Publications

A avaliação do dano causado pela agitação incidente em modelos físicos de quebra mares de taludes pode ser realizada comparando volumes e profundidades erodidas entre levantamentos consecutivos de cada talude.Atualmente, estes levantamentos podem ser realizados de forma não intrusiva, recorrendo a técnicas fotogramétricas, a laser scan ou a sensores de posição baseados na metolodologia Time of Flight (ToF). Dependendo das condições de levantamento e da metodologia de pós-processamento das nuvens de pontos obtidas, estas técnicas permitem obter modelos tridimensionais de superfície, com elevada precisão.Em detalhe, as diferenças de volume entre os levantamentos inicial e

SAFEPORT safety system aims to daily reports to the Sines harbor administration, potential emergency situations regarding ships

Early warning systems are an important tool for local authorities to detect emergency situations in advance and initiate the necessary safety measure. These systems often depend on numerical models to estimate wave overtopping in the affected areas. The SWASH model has shown to deliver good results in recent overtopping studies. The To-SEAlert project has the aim of increasing the efficiency, robustness and reliability of the HIDRALERTA early warning system. This study shows a first intent to implement the SWASH model to simulate wave overtopping for the Ericeira prototype. SWASH was implemented for one breakwater profile used to simulate the overtopping discharge and evaluate the associated risk levels. It was compared to the current approach used in HIDRALERTA, which resorts to a neural network trained with a physical modeling database, NN_OVERTOPPING2. Finally, both approaches were compared with previously analyzed video images of the breakwater. The results showed that SWASH generally overestimates overtopping and is not in good agreement with the video images. NN_OVERTOPPING2 has a better agreement with the video images. A possible reason for the overestimation might be the wave direction, which cannot be included in one-dimensional simulations in SWASH.

Early Warning Systems are crucial disaster-risk-reduction strategies as they allow local authorities to prepare and implement in advance the necessary measures to avoid major destruction and risk for individuals and properties caused by storm events. HIDRALERTA is a forecast, early warning and risk assessment system for port and coastal areas that uses forecasts of sea waves and water levels to evaluate overtopping/flooding events and risks associated with the mooring of ships. The distinguishing feature of this system is that the risk assessment is based on specific parameters related to the actual risk being predicted, such as overtopping discharges, or the ship

In this study, performance of an oscillating water column wave energy converter inserted into a hypothetical composite breakwater with rubble mound foundation located at the southern Brazilian coast is analyzed. The FLUENT® numerical model, which is based on the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations, is used in 2D numerical simulations by adopting the Volume of Fluid method to consider the two-phase flow (water and air). The influence of the rubble mound foundation on the pneumatic power, the run-up/down, the free surface elevation inside the chamber, and the energy balance for different incident waves are investigated. The rubble mound foundation of the composite breakwater slightly affected hydrodynamics; however, it reduced significantly the pneumatic power of the device from 7 to 15% comparing with that obtained to a vertical breakwater founded on an impermeable foundation.

This study aims proposing a novel geometry of the onshore Oscillating Water Column (OWC) device to increase its efficiency. A comparison between standard OWC

Este trabalho descreve a aplicação do sistema SAFEPORT no Porto de Sines, e em particular, o teste de uma das funcionalidades do sistema relacionada com otimização de operações marítimas em ambiente portuário. O SAFEPORT é um sistema de previsão e alerta de perigosassociados a navegação.A aplicação do sistema SAFEPORT permitiu a otimização dos esquemas de amarração de três navios distintos acostados em três terminais do Porto de Sines, sob as condições de agitação marítima provocadas pela tempestade Dora (4 de dezembro de 2020). Foram construídos os modelos dos três navios e analisados vários esquemas de amarração a fim de obter uma solução ótima para cada navio. Este exercício mostrou que o sistema SAFEPORT é uma ferramenta útil para apoio à decisão nos sistemas de amarração dos navios. A configuração dos cabos de amarração tem grande influência no comportamento, e consequentemente na segurança, dos navios amarrados sujeitos a situações de tempestade.

The assessment of damage evolution in scale model tests of rubble-mound breakwaters can be achieved by comparing eroded depths and volumes between consecutive surveys. Aiming to evaluate damage evolution on rubble-mound breakwater, scale model tests were recently conducted on the maritime hydraulic facilities of the National Laboratory for Civil Engineering. This paper focuses on the use of novel, non-intrusive survey methodologies such as the Time of Flight (ToF) principle technique. In this study, damage evaluation is based on the comparison of point clouds obtained before and after each test series, enabling the calculation of eroded depths and eroded volumes and the estimation of displaced units by using a non-dimensional damage parameter based on the eroded volume.

Com vista a otimizar a geometria do prolongamento do quebra-mar exterior do Porto de Leixões, bem como avaliar os impactes desse prolongamento nas condições de agitação na praia de Matosinhos, efetuou-se a caraterização da agitação marítima na zona de estudo, considerando várias soluções alternativas para o quebra-mar. A presente comunicação descreve os estudos realizados em modelo numérico para: a) o estabelecimento de regimes de agitação no exterior do porto, b) a caracterização da agitação e ressonância no interior do porto; c) a avaliação dos impactes do prolongamento do quebra-mar nas condições de agitação da praia de Matosinhos.

No âmbito do projeto HYDRALAB+ (H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015), foi realizado no LNEC um conjunto de ensaios em modelo físico bidimensional (2D) de um perfil de um quebra-mar de talude em enrocamento, construído à escala geométrica 1:30, para diferentes condições de agitação marítima e níveis de maré correspondentes a cenários de alterações climáticas. Estas experiências tinham como objetivo analisar o dano, o espraiamento e o galgamento, nesses cenários.Em paralelo, na Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP), e em colaboração com Deltares, NL, foram realizados testes com a mesma configuração do quebra-mar, mas utilizando um modelo físico tridimensional (3D), à escala geométrica 1:35. Os resultados obtidos permitiram analisar a evolução do dano no manto resistente do quebra-mar (talude anterior, talude posterior e cabeça), assim como o galgamento, para condições de teste com e sem sobrelevação do nível médio da água do mar, considerando ou não a reconstrução do talude do quebramar entre testes consecutivos de uma mesma série de testes. Foram também realizados testes com ondas multidirecionais.O presente trabalho incide sobre a análise da evolução do dano para as diferentes sequências de tempestade em cenários de alterações climáticas. O dano é avaliado com base no tradicional método de contagem de blocos removidos e ainda com base no parâmetro adimensional do dano, S recorrendo a técnicas estereofotogramétricas.Em termos gerais, concluiu-se que o dano era mais elevado na proximidade do nível de repouso da água e que aumentava com a altura de onda significativa. Os danos foram, em geral, menores nos testes com ondas multidirecionais. Observaram-se, ainda, diferenças significativas entre os testes com danos cumulativos e com reconstrução do quebra-mar após cada teste. Nos ensaios realizados no LNEC com aumento do nível médio do mar e alternância entre dois níveis de maré, verificou-se um ligeiro aumento do dano devido ao aumento faixa onde ocorre erosão do perfil.

This paper presents a series of tests on a reduced physical model to reproduce the behavior of a moored oil tanker. The measurement techniques used and all the instrumentation are presented. Data analysis techniques are also presented. The objective of the tests is the characterization of the incident marine agitation and the response of the ship, including the movements according to 6 degrees of freedom and the forces in the mooring system.The tests were carried out in one of the tanks of the Marine Hydraulic Pavilion of the National Laboratory of Civil Engineering, using for the generation of marine agitation a batter capable of generating irregular waves.The vessel used is a scale model of the "Esso Osaka" tanker with a length of 3.43 m, a width of 0.53 m and a maximum draft of 0.23 m and is lying in terminal A of the Port of Leixões. The entire port area was built at 1:80 scale, including bathymetry and port structures. The waves are generated outside the port to the bathymetric of -20m ZHL (zero hydrographic of Leixões). Several sea states were simulated with irregular waves with periods between 10s and 16s and significant wave heights between 2m and 6m.The vessel is instrumented with an optical motion capture system according to the six degrees of freedom, composed of 4 cameras of high resolution that allows to follow the position of several targets placed in the ship and 6 load cells to measure the forces in the moorings and defenses. The measurement of free surface elevation was performed with a set of resistive probes and an ADV.

O sistema de proteção costeira da Cova-Gala, a sul da Figueira da Foz, inclui defesas longitudinais aderentes datadas de 1975 que têm como objetivo proteger a povoação da ação do mar. Ao longo dos anos têm-se registado eventos de galgamento destas obras que colocam em risco pessoas e bens. Face a uma possível subida do nível do mar na costa oeste portuguesa, é importante analisar a sua influência no agravamento do galgamento destas estruturas. Para tal, calculou-se o galgamento com a fórmula de Mase et al. (2013) utilizando as condições de agitação ao largo e níveis de mar obtidas de modelos de hindcast. Calculou-se ainda o caudal galgado para as mesmas condições de agitação e diferentes projeções de subida do nível do mar. A comparação de resultados permitiu concluir sobre o efeito da subida do nível do mar no galgamento para os valores considerados.

Usually, physical model tests support the design of breakwaters considering different incident wave conditions, including extreme events. This paper describes two-dimensional physical model tests of a rock armour breakwater, performed at LNEC´s experimental facilities, under the framework of the HYDRALAB+ project. The goal of the present work is to evaluate damage evolution under wave conditions resulting from future climate change scenarios. Test results are presented in terms of the non-dimensional damage parameter (S) and of the percentage of displaced armour units (D). The data analysis is focused on the cumulative damage progression related with wave parameters as Hmax and H2%, for the imposed storm sequences. The use of the stability number (Ns), considering both H=Hs and H=H2% revealed a good agreement in order to characterize its relationship with damage evolution. On the other hand, the use of Hmax revealed a decrease of the linearity on damage evolution.

Usually, physical model tests support the design of breakwaters considering different incident wave conditions, including extreme events. This paper describes two-dimensional physical model tests of a rock armour breakwater, performed at LNEC´s experimental facilities, under the framework of the HYDRALAB+ project. The goal of the present work is to evaluate damage evolution under wave conditions resulting from future climate change scenarios. Test results are presented in terms of the non-dimensional damage parameter (S) and of the percentage of displaced armour units (D). The data analysis is focused on the cumulative damage progression related with wave parameters as Hmax and H2%, for the imposed storm sequences. The use of the stability number (Ns), considering both H=Hs and H=H2% revealed a good agreement in order to characterize its relationship with damage evolution. On the other hand, the use of Hmax revealed a decrease of the linearity on damage evolution.

Nesta comunicação descreve-se a análise bidimensional (2D) em modelo físico do espraiamento e galgamento de um quebra-mar de talude, em cenários de alterações climáticas, realizado no âmbito do projeto HYDRALAB+ (H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015). Com efeito, a subida do nível médio do mar, bem como o aumento da intensidade e frequência de temporais, previsível em tais cenários, pode dar origem a fenómenos de espraiamento e galgamento das estruturas de proteção costeiras e portuárias, cada vez mais intensos e frequentes, tornando as estruturas mais vulneráveis, bem como as zonas por elas protegidas.Assim, num canal de ondas irregulares do LNEC, foi construído um perfil de um quebra-mar de enrocamento, à escala 1:30, e definido um programa de 15 ensaios, considerando valores de altura de onda significativa, período de pico e níveis de água representativos de condições de agitação incidente extremas, a que se poderão associar os referidos cenários de alterações climáticas.Para cada ensaio, efetuaram-se medições da elevação da superfície livre, do espraiamento e do caudal médio galgado. Os valores experimentais de espraiamento e de galgamento foram comparados com os previstos pelas formulações empíricas do EurOtop, para um dos cenários de alterações climáticas testado.

This paper describes a programme under the responsibility of LNEC for the systematic observation and monitoring of maritime works, termed OSOM+, that has successfully been applied to an extensive number of maritime structures on the Portuguese mainland coast and abroad.The OSOM+ programme comprises the following four main components for each structure: Periodic visual inspections by a trained technician; Periodic aerial inspections with a UAV/drone; The ANOSOM-GIS database, to store and/or query obtained information, as well as to diagnose present, evolution and risk conditions; A mobile, portable, application, for real-time input and visualization of the database information.This recently updated methodology encompasses a number of tools and functionalities that are illustrated in this paper with applications to a real case scenario, the Ericeira

This paper describes the physical model, experimental setup and tests performed at the Portuguese Civil Engineering Laboratory (LNEC), to study the motions and forces of a moored ship at the Leixões port, for different sea states in irregular waves. The tests were carried out at one of the wave tanks of LNEC, where the Leixões port layout was implemented at scale 1:80 with the detailed model similar to the prototype bathymetry and surrounding structures. The moored ship is a 3.43 m long scale model of the well-known

Scour protections are commonly designed according to semi-empiric methodologies, which are based on a deterministic approach. This often results in overestimated dimensions of the protection, namely, regarding the required minimum stone size for offshore engineering. Therefore, excessive costs of the protection are expected, when the deterministic design methodology is used. Moreover, these methodologies do not provide a measure of safety associated to the design of the scour protection. In this paper, one uses copulas theory to model the correlated long-term behaviour of the significant wave height and peak period. The statistical models are then used to address the probability of failure of a case study scour protection. The results show that the copula models influence the safety assessment of the scour protection. The research also includes a brief analysis of physical model tests, which were successfully used to define dynamically and statically stable scour protections for the case study analysed.

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