenagers in a process of the co-creation of urban spaces, by exploring the leading research question: “How can we capitalise on teenagers’ new-found love of the wired life (Thomas, 2013) to encourage them to be more outdoors?”

This chapter explores the potential of co-creation for the planning of public open spaces that could be more attentive to different, unequal and diverse social ideas, needs and desires. Co-creation is discussed as an innovative opportunity for learning and (re)thinking urban planning. Exploring ideas, literature and experiences (from the European Project C3Places), the chapter discusses the role of co-creation for involving citizens in placemaking. This reflection addresses co-creation as a collective, contextual and engaged process of learning. From this perspective, co-creation is discussed as an open process of learning about predictable ideas in the relationship between socio-spatial imaginary, requirements, needs and urban design procedures from a transformative perspective.

Public open space is a subject that belongs to us all. Every time we leave our homes, our private territory, we enter a space we have to share with others. Public space is the place for social interactions, strengthening sociability and ultimately exercising democracy. As a subject of study, public space has also long been analysed, explored and researched in various ways and under different guises, by planners, landscape architects and designers, anthropologists, social and cultural geographers, and urban historians. They all bring evidence on the role of public space in urban life, in the quality of urban environment and in the construction of cultural identity. Consequently, public space should deserve serious consideration by all - starting with those in charge and who hold regulatory responsibilities for those who use the places and ultimately give them life. As the UN-Habitat (2015) rightly recognises, a public space represents a key resource for social cohesion, economic development, and in particular liveability in urban settings. Public space is a resource that critically affects community values and positively impacts the quality of urban life. Backed by these premises, this book is about the co-creation of public open spaces, an issue at the core of the C3Places Project. To better understand the process, particularly the values of engaging people in the production of public space, is one of the C3Places’ objectives. The project is developing strategies and tools to help increase the quality and responsiveness of public spaces. In this process, the Project also aims to better understand how Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) can influence co-creation and social cohesion. The chapters of this book bring science a little closer to the knowledge about the design, production and management of public spaces. 37 authors responded to the Project’s call to share experiences, visions and reflections on how co-creation and participatory processes can create possibilities for a sustainable and equitable future.

Face à metamorfose que se presencia na região da Avenida Almirante Reis, este capítulo discute a sua correlação com a criação de um novo discurso sobre a diversidade sociocultural. A partir do apelo a determinadas expressões — por exemplo, mundo e mundos — para enunciar a diversidade local, sugere-se a crescente transfiguração do discurso e a conexão com a economia cultural amplamente estimulada pela intervenção ali protagonizada. No desenvolvimento desta reflexão, privilegia-se o discurso produzido pela comunicação social.

The chapter considers the link between urban transformations in the Mouraria neighbourhood in Lisbon and the digital environment.The guiding thread of reflection is based on the tension between the production of sociocultural symbolic local references, and their (dis)appropriation by a creative economy that, relying on digital as a resource, helps to reshape the sociocultural local world into marketing. It concludes that digital has, not only a tangible social dimension, but also a tangible dimension in the processes of urban transformation. As such, it is pertinent to create alternative ways in defence of the right to the city that economize the social and its imageries taking more advantage of the articulated combination between real-digital.

This chapter is concerned with how digital technologies are changing habits, expectations and motivations in the use of public open spaces. These digital developments are a societal challenge with reflections on social practices and, on planning and design approaches to public spaces. This might also challenge the future development of information and communication technologies (ICTs). The discussion in this Chapter is based on knowledge and experience exchanges carried out within the COST Action CyberParks. The leading issue of CyberParks is how to use ICTs to transform our cities into more human environments, rather than just more high-tech places, and to understand that “smartness” should be people friendly. Through the structure of the project, the importance of comprehensive and trans-disciplinary development is introduced and justified. A theoretical approach and frameworks from ethnographic and technological perspectives that help us to better understand (potential) interactions are being developed, and both are at the centre of this discussion.

The aim of this chapter is to discuss the production of mediated public open spaces by investigating the impact of ICTs in a participation process, and from this discussion to develop arguments to base a theory on co-creating a cyberpark. It focuses on how digital interconnectivity, through its potential for engaging potential users, gives rise to new forms of agency in the design of public spaces.The conceptual framework is backed by the COST-Action Cyberparks, and the Project Flussbad, both tackle the reflection of the proliferation of ICT-related media in public open spaces.

This chapter discusses the act of walking as a method of capturing the socio-spatial needs of users in a contemporary urban space. Walking as method is considered a way to assimilate a socio-spatial proximity experience, and to (re)invent the response to urban space needs in a fast-changing city. This reflection discusses the purposes of urban planning, provides a framework, which goes from socio-spatial urban needs to (possible) responses, and discusses the complexity of evaluating the information gathered. It highlights the role of walking in planning, but also the relationship between plan and walk, discussing some of the key aspects to bear in mind when taking the act of walking as a way to learn how to plan. From the sensitive act of walking to the rational processes of collecting information, e.g., techniques for basic information collection for urban planning, this chapter also presents the role that ICT can play as an instrument of socio-spatial design in capturing relevant information for urban planning professionals.

The chapter discusses how ICT can be used to enhance the understanding of the relationship between space, users and social practices. As an example of possible use of ICT for capturing and better understanding user’s needs, the new digital tool WAY Cyberparks is presented and discussed. A “cyberpark” is defined as a new type of urban landscape where nature and ICTs blend together to generate hybrid experiences and enhance quality of life. The WAY Cyberparks digital tool consists of a smart phone application, server/cloud and web services. Through the experiences from testing it in selected urban open spaces in Barcelona, Lisbon and Ljubljana opportunities are presented and lessons are drawn about relevant aspects of the ICT towards building a more participatory and collaborative process in planning of public spaces. A relevant aspect of the ICT lays in their ability to enhance communication with (potential) users, transforming the production of public open spaces into an interactive process, and enabling creative community participation and empowerment. Furthermore, some challenges of the increasing penetration of digital technologies devices (smart phones, smart watches, tablets, etc.) within the broader context of their use in public urban open spaces such as parks, gardens, squares, plazas are discussed, together with the consequences of this interweaving, which is growing at a rapid pace, unfolds research needs in the future.

Atualmente existe grande interesse pelas técnicas construtivas com terra crua, que tinham caído em desuso mas que ressurgiram com a conscencialização face à ecoeficiencia e no sentido de explorar recursos locais reutilizáveis. A taipa é, a nível mundial, uma das mais antigas e difundidas técnicas de construção. Em Portugal a taipa reune grande atenção porque é uma das principais técnicas utilizadas na nova construção com terra. Mas esta atenção decorre também da necessidade de reabilitação de edifícios antigos e da existência de um vasto e valioso património arquitetónico, que precisa ser preservado. Muitos dos edifícios antigos de terra deterioraram-se por falta (ou ineficiência) de manutenção e reparação. De fato, existe um elevado desconhecimento ao nível das técnicas de reabilitação e conservação. O presente trabalho de investigação explora a questão da adequabilidade de argamassas para a reparação de paredes de taipa. A escassa informação nesta área justificou o estudo das caraterísticas mais adequadas para estas argamassas de reparação e definição de recomendações para sua aplicação. Partiu-se do pressuposto que, para perspetivar intervenções de reparação com maior ciclo de vida, é importante asseverar não só a durabilidade das argamassas de reparação, mas também a sua compatibilidade com a parede. A principal conclusão é que, sempre que possível, as argamassas devem ser efetuadas com a mesma terra utilizada na parede ou com materiais tão semelhantes a esses quanto possível, para que as propriedades físicas, mecânicas e químicas sejam compatíveis com as da parede a reparar. Se a taipa não tiver sido estabilizada com ligantes minerais, estes não devem também ser utilizados nas argamassas de reparação. Observou-se ainda que as argamassas estabilizadas com ligantes minerais apresentam uma absorção capilar muito mais rápida do que o mesmo tipo de argamassas sem estabilização e que a utilização de fibras vegetais potencia o aparecimento de bolores, quando as argamassas se encontram em ambientes com elevadas humidade relativa.

This thesis was aimed at understanding the behaviour of plasters and renders on salt-loaded walls. The current state-of-the-art and state-of-the-practice were accessed focusing particularly on old plastered/rendered buildings and their conservation practice in Portugal. Afterwards, experimental work was carried out aiming at answering the identified questions. Two laboratory techniques, for relative humidity control with salt solutions and for salt content determination by hygroscopic moisture content measurements, were investigated. Drying of salt-loaded materials was studied by means of drying experiments monitored using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique. The behaviour of plasters and renders in relation to salt crystallization was then accessed by means of crystallization tests and MRI-monitored drying tests. Most drying and crystallization tests were carried out on specimens composed by a plaster or render applied on a given substrate. Finally, the study of five old buildings in Portugal provided an insight into practice-related salt decay features. On the basis of this research, guidelines are proposed to select plasters and renders for salt loaded walls. Conclusions were also achieved on: (i) possibilities and limitations of the test methods, particularly salt crystallization tests, and diagnostic methodology used; (ii) salt decay processes, namely, influence of soluble salts on drying, mechanisms of salt-induced dampness and salt distribution in masonry; (iii) reasons for sodium chloride being typically much less damaging than sodium sulfate in laboratory tests; (iv) influence of factors such as the type of salt, kind of substrate material or presence of a paint layer on the behaviour of plasters and renders; (v) factors that can account for a worsening of salt damage after restoration interventions; (vi) field or application conditions that favour salt damage.

A ação dos sais solúveis e humidade nos edifícios antigos é uma causa frequente da sua degradação. Pretende-se com este trabalho estudar experimentalmente, através de ensaios laboratoriais, de que forma diferentes tipos de sais dissolvidos em água influenciam a absorção por capilaridade em materiais porosos. O levantamento do estado da arte incidiu sobre a ação de degradação dos sais solúveis sobre os materiais porosos, sobre as características dos materiais porosos e foca também os mecanismos de transporte da água, no estado liquido e de vapor, envolvidos nos processos de absorção capilar e secagem. A campanha experimental realizada incluiu o ensaio de absorção por capilaridade e o ensaio de secagem. Os materiais porosos utilizados foram o tijolo e a argamassa e utilizaram-se seis soluções salinas, de concentração saturada: cloreto de sódio, sulfato de sódio, cloreto de potássio, nitrato de sódio, nitrato de potássio e carbonato de sódio. Realizaram-se os mesmos ensaios com água, que serviram como referência. Esta dissertação permitiu tirar conclusões sobre: i) a influência dos sais na absorção por capilaridade; ii) processos de degradação, influência dos sais solúveis na secagem de materiais porosos; iii) a correlação existente entre a degradação dos materiais porosos com o tipo de sal.

Although Portuguese azulejos are such an important heritage asset, having been extensively studied from the Art Historian viewpoint, the knowledge concerning the raw materials used and the details of the technological manufacturing process is very limited. The research project behind this dissertation was aimed at improving the present knowledge as concerns the composition of the blue pigment used in the 17th and 18th centuries. A representative set of azulejos spanning at least 200 years from ca. 1600 to 1800 was selected and the composition of the blue colour in their glazes analysed. The results were assessed aiming to answer the following main questions: i- What are the characteristic compositions of the colour (pigment and impurities) and how do they relate with the chronology of the azulejos? ii- What are the compositional traits that bear on the shades of the blue colour? iii- Can Portuguese azulejos be separated from Dutch and Spanish productions, at times when they co-existed in Portugal, solely by the composition of the blue colour? iv- Is the composition of the blue colour related with provenance of azulejos within Portugal? v- Are there grounds to suspect that at some time the Portuguese used, besides the well-known German zaffre, alternative sources of blue colour imported through their wide sea trade routes?

The presence of moisture inside a material whose surface was treated with a water repellent agent may give rise to unwanted side-effects. Indeed, the temporal and spatial significance of moistening events may be intensified if a water-repellent, as any other kind of treatment, hinders drying. This effect can be particularly relevant for historical buildings, where moisture from varied origins is recurrently present in the masonry, but is also pertinent for more recent constructions since water often finds ways to penetrate the building elements, through cracks or joints. This article discusses the application of water repellent treatments on ceramic brick, with regard to drying of the masonry. The influence of cracks parallel or perpendicular to the surface is taken into account. Five silicone-based treatments were studied. The treated or untreated material was subjected to capillary absorption tests by which the effectiveness of the water repellent effect was estimated, as well as water vapour permeability tests and drying tests. The effectiveness of four out of the five treatments is high. Vapour permeability is not much affected in one case, when the cracks are parallel to the surface, and in none of the cases, when they are perpendicular. Nonetheless, drying is significantly delayed by any of the five products, both in the case where the cracks are parallel to the surface as when they are perpendicular.

A presente dissertação visa avaliar a eficácia de dois modificadores de cristalização com baixa toxicidade quando em aplicados em dois materiais porosos, contaminados com dois tipos de sal. Foram testados o ácido cítrico e o ácido fosfocítrico, aplicados por absorção capilar ou por pulverização, em provetes de argamassa de cal aérea ou pedra de Malta saturados com soluções salinas de cloreto de sódio ou sulfato de sódio a 10% (percentagem ponderal). Foi efectuada uma análise macroscópica do efeito dos dois modificadores, baseada em ensaios de secagem. A pesquisa do estado-da-arte incidiu sobre as características dos materiais porosos, transporte de água, sais solúveis e modificadores de cristalização. Na campanha experimental foram ainda realizados ensaios de caracterização da argamassa fresca, da argamassa endurecida e da pedra de Malta utilizadas. Determinaram-se também as características de porosidade, permeabilidade ao vapor de água, tensão superficial e evaporação das soluções, capilaridade e secagem. O trabalho realizado permitiu conhecer os principais desenvolvimentos recentes sobre modificadores de cristalização e concluir sobre a influência na secagem e a relevância dos dois modos de aplicação testados do ácido cítrico e do ácido fosfocítrico.

A acção dos sais solúveis é uma causa frequente de degradação dos edifícios antigos, reflectindo-se a vários níveis (e.g., estético, habitabilidade, segurança estrutural). Esta dissertação tem como objectivo efectuar a análise e sistematização de um leque abrangente de práticas actualmente utilizadas para controlo da degradação por sais solúveis. Neste âmbito, foi utilizada a análise documental de bibliografia posterior a 2000 e procedeu-se à análise crítica de métodos de controlo da degradação seleccionados: remoção mecânica de eflorescências; remoção de materiais contaminantes; compressas; remoção electroquímica de sais; microrganismos; modificadores de cristalização; rebocos; controlo ambiental; controlo da humidade ascensional; método do hidróxido de bário. Analisaram-se também algumas medidas práticas para prevenção do risco de ocorrência ou agravamento desta degradação. Adicionalmente, avaliou-se a complementaridade entre métodos, identificando eventuais benefícios de uma acção conjugada. A sistematização das práticas analisadas envolveu o seu enquadramento segundo três abordagens distintas: prevenção, correcção, e mitigação. A dissertação permitiu tirar conclusões sobre: (i) a actuação face à degradação provocada por sais solúveis, a qual deve pautar-se por uma compreensão global do problema; (ii) a importância das medidas preventivas, como meio para evitar os danos e custos associados; (iii) a relevância dos métodos de controlo da degradação, nas vertentes correctiva e de mitigação; (iv) a experiência actual sobre a utilização prática dos métodos em edifícios, designadamente com relação ao número de casos de estudo existentes; (v) a necessidade de uma boa compreensão das práticas referidas, nomeadamente em relação às vantagens e inconvenientes, a qual pode ser facilitada pela sua sistematização.

Estudou-se um conjunto de fragmentos de azulejos datados do século XVII, de produção portuguesa, cedido pelo Museu Nacional do Azulejo. O objectivo foi caracterizar morfológica e quimicamente a camada pictórica da azulejaria portuguesa do século XVII. O estudo utilizou uma abordagem multi-analítica, incluindo a espectrometria de fluorescência de raios X dispersiva de energias (µ-EDXRF), espectroscopia de Raman, o microscópio electrónico de varrimento com microanálise de raios X (SEM-EDS), e técnicas de observação incluindo o SEM e microscopia óptica. A azulejaria portuguesa do século XVII caracteriza-se por uma paleta cromática relativamente rica, que engloba o azul, amarelo, laranja, verde, púrpura, um tom púrpura acastanhado e ainda outro castanho muito escuro utilizado em contornos. As cores integram um fundo branco – o vidrado estanífero característico da majólica. Confirmou-se que o azul se deve ao óxido de cobalto, o púrpura ao óxido de manganês e um dos verdes, de aparência transparente, ao óxido de cobre. Os resultados indicam que o amarelo será uma variante do pigmento amarelo de Nápoles (antimoniato de chumbo), constituído por um óxido triplo de Pb-Sb-Zn. As outras cores são obtidas através de misturas: o laranja resulta da adição de hematite ao pigmento amarelo, o verde-seco resulta da adição de óxido de cobalto também ao pigmento amarelo, e os vários tons entre púrpura e castanho resultam da mistura de hematite com óxido de manganês em teores variáveis. Observaram-se morfologias distintas das cores: o amarelo, laranja e castanho-escuro permanecem à superfície do vidrado e conferem-lhe cores opacas. O azul, o verde-cobre e o púrpura difundem no vidrado em profundidade e, por vezes, horizontalmente. Os seus óxidos dissolvem-se na matriz vítrea, obtendo-se uma cor transparente. Com o verde-seco ocorre uma separação dos componentes da cor, na medida em que as partículas de pigmento amarelo permanecem à superfície, enquanto o azul difunde no vidrado.

A presente dissertação tem por finalidade compreender a influência dos tratamentos hidrófugos na secagem do tijolo cerâmico, tendo assentado na realização de ensaios de absorção capilar, permeabilidade ao vapor de água e secagem. Foi inicialmente avaliada a possibilidade de utilização de tijolo cerâmico maciço de três proveniências distintas. Uma destas origens foi a Praça de Touros do Campo Pequeno, em Lisboa, que permitiu estudar quatro tipos distintos de tijolo antigo. As outras duas origens foram as cerâmicas Torreense e de Vale de Gândara, tratando-se portanto neste caso de tijolos de fabrico recente. Os diferentes tipos de tijolo foram caracterizados quanto à sua aparência, morfologia, teor de sal, absorção capilar e comportamento em secagem. O tijolo de Vale de Gândara foi o tipo seleccionado para a aplicação dos tratamentos hidrófugos. Foi detectada a presença de fissuras neste tipo tijolo, tal como em todos os outros tipos caracterizados. Sendo este defeito relevante para o transporte de humidade, foi necessário ter em consideração a influência da orientação preferencial das fissuras. Assim, utilizaram-se em todos os ensaios provetes com fissuras paralelas e provetes com fissuras perpendiculares à superfície. Estudaram-se cinco tratamentos hidrófugos com base em silicone. Foram realizados ensaios de absorção capilar através da face tratada, ensaios de permeabilidade ao vapor de água e ensaios de secagem (método RILEM da curva de evaporação). Realizaram-se ensaios semelhantes sobre o material não-tratado, que serviram como referência. Os resultados do ensaio de absorção capilar indicam que a eficácia de quatro dos tratamentos é elevada, sendo a secagem do tijolo significativamente dificultada por esses quatro produtos. Verificou-se, no entanto, que o decréscimo da permeabilidade ao vapor apenas é significativo para três hidrófugos. A influência dos hidrófugos na permeabilidade ao vapor apenas é mensurável no caso dos provetes com fissuras paralelas à base. Quando as fissuras são perpendiculares à base, a permeabilidade ao vapor é bastante mais elevada, não sendo afectada pelo hidrófugo.

A presente dissertação visa compreender a influência dos revestimentos por pintura na secagem de materiais de construção porosos, tendo focado a nível experimental o caso dos substratos constituídos por uma argamassa de cal aérea. Aborda-se, em particular, o caso dos edifícios antigos e, mais especificamente, a situação das paredes com teor de humidade não desprezável que é muito corrente neste tipo de edifícios. O levantamento do estado-da-arte incide sobre as características dos materiais porosos, em particular as argamassas de cal aérea, e de diferentes tipos de revestimentos por pintura indicados para este tipo de utilização. Foca também os mecanismos de transporte de humidade envolvidos nos processos de secagem. Efectuou-se uma pesquisa de mercado e um inquérito ao meio técnico com o objectivo de perceber quais os revestimentos por pintura usados em intervenções de reabilitação / conservação e, assim, avaliar a situação da prática em Portugal. A campanha experimental a seguir realizada incluiu ensaios de permeabilidade ao vapor de água, de absorção capilar e de secagem e incidiu sobre dezasseis revestimentos por pintura disponíveis no mercado português. Treze destes revestimentos são tintas de silicatos, de silicone ou de pliolite que os respectivos fornecedores indicaram serem apropriadas para aplicação em paredes com problemas de humidade. Ensaiaram-se ainda duas tintas de cal de fabrico industrial e uma “tinta plástica” que serviu como referência. A dissertação permitiu obter dados sobre o estado-da-prática em Portugal, em particular no que se refere aos tipos de tintas usados em paredes de edifícios antigos com teor de humidade não desprezável. Permitiu também retirar conclusões sobre: (i) a influência dos revestimentos por pintura na secagem, na absorção de água por capilaridade e na permeabilidade ao vapor de água; (ii) a influência que o estado de humidificação do suporte pode ter no comportamento dos revestimentos; (iii) a correlação existente entre o comportamento à secagem (índice de secagem) e a permeabilidade ao vapor de água, que é a característica correntemente utilizada para prever o desempenho dos revestimentos.

A realização de auditorias pré-demolição a edifícios requer o envolvimento de várias partes interessadas, desde o proprietário, ao projetista e ao empreiteiro, com vista a maximizar a recuperação de materiais e elementos construtivos e minimizar a quantidade de resíduos de construção e demolição, de modo a impulsionar a economia circular no setor da construção. Estas auditorias devem ser realizadas antes do projeto de demolição ou reabilitação do edifício, de acordo com recomendações comuns. Para a realização dessas auditorias, foi desenvolvido este Guia Português para Auditorias Pré-Demolição e uma ferramenta em Excel com modelos padrão para a realização de um inventário aos recursos presentes no edifício. O inventário teve como base as orientações da União Europeia e do Quadro comum da União Europeia de Edifícios Sustentáveis

Os resíduos de construção e demolição (RCD) representam 46% do total de resíduos produzidos na Europa, cerca de 820 milhões de toneladas por ano, ou 5190 kg per capita. Vários constituintes dos RCD são potencialmente reutilizáveis e recicláveis, o que foca a atenção no seu papel relevante na promoção dos princípios da economia circular no setor da construção, na fase de fim de vida. Este enquadramento conceptual visa reunir as melhores práticas dos diferentes países relativamente à aplicação de auditorias de pré-demolição em edifícios como uma ferramenta útil para o desenvolvimento do guia português. É também abordada a necessidade de minimizar a geração de resíduos contaminados, durante a demolição ou reabilitação de edifícios, como um caminho relevante para maximizar a reutilização e reciclabilidade dos RCD e a qualidade dos materiais recuperados. Para este efeito, é apresentada uma lista de substâncias perigosas críticas e feita a identificação dos materiais de construção que potencialmente contêm constituintes perigosos. Neste relatório é descrita a atividade desenvolvida na tarefa T2

Foi fabricado um betão com agregados de minério de ferro proveniente de jazida de Moncorvo, para avaliação do potencial destes agregados para o fabrico de betão de elevada densidade. Com base nos resultados obtidos são feitas considerações sobre a densidade do betão que será possível obter em função da massa volúmica do agregado.

The research project DRYMASS – Drying of porous building materials possibly contaminated with soluble salts (PTDC/ECM/100553/2008) took place from February 2010 to January 2014. The project allowed advancing the knowledge on drying of porous building materials, as well as about how soluble salts and some types of surface layers affect that behaviour. A new method to characterize salt decay processes by optical profilometry was proposed, and the usefulness of NMR to clarify the causes of such processes demonstrated. There was also a provisional patent application, which was based on research results about the influence that lime coatings have on drying. The main findings of the project were specifically the following. Lime coatings may accelerate the drying of porous substrates. Also due to their high drying rate, ordinary building materials have a high evaporative cooling potential. With salt solutions, the drying kinetics of porous building materials is slower than with pure water. One of the causes is the reduction in sorptivity. Occasionally, there is also obstruction to vapour transport by the efflorescence. However, in most cases, porous efflorescence occurs, which pose no obstruction to this transport. Further, fissures or disaggregation may accelerate drying. Soluble salts amplify the effects that the natural heterogeneity of porous materials has on the drying kinetics. Due to the chaotic nature of the process, lime coatings will not necessarily enhance drying in this case. Sodium sulfate can be very destructive in the absence of high temperature or successive wet/dry cycles. A delamination pattern similar to those found in real constructions was observed on the well-known Ançã limestone. NMR showed that mirabilite and heptahydrate can both be responsible for this delamination pattern, in different conditions. Thermal expansion may be one of the mechanisms involved in salt decay processes.

In this report we describe an experimental study carried out at LNEC within the research project DRYMASS (ref. PTDC/ECM/100553/2008). The study was aimed at evaluating the possibility of increasing the drying rate of porous building materials by means of nano-treatments. It was justified by previous results of other authors that observed an apparently unexplainable increase in the evaporation rate of natural stone after application of nano-calcium hydroxide solutions as consolidating agents. Two commercial treatments, consisting on alcoholic or aqueous suspensions of nano-lime or nanosilica, respectively, were tested on three porous building materials. The treatments are generally used for consolidation. The materials were a lime mortar and two natural stones (Ançã limestone and Bentheimer sandstone). It was concluded that neither of the nano-treatments hinders drying. However, they were also not able to increase the drying kinetics of any of the three substrates.

The decay of porous building materials due to salt crystallization is very frequent and often significant in the built heritage and, thus, a proper understanding of the underlying processes has major importance for conservation. In this light, a new method for characterization of salt decay processes was developed within the DRYMASS research project, which is based on continuously measuring by optical profilometry the micrometric changes that occur on the material surface during drying. This method produces three different types of output: the so-called "alteration curve", as well as the current gravimetric evaporation curve and time-lapse photographs of the decay. But the three features had, until now, to be recorded using different specimens. This is an important limitation because the high uncertainty of salt decay processes may give rise to different decay patterns in similar specimens. Here, we present a development of the original study, which was afterwards carried out within the same project to allow evaluating the three features in a single specimen, by using an integrated set-up. This new study was carried out with two salts often found in salt decayed constructions, Na2SO4 and NaCl, and a material frequently used in the architectural heritage, Ançã limestone. Some of the experiments were performed after application of a water repellent treatment on the stone.

This is the third progress report of the research project "DRYMASS - Drying of porous materials possibly contaminated with soluble salts". It includes the following main sections: (i) A summary of the work, which briefly describes the activities undertaken in the reporting period and the results achieved, referring specifically to the tasks under execution in that period. (ii) A justification of the deviations from the Approved Proposal, both from a scientific or financial viewpoint. It also identifies the major difficulties in implementing the approved work plan, and how they will be overcome. (iii) A list of publications. It includes also the following annexes: Annex I – 2nd reformulation proposal with updated timeline; Annex II – Cryspom III - Book of abstracts and conference program; Annex III – Summary report on Cryspom III; Annexe IV – Figures and abstracts; Annexe V – Article submitted to Transport in Porous Media.

Conserving the built heritage today entails decisions and planning at several different levels. Firstly, analysis is necessary regarding what to conserve: values, authenticity and integrity are the key concepts at this macro level. Then, decisions on how to conserve them should consider the chief principles of good conservation practice, among which compatibility, retreatability and minimum intervention are prominent today. This report analyses these concepts and the different ways in which they were translated into the decision support systems that are nowadays resorted to, from values-based decision making and risk management in conservation to intervention planning and performance assessments. The ultimate goal of this analysis is to compile tools that promote a more rational decision making in conservation.

Este relatório sintetiza a atividade desenvolvida no LNEC visando contribuir para a aplicação dos materiais obtidos no processamento de resíduos de construção e demolição (RCD) no sector da construção, nomeadamente em betões e argamassas, em pavimentos rodoviários e em aterros e camadas de leito de infraestruturas de transporte. Esta atividade abrange as áreas de investigação programada, de investigação por contrato e outras atividades científicas e técnicas das quais se destaca a preparação de especificações técnicas específicas para estes materiais, a difusão de conhecimentos através da realização de ações de formação, da elaboração de documentos e da participação em conferências e outras reuniões científicas e técnicas. Nesta atividade integra-se também a cooperação com entidades, nacionais e estrangeiras, designadamente com universidades e associações de carácter científico e técnico. Sendo esta uma atividade transversal no LNEC O presente relatório integra o trabalho desenvolvido no Departamento de Materiais, no Departamento de Edifícios, no Departamento de Geotecnia e no Departamento de Transportes.

A empresa Repsol Polímeros, Lda, através de correio electrónico no dia 6 de Abril de 2011, solicitou ao Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC) a avaliação do estado de degradação de estruturas do Terminal Portuário do Porto de Sines, que incluíam dois viadutos localizados entre os postos de acostagem 4/5 e 9/10 da Área do Porto de Sines (APS)1 e o porto-cais do terminal de Graneis Líquidos2, e a apresentação de recomendações relativas à solução a adoptar para a recuperação das estruturas.

O Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil tem vindo a desenvolver um estudo no domínio da conservação dos azulejos históricos que permitiu, nalguns casos relevantes, estabelecer uma ligação entre determinados defeitos de fabrico e formas específicas de degradação. Esse estudo demonstrou a conveniência no estabelecimento de um glossário ilustrado, incluindo defeitos de fabrico e formas de degradação e contemplando alguma terminologia nova. É esse trabalho, saído de uma colaboração com o Museu Nacional do Azulejo, que agora se apresenta num vocabulário que inclui também algumas definições básicas, cobrindo termos necessários às definições subsequentes de defeitos de fabrico e de formas de degradação. Os termos em relação aos quais pareceu aos autores poderem subsistir dúvidas têm anexas ilustrações exemplificativas.

Non-destructive or micro-destructive in situ tests are very relevant to the physical characterization of materials used in historical buildings. “Controlled penetration,” “sphere shock” and “sonic methods” can be used to evaluate the mechanical resistance of mortars and renders or to monitor the hardening process after their application. Used to evaluate surface hardness, micro-drilling (DRMS) is a very sensitive technique, and its use in this field is expected to contribute to more precise results. However, the diversity of the composition of mortars and the systematic presence of abrasive components are limiting factors for the use of this method in this field. In this study, several mortars with different composition and hardness are compared using drilling resistance as the comparative parameter. The mortars were applied on-site aiming at their use in real situations. Extracted mortar samples were tested in the laboratory using resistance drilling which was complemented by additional methods currently used for in situ characterization of these materials. The results highlight the need for an integrated perspective of laboratory and on-site information.

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