Publications

Shrinkage-compensating concrete is usually used to minimize cracking caused by shrinkage. This type of concrete is recommended in structural and non-structural repairs, when there are internal or external restraints for the concrete elements. Commercial products which include concrete based on expansive cements or made with shrinkage reducing admixtures are available. This study evaluates the behavior of two commercial products, both at early age and also after some 2 years. The results indicate an appropriate behavior between demolding and the first weeks, both in sealed and submerged environments, but, after that, a consistent and relevant increase of shrinkage was observed.

Existe atualmente um elevado desconhecimento ao nível da reabilitação e conservação de edificações construídas em terra. Nas reparações, devem usar-se argamassas com base em terra, compatíveis com estes suportes, cujo comportamento é no entanto fundamental conhecer. A quantidade de água utilizada na amassadura de uma argamassa tem, em princípio, grande influência nas características físicas, na trabalhabilidade e, consequentemente, no resultado final da aplicação. Contudo, não há informação disponível para argamassas de terra. Foram realizados ensaios de caracterização no estado fresco e endurecido, de argamassas de terra realizadas com quatro terras distintas, cada uma com seis diferentes teores de água. Avaliou-se também diretamente a trabalhabilidade, mediante aplicações efetuadas por operadores em provetes de taipa. Foi possível observar que a retração e a trabalhabilidade das argamassas eram fortemente influenciadas pela relação água/material seco. Esta relação condiciona assim a viabilidade das argamassas, tendo-se, no entanto, verificado que o operador é também um fator de elevada importância neste contexto.

A multi-analytical approach was used to study the pictorial layers of a set of 17th century historic glazed tiles (azulejos) of Portuguese manufacture. The pictorial layer was studied by ?-EDXRF, ?-Raman, SEM-EDS and OM. Although the established palette comprises few pigments, it was found that the tiles were enhanced by the use of pigment mixtures, which were identified by ?-Raman and ?-EDXRF. As expected, the blue colour derives from cobalt oxide, purple from manganese oxide and emerald-green from copper oxide. Regarding the yellow pigment, ?-Raman results show it is consistent with the composition of a ternary oxide, whereas ?-EDXRF shows a high intensity of Zn in this colour, indicating a composition close to a Pb–Sb–Zn ternary oxide. Some compounds from the original ores were also indentified: in two very dark blue samples, cobalt and nickel olivines (?-Co2SiO4, ?-Ni2SiO4), and in a dark brown sample, braunite (a manganese silicate).

Due to the improvement of several properties, such as lower water absorption and increasing resistance to microcracking, polymer modification of mortar and concrete potentially leads to an inhibiting effect on alkali– silica reaction (ASR). In this study, polymer–cement mortars (PCMs) were subjected to accelerated alkali reactivity tests and their performance compared to that of an unmodified cement mortar (CM). Expansion of PCMs was overall higher, but SEM observations revealed apparent lower microcracking intensity of the cement paste, compared to the unmodified CM. Subsequent stiffness damage tests (SDTs) quantified the existing damage after alkali reactivity tests and confirmed the lower microcracking intensity in PCMs.

At the National Laboratory of Civil Engineering (LNEC), Portugal, and with financial support from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) given to the research project PTDC/ECM/101810/2008 – Polymer-modified Cement Mortars for the Repair of Concrete Structures, an ongoing study aims to assess the possible prevention of steel corrosion induced by carbonation in PCMs and to set new research topics based on the results, due to the potential effect of polymers on the properties of cement mortar that have been shown to influence the corrosion of embedded steel, such as the reduction of water absorption and ionic mobility and the increase in electrical resistivity and resistance to CO2 uptake. The action of styrene-butadiene and acrylic-styrene polymers on steel corrosion in cement mortars was assessed after steel depassivation was induced by carbonation in an environment meeting the required conditions for progression of steel corrosion.

Rehabilitation/restoration systems involving bonded-in rods represent an efficient alternative method for the repair and/or reinforcement of structural timber members. However, in spite of their advantages, their use is still restrained by the lack of knowledge about their long-term performance. In order to correct this situation it is necessary to gain a greater understanding of their durability, creep and fatigue behaviour. However, reliable and realistic accelerated ageing tests do not yet exist, and the application of the existing European or American standards to epoxy bonded products are much too penalising, since they merely impose severe conditions that are not verified in service although these may be suitable for other adhesives. To address these concerns a test procedure to assess long-term behaviour of bonded-in rod connections was developed with the aim of providing a simple method for the selection of candidate repair system materials for specific applications. The data collected so far using the RPAT (realistic performance assessment test) appears to predict correctly the end-use performance for different adhesives as well as for different timbers.

This paper compares the factors known to influence the deleterious alkali-silica reaction in concrete with the properties that polymers tend to modify in cementitious materials. A discussion on the potential ASR-influencing mechanisms of polymer additions is provided, along with a critical review of the existing literature on the subject. The influence of the potentially significant differences in mechanical properties and sorptivity between polymer-modified and unmodified cementitious materials on the expansion results of alkali reactivity tests is also discussed. According to the available results, the influence of polymers on ASR-related expansion seems to depend on both polymer type and dosage, suggesting the existence of concurrent, not yet well understood mechanisms by which polymers may influence ASR-related expansion. As polymer modification of cementitious materials can lead to significantly lower modulus of elasticity, higher tensile strength and resistance to microcracking, it is suggested that further research on the subject includes not only expansion tests but also an assessment of the resistance of polymer-modified cementitious materials to ASR-related damage, the main concern due to this deleterious phenomena.

The PRODOMEA 8-phase model is a DSS that aims at tackling with the diversity of conditions, materials, methods and disciplines involved in monument conservation interventions by accompanying planners through conceiving, designing and execution phases, suggesting recommended actions and key actors for each phase. For most recommended actions, different options available should be considered in light of their physical-chemical, operational, socio-cultural and environmental compatibility towards the monument, which may be assessed via quantitative and semi-quantitative indicators, resulting in an overall (in)compatibility index, thus guiding decision making. The Monastery of Santa Clara-a-Velha (Coimbra, Portugal) today essentially corresponds to the early XIV century church and cloister, and to a rich collection of archaeological finds, that detail the nunnery life until it was abandoned to recurrent river flooding, in the late XVII century; ultimately, all but the church top was submersed for most of the XX century. The Monastery recently suffered an extensive conservation intervention, integrated in a larger requalification project that included the construction of a containment barrier against flooding, the exhaustive archaeological survey of the site and the construction of an interpretative centre. The PRODOMEA approach was applied as a post-intervention exercise with a double objective: to validate the use of this methodology as an assessment tool, and as an instrument to extract knowledge on best practices and on actions to be avoided or modified in future interventions. This paper reports the main outcome of this exercise. The exercise indicated that this DSS is suited to serve as a planning tool for complex interventions and, for Santa Clara-a-Velha, its using would have made a qualitative difference, namely by anticipating some of the problems that arose during execution. Attention is drawn to three illustrative examples: the apse rooftop and the cloister paving bricks and lithic remains to be remounted.

Unstabilised rammed earth is a recyclable, economical and eco-friendly building material, used in the past and still applied today. Traditionally, its use was based on a long empirical knowledge of the local materials. Because this knowledge was mostly lost or is no longer sufficient, in many countries normative documents have been produced to allow the assessment of rammed earth soils. With the aim of contributing for a refining of these normative requirements, this article presents a research work that included: (i) collection of unstabilised rammed earth samples from six constructions in Portugal; (ii) a literature survey of normative and complementary documents to identify the most mentioned key-properties, the test procedures and the corresponding threshold limits; (iii) a discussion of the test procedures and of the thresholds limits in the light of the experimental results. The analyzed properties are the particle size distribution, maximum particle size, plasticity, compaction, linear shrinkage, organic content and salt content. The work highlights the advantages of taking into account the characteristics of existing constructions as a basis for the establishment and further refining of consistent threshold values. In particular, it shows that it is essential to adjust the requirements to the specificities of local materials.

Unstabilised rammed earth is a recyclable, economical and eco-friendly building material, used in the past and still applied today. Traditionally, its use was based on a long empirical knowledge of the local materials. Because this knowledge was mostly lost or is no longer sufficient, in many countries normative documents have been produced to allow the assessment of rammed earth soils. With the aim of contributing for a refining of these normative requirements, this article presents a research work that included: (i) collection of unstabilised rammed earth samples from six constructions in Portugal; (ii) a literature survey of normative and complementary documents to identify the most mentioned key-properties, the test procedures and the corresponding threshold limits; (iii) a discussion of the test procedures and of the thresholds limits in the light of the experimental results. The analyzed properties are the particle size distribution, maximum particle size, plasticity, compaction, linear shrinkage, organic content and salt content. The work highlights the advantages of taking into account the characteristics of existing constructions as a basis for the establishment and further refining of consistent threshold values. In particular, it shows that it is essential to adjust the requirements to the specificities of local materials.

A significant number of problems related to concrete deterioration have been detected in large concrete structures in Portugal and worldwide, the leading cause being ASR. The importance of these structures, the number of for which ASR has already been identified or is very likely to be diagnosed in a near future, as well as the number of structures that are under or planned for construction, which may also come to develop ASR is why it is still nowadays a major concern and a complex problem. Therefore, a study is being conducted at LNEC to diminish the negative impact of ASR by increasing knowledge on how to reliably control ASR in new structures and on how to properly assess its extent and potential for future development in the existing ones, so that the risks to structural integrity and need for mitigation/remediation actions can be properly assessed. This paper presents methodologies, based on state-of-the-knowledge collected on that study, which may be used by construction industry stakeholders in the prevention of ASR in new concrete structures and on ASR diagnosis and prognosis in existing concrete structures.

In the second half of the nineteenth century the Roseira factory in Lisbon was one of the most important manufacturers of façade tiles used both in Portugal and in Brazil. “Casa das Bolas”, a condominium building in Lisbon informally named after the glazed tiles decorated with spherical elements in trompe l'oeil of its ground-floor façade, was owned by a member of the Roseira family who erected it using parts of an earlier construction in 1871-72. In its interior can be seen an authentic showcase of patterns produced by the factory and applied in apparently random order under the inside of the window sills and in some service areas. The singularities of this application, associated with the high number of patterns therein (over 50), make it an important reference for the study of façade tiles in the first decades of their use. It is an invaluable source of information about a factory that was possibly the first to produce façade tiles in Lisbon and despite having supplied many of the tiles seen at the Royal Pena Palace in Sintra and at other important constructions of the time, such as the Beau Séjour Palace in Lisbon, remains almost unknown.

Propõe-se apresentar o projeto CyberParks, cujo principal objetivo é criar uma plataforma de intercâmbios e conhecimentos sobre Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC), a produção e práticas de uso de espaços públicos urbanos e a sua relevância para o desenvolvimento urbano sustentável. Exploramse as principais perspectivas teórico-metodológicas delineadas no âmbito da realização de estudos de caso em Lisboa. Com base nos avanços até aqui conseguidos, discute-se alguns dos desafios que se colocam no âmbito do gerir os riscos e as potencialidades no recurso as tecnologias da informação e comunicação (TIC), nomeadamente quando consideradas mediadoras ativas da relação entre a produção de conhecimento sobre o uso do espaço público urbano – investigação – e a definição de eixos orientadores de intervenção – planeamento.

This reflection is part of a wider interest in the study of the social processes of development of cultural heritage. Based on the knowledge of how these values are formed and represented, this more ambitious purpose is oriented towards the identification of how social and symbolic meanings related to cultural heritage can, in a dynamic, interactive and negotiated way, collaborate with protection and conservation practices. As a general framework, it is assumed that the process of heritage invention is a social practice, simultaneously mentioning that so are also are the preservation and conservation, which require social involvement and other types of commitment. In fact the tile heritage is no exception to this starting frame. Therefore, this reflection whose goals are more modest, illustrates some of the preambles leading to the interest in starting a research on the social meanings associated with the azulejo (ceramic tile) integrated in architecture. The focus of the reflection is the Portuguese context, where it is supposedly consistent to refer that the azulejo is a secular element of material culture: present with special relevance in the country's cultural landscape and presenting itself as an identity marker; with a permanent place in a national museum, the tile material comprises the contents that define the heritage category, protagonist in the internationalization of the country. The significant exaltation of the expression of tile matter is echoed in several different contexts, discourses and representations. Values of use, function, artistic, decorative and aesthetic, historical, technical and scientific, support the secular tile culture, potentially setting a cultural uniqueness that is plural in diversity through which styles, themes, textures, materials, techniques, colours and patterns are revealed to the eyes of careful observers. However, the secular taste for azulejo also seems to reveal an ambiguous relationship of people and communities with the tile as a material, recognized in the relationship of simultaneous affection and disaffection, reflecting the enhancement in the use of tiles and its trivialization, due to the habit of using and seeing them. What do the appreciable demonstration of enjoyment for the tile, and the manifestations of carelessness, disinterest, vandalization and substitution explain about the relationship between society and heritage? This first perplexity of the relationship of people and communities with the azulejo is the initiatic preamble of an anthropologist to learn about the social universe that covers the culture of the ceramic tile. Therefore, this reflection raises questions about the potential interest of broadening the scope of comprehending azulejo heritage also to its social meaning.

For five centuries, azulejos have been widely used in Portugal as decorative architectural linings. The most serious form of degradation is the spall of the glaze containing the decoration. Crystallisation of soluble salts is often pointed as its main cause, but that remains yet to be proven. Indeed, there are publications on many simulations of salt decay in porous materials such as stone or brick. However, azulejos have a largely impermeable surface which excludes the possibility of through evaporation, and thus represent a very different physical model. This communication reports a study on the physical degradation of azulejos caused by cycles of dissolution and re-crystallisation of sodium chloride (NaCl). Ageing tests were carried out on 26 Portuguese azulejos from the 17th to the 19th century, some of which with original manufacturing defects or with varying degrees of decay arising from their in situ usage. Ageing cells were developed to try to reproduce conditions to which azulejos are subjected to in walls, namely imbibition from the backside and drying through the glazed surface. The azulejos initially contaminated with a NaCl saturated solution were submitted to 81 accelerated full cycles of imbibition/drying. The tests caused damage in some cases- sometimes very extensive damage indeed- particularly settling in areas where the solution could evaporate freely, but failed to reproduce other sorts of damage often found in situ. It did not verify that the action of NaCl alone could trigger an accelerated loss of glaze in a healthy and properly applied azulejo. Moreover, we concluded that the decaying action of soluble salt is facilitated by pre-existing degradation or defects.

Currently, the restoration materials used to fill gaps in architectural historic azulejos (e.g. lime or organic resin pastes) present relevant drawbacks in terms of compatibility, efficacy or durability. The current solutions are not able to fully protect the azulejos resulting in further deterioration. Geopolymers can be a potential solution for azulejo lacunae infill given the chemical-mineralogical similitude, durability and versatile range of physical properties that may be obtained through the manipulation of their formulation and curing conditions. This communication presents and discusses the viability of the use of geopolymeric pastes to fill lacunae in azulejos or to act as “cold” cast ceramic tile surrogates reproducing missing azulejo fragments. The formulation of geopolymers (type and concentration of activators, aluminosilicate source and water content) and curing conditions was optimized. The need for post-curing treatments (desalination) was also taken into consideration in view of the purpose of their application: the restoration of outdoor architectural historic azulejos, which are exposed to adverse environmental conditions. The possible advantages and disadvantages of the use of geopolymers in the conservation of azulejos is also discussed.

The important set of azulejos that can be seen today in the ante-sacristy of the Graça Church, in Lisbon, dated from between circa 1565 (year when the building of the new complex was finished) and 1580, is probably one of the most relevant indications of a local production of azulejos in the faience technique during the 2nd half of the 16th century. In the course of a research conducted to determine the origin of this technique in Portugal we tried to regroup these azulejos, some of them randomly set on the walls, using digital techniques. It is now possible to see some of the coherent images that once they represented. At the same time an important monogram was found in one of the panels, which helped to formulate an hypothesis on the possible author of these panels and brings to light the significant role that Flemish artisans had in the spreading of the faience technique in the manufacture of azulejos by the Lisbon workshops during the 2nd half of the 16th century.

Pattern or figurative azulejos are commonly found decorating the interior of churches, palaces and religious buildings in Portugal, representing local productions from the late 16th century onwards. The history and micro-climatic background of each building determined that not every azulejo reached the present day in good condition. Restorers tend to associate azulejo decay to the action of soluble salts through cycles of dissolution and crystallization. NaCl is often mentioned and the suspicion of its presence justifies long desalinization processes during restorations. Whenever there are glaze lacunas and the ceramic biscuit is exposed, efflorescence is sometimes apparent at the surface. Other times there is no visible efflorescence, even in locations inaccessible to cleaning actions, and no signs of sanding associated to crypto-florescence. The aim of this research was the survey of in situ forms of degradation, and the sampling of efflorescence and decaying biscuits, aimed at: i) determining the occurrence of soluble salts even if unapparent; ii) determining analytically their nature; iii) establishing circumstantial relations between the occurrence of particular soluble salts and decay, to be later explored through laboratorial simulations. 29 properties throughout Portugal were visited (of which 14 inland and 15 in coastal areas) in which walls were lined with azulejos produced in Coimbra or Lisbon. The salt samples and small fragments collected in situ were analysed with a HITACHI 3700N Scanning Electron Microscope with microanalysis unit (SEM-EDS) at the Hercules Laboratory (Évora University). The communication will illustrate the results of the study, connecting some forms of decay to the action of soluble salts recurrently found associated with them such as NaCl, more abundantly found in near-shore properties, along with sodium carbonate (trona). Magnesium and calcium sulphate were more common in inland properties.

In the last decades, a significant number of problems related to concrete deterioration have been detected in large concrete structures in Portugal and throughout the world; the leading cause being internal expansive reactions (IER), more specifically, alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and internal sulfatic reaction (ISR). Current knowledge on IER does not allow for a complete assessment of the actual condition of an IER affected structure and the accurate prediction of the deterioration of the mechanical properties and, consequently, of the period during which the structure will effectively perform its function, essential for the timely and cost-effective planning of the necessary mitigation/rehabilitation/reconstruction works. This is of upmost importance in large concrete structures, like bridges and dams, where IER can have severe consequences in terms of structural safety and serviceability. Therefore, to help surpassing this situation, a research project is being conducted at LNEC to contribute to the establishment of a method for the accurate determination of current level of IER progression and for obtaining data relating the level of expansion with deterioration of mechanical properties. These are essential to the adequate overall appraisal of an affected structure, and the development of structural models that predict risks to structural integrity, potential for further deterioration due to other mechanisms, need for mitigation/remediation actions, and the remaining service life of the affected structure. To study the effect that IER have in the deterioration of concrete, the common practice is to perform tests on specimens exposed to an artificial environment that promotes IER. However, these tests take several months or years to produce results. Thus, this paper presents the work carried out on the above research project to devise a method capable of producing internal damage to concrete in a short period and in a way that the produced deterioration affects the concrete mechanical properties similarly to IER.

Jorge Colaço is a Portuguese painter who started his artistic career as painter, oil painting on canvas and making cartoons for newspapers. In the early twentieth century, due to curiosity and interest in tiles, he devoted himself to tile painting. The vastness and the quality of his artwork (tile and frame panels) required mastery and accuracy in drawing and painting, but also a developed knowledge of the ceramic techniques, which the artist acquired in the factories where he worked: Sacavém Factory (Fábrica de Sacavém) and Lusitânia Factory (Fábrica Cerâmica Lusitânia). In the context of the inventory and identification of his artistic creation we highlight the conservation issues. Towards a deeper understanding of these problems it was necessary to corroborate by laboratorial analysis the information provided by written and oral sources about the techniques he once used. For the analytic part of this research we were limited by the samples made available that were nonetheless considered sufficient to draw conclusions: two samples of indoor polychrome panels from Casa do Alentejo in Lisbon, painted while he worked at the Sacavém Factory; and one sample retrieved from the outdoor panels that line the façade of the Santo Ildefonso Church, in Oporto, painted while at the Lusitânia Factory.

This e-book and correspondent platform MyC3Place present the collection of the outcomes carried out by the partners of the C3Places Project. It explores the new dynamics of open spaces as a trusted service for community and expands our understanding on how mediated public open spaces function, paying attention to stakeholders, local context and different social groups. The e-book shows how it's possible to increase the quality of public open spaces (squares, parks, green spaces) as a community’s service, reflecting through ICT the needs of different social groups. Public spaces are critical for cultural identity, as they offer the place for interactions among generations and ethnicities. Even in the digital era, people still need contact with nature and other people to develop different life skills, values and attitudes, to be healthy, satisfied and environmentally responsible. Using ICT and co-creating with users, this e-book expands our knowledge on meeting emerging citizens’ needs about the future public space. All the contents are classified by means of keywords that are described on the following pages. Then the work of each partner is presented in detail.

C3Places - using ICT for Co-Creation of inclusive public Places is a project funded under the scheme of the ERA-NET Cofund Smart Urban Futures / Call joint research programme (ENSUF), JPI Urban Europe, https://jpi-urbaneurope.eu/project/c3places. C3Places aims at increasing the quality of public open spaces (e.g. squares, parks, green spaces) as community service, reflecting the needs of different social groups through ICTs. The notion of C3Places is based on the understanding that public open spaces have many different forms and features, and collectively add crucial value to the experience and liveability of urban areas. Understanding public open spaces can be done from a variety of perspectives. For simplicity’s sake, and because it best captures what people care most about, C3Places considers the “public” dimension to be a crucial feature of an urban space. Public spaces are critical for cultural identity, as they offer places for interactions among generations and ethnicities. Even in the digital era, people still need contact with nature and other people to develop different life skills, values and attitudes, to be healthy, satisfied and environmentally responsible. The book aims to spark discussion on the co-creation of public open spaces through the active involvement of different stakeholders in the production of a more inclusive, attractive and responsive urban environment. It intends to help researchers, governments and drivers in understanding and implementing more collaborative actions. The authors share experiences, visions and reflections on how co-creation and participatory processes can open up possibilities for a sustainable and equitable future. This book emphasises three dimensions: practice, reflection, and learning. Practice concerns driving actions, identified and analysed experiences that serve as key models. Reflection refers to exploring and examining the results and performances of a co-creation process. Co-creation is not the search for a final product, but rather a process and a new path to more responsive and inclusive communities. Learning refers to the knowledge transfer and replication induced by the synergy of the different actors involved in this book. The chapters which constitute this work were completed prior to Spring 2020, so the research and insights do not reference the global public health crisis caused by Covid-19. However, in such challenging times the argument for co-creation approaches to increase the potential of public spaces to support a range of inclusiveness outcomes is even stronger. This publication is based upon work of C3Places Project. The C3Places Project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 693443 and from FCT (Portuguese Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology).

This volume aims to promote discussion and critical thinking on the urban environment at the intersection of the neighbourhood and the city, along their socio-spatial relations, from an interdisciplinary, multidimensional and international perspective. The chapters cover various aspects related to the meaning of living, intervening, planning, managing, thinking about and producing the city in the digital era, with a view to increasing the understanding of neighbourhoods as part of a wider consideration of social and sustainable development and the need for greater care of urban communities. This has a direct impact on public open spaces, which lie at the core of CyberParks. The international scope of the edition is enhanced by its bilingual nature, as this volume targets, in addition to a European readership, also the readership of Portuguese-speaking countries. This publication is based upon work from COST Action TU1306, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology).

Vários

Publicação que regista os resumos expandidos realizados no âmbito do Congresso Ibero-americano "Património, suas matérias e imatérias", realizado nos dias 2-3 de novembro de 2016 no LNEC, contendo ainda em CDrom, os artigos completos.

Em 2011 cumpriram-se 100 anos sobre a publicação da Lei de Reorganização dos Serviços Artísticos e Arqueológicos da 1ª República (Maio de 1911). Este diploma constituiu uma referência incontornável no enquadramento do conceito de património que iria influenciar toda a prática da sua salvaguarda em Portugal. Por coincidência, cumpriram-se também neste ano os 80 anos da Carta de Atenas (Outubro de 1931), um marco histórico na produção de documentos orientadores de cariz internacional, que veio incentivar a produção de novas cartas e outros documentos internacionais que, em larga medida, ainda definem e sustentam as actuais práticas de preservação do património. O Instituto de História da Arte da Universidade de Lisboa e o Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil quiseram com este simpósio assinalar aquelas efemérides oferecendo às comunidades científicas e profissionais uma oportunidade de reflectirem sobre estes acontecimentos pioneiros e debaterem as consequências que eles tiveram no período transcorrido desde então, como forma de compreender melhor a salvaguarda do património nos dias de hoje, perante os desafios e exigências da sociedade moderna. Os artigos recebidos, e que constam nas presentes actas, demonstram o interesse que o tema suscita e confirmam que o País está bem apetrechado para cuidar do seu património em todas as vertentes que tal objectivo exige. Ao juntarmos as valências de duas instituições tão diferenciadas, procurámos mostrar que a preservação é um conceito multifacetado, que necessita de contributos diversos, mas precisos, e que não pode ser abordado de forma unilateral ou voluntarista por um qualquer grupo profissional ou ditado por meios burocráticos como medida normalizada ou normalizável. Os trabalhos agora publicados dão conta dos primórdios das preocupações sobre preservação, discutem problemáticas que percorreram o Séc. XX e reflectem sobre as situações actuais, cumprindo cabalmente as nossas expectativas e enriquecendo o acervo de exemplos e de doutrinas que nos permitem afirmar que não é por falta de conhecimento, de experiências ou de competências realizadoras que ainda hoje vemos acontecerem intervenções desqualificadas, mal preparadas e desajustadas. As presentes actas aí estão para demonstrar que fazer mal ou abandonar património não têm que ser fatalidades de um país.

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Atualmente existe grande interesse pelas técnicas construtivas com terra crua, que tinham caído em desuso mas que ressurgiram com a conscencialização face à ecoeficiencia e no sentido de explorar recursos locais reutilizáveis. A taipa é, a nível mundial, uma das mais antigas e difundidas técnicas de construção. Em Portugal a taipa reune grande atenção porque é uma das principais técnicas utilizadas na nova construção com terra. Mas esta atenção decorre também da necessidade de reabilitação de edifícios antigos e da existência de um vasto e valioso património arquitetónico, que precisa ser preservado. Muitos dos edifícios antigos de terra deterioraram-se por falta (ou ineficiência) de manutenção e reparação. De fato, existe um elevado desconhecimento ao nível das técnicas de reabilitação e conservação. O presente trabalho de investigação explora a questão da adequabilidade de argamassas para a reparação de paredes de taipa. A escassa informação nesta área justificou o estudo das caraterísticas mais adequadas para estas argamassas de reparação e definição de recomendações para sua aplicação. Partiu-se do pressuposto que, para perspetivar intervenções de reparação com maior ciclo de vida, é importante asseverar não só a durabilidade das argamassas de reparação, mas também a sua compatibilidade com a parede. A principal conclusão é que, sempre que possível, as argamassas devem ser efetuadas com a mesma terra utilizada na parede ou com materiais tão semelhantes a esses quanto possível, para que as propriedades físicas, mecânicas e químicas sejam compatíveis com as da parede a reparar. Se a taipa não tiver sido estabilizada com ligantes minerais, estes não devem também ser utilizados nas argamassas de reparação. Observou-se ainda que as argamassas estabilizadas com ligantes minerais apresentam uma absorção capilar muito mais rápida do que o mesmo tipo de argamassas sem estabilização e que a utilização de fibras vegetais potencia o aparecimento de bolores, quando as argamassas se encontram em ambientes com elevadas humidade relativa.

This thesis was aimed at understanding the behaviour of plasters and renders on salt-loaded walls. The current state-of-the-art and state-of-the-practice were accessed focusing particularly on old plastered/rendered buildings and their conservation practice in Portugal. Afterwards, experimental work was carried out aiming at answering the identified questions. Two laboratory techniques, for relative humidity control with salt solutions and for salt content determination by hygroscopic moisture content measurements, were investigated. Drying of salt-loaded materials was studied by means of drying experiments monitored using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique. The behaviour of plasters and renders in relation to salt crystallization was then accessed by means of crystallization tests and MRI-monitored drying tests. Most drying and crystallization tests were carried out on specimens composed by a plaster or render applied on a given substrate. Finally, the study of five old buildings in Portugal provided an insight into practice-related salt decay features. On the basis of this research, guidelines are proposed to select plasters and renders for salt loaded walls. Conclusions were also achieved on: (i) possibilities and limitations of the test methods, particularly salt crystallization tests, and diagnostic methodology used; (ii) salt decay processes, namely, influence of soluble salts on drying, mechanisms of salt-induced dampness and salt distribution in masonry; (iii) reasons for sodium chloride being typically much less damaging than sodium sulfate in laboratory tests; (iv) influence of factors such as the type of salt, kind of substrate material or presence of a paint layer on the behaviour of plasters and renders; (v) factors that can account for a worsening of salt damage after restoration interventions; (vi) field or application conditions that favour salt damage.

A ação dos sais solúveis e humidade nos edifícios antigos é uma causa frequente da sua degradação. Pretende-se com este trabalho estudar experimentalmente, através de ensaios laboratoriais, de que forma diferentes tipos de sais dissolvidos em água influenciam a absorção por capilaridade em materiais porosos. O levantamento do estado da arte incidiu sobre a ação de degradação dos sais solúveis sobre os materiais porosos, sobre as características dos materiais porosos e foca também os mecanismos de transporte da água, no estado liquido e de vapor, envolvidos nos processos de absorção capilar e secagem. A campanha experimental realizada incluiu o ensaio de absorção por capilaridade e o ensaio de secagem. Os materiais porosos utilizados foram o tijolo e a argamassa e utilizaram-se seis soluções salinas, de concentração saturada: cloreto de sódio, sulfato de sódio, cloreto de potássio, nitrato de sódio, nitrato de potássio e carbonato de sódio. Realizaram-se os mesmos ensaios com água, que serviram como referência. Esta dissertação permitiu tirar conclusões sobre: i) a influência dos sais na absorção por capilaridade; ii) processos de degradação, influência dos sais solúveis na secagem de materiais porosos; iii) a correlação existente entre a degradação dos materiais porosos com o tipo de sal.

Although Portuguese azulejos are such an important heritage asset, having been extensively studied from the Art Historian viewpoint, the knowledge concerning the raw materials used and the details of the technological manufacturing process is very limited. The research project behind this dissertation was aimed at improving the present knowledge as concerns the composition of the blue pigment used in the 17th and 18th centuries. A representative set of azulejos spanning at least 200 years from ca. 1600 to 1800 was selected and the composition of the blue colour in their glazes analysed. The results were assessed aiming to answer the following main questions: i- What are the characteristic compositions of the colour (pigment and impurities) and how do they relate with the chronology of the azulejos? ii- What are the compositional traits that bear on the shades of the blue colour? iii- Can Portuguese azulejos be separated from Dutch and Spanish productions, at times when they co-existed in Portugal, solely by the composition of the blue colour? iv- Is the composition of the blue colour related with provenance of azulejos within Portugal? v- Are there grounds to suspect that at some time the Portuguese used, besides the well-known German zaffre, alternative sources of blue colour imported through their wide sea trade routes?

The presence of moisture inside a material whose surface was treated with a water repellent agent may give rise to unwanted side-effects. Indeed, the temporal and spatial significance of moistening events may be intensified if a water-repellent, as any other kind of treatment, hinders drying. This effect can be particularly relevant for historical buildings, where moisture from varied origins is recurrently present in the masonry, but is also pertinent for more recent constructions since water often finds ways to penetrate the building elements, through cracks or joints. This article discusses the application of water repellent treatments on ceramic brick, with regard to drying of the masonry. The influence of cracks parallel or perpendicular to the surface is taken into account. Five silicone-based treatments were studied. The treated or untreated material was subjected to capillary absorption tests by which the effectiveness of the water repellent effect was estimated, as well as water vapour permeability tests and drying tests. The effectiveness of four out of the five treatments is high. Vapour permeability is not much affected in one case, when the cracks are parallel to the surface, and in none of the cases, when they are perpendicular. Nonetheless, drying is significantly delayed by any of the five products, both in the case where the cracks are parallel to the surface as when they are perpendicular.

A presente dissertação visa avaliar a eficácia de dois modificadores de cristalização com baixa toxicidade quando em aplicados em dois materiais porosos, contaminados com dois tipos de sal. Foram testados o ácido cítrico e o ácido fosfocítrico, aplicados por absorção capilar ou por pulverização, em provetes de argamassa de cal aérea ou pedra de Malta saturados com soluções salinas de cloreto de sódio ou sulfato de sódio a 10% (percentagem ponderal). Foi efectuada uma análise macroscópica do efeito dos dois modificadores, baseada em ensaios de secagem. A pesquisa do estado-da-arte incidiu sobre as características dos materiais porosos, transporte de água, sais solúveis e modificadores de cristalização. Na campanha experimental foram ainda realizados ensaios de caracterização da argamassa fresca, da argamassa endurecida e da pedra de Malta utilizadas. Determinaram-se também as características de porosidade, permeabilidade ao vapor de água, tensão superficial e evaporação das soluções, capilaridade e secagem. O trabalho realizado permitiu conhecer os principais desenvolvimentos recentes sobre modificadores de cristalização e concluir sobre a influência na secagem e a relevância dos dois modos de aplicação testados do ácido cítrico e do ácido fosfocítrico.

A acção dos sais solúveis é uma causa frequente de degradação dos edifícios antigos, reflectindo-se a vários níveis (e.g., estético, habitabilidade, segurança estrutural). Esta dissertação tem como objectivo efectuar a análise e sistematização de um leque abrangente de práticas actualmente utilizadas para controlo da degradação por sais solúveis. Neste âmbito, foi utilizada a análise documental de bibliografia posterior a 2000 e procedeu-se à análise crítica de métodos de controlo da degradação seleccionados: remoção mecânica de eflorescências; remoção de materiais contaminantes; compressas; remoção electroquímica de sais; microrganismos; modificadores de cristalização; rebocos; controlo ambiental; controlo da humidade ascensional; método do hidróxido de bário. Analisaram-se também algumas medidas práticas para prevenção do risco de ocorrência ou agravamento desta degradação. Adicionalmente, avaliou-se a complementaridade entre métodos, identificando eventuais benefícios de uma acção conjugada. A sistematização das práticas analisadas envolveu o seu enquadramento segundo três abordagens distintas: prevenção, correcção, e mitigação. A dissertação permitiu tirar conclusões sobre: (i) a actuação face à degradação provocada por sais solúveis, a qual deve pautar-se por uma compreensão global do problema; (ii) a importância das medidas preventivas, como meio para evitar os danos e custos associados; (iii) a relevância dos métodos de controlo da degradação, nas vertentes correctiva e de mitigação; (iv) a experiência actual sobre a utilização prática dos métodos em edifícios, designadamente com relação ao número de casos de estudo existentes; (v) a necessidade de uma boa compreensão das práticas referidas, nomeadamente em relação às vantagens e inconvenientes, a qual pode ser facilitada pela sua sistematização.

Estudou-se um conjunto de fragmentos de azulejos datados do século XVII, de produção portuguesa, cedido pelo Museu Nacional do Azulejo. O objectivo foi caracterizar morfológica e quimicamente a camada pictórica da azulejaria portuguesa do século XVII. O estudo utilizou uma abordagem multi-analítica, incluindo a espectrometria de fluorescência de raios X dispersiva de energias (µ-EDXRF), espectroscopia de Raman, o microscópio electrónico de varrimento com microanálise de raios X (SEM-EDS), e técnicas de observação incluindo o SEM e microscopia óptica. A azulejaria portuguesa do século XVII caracteriza-se por uma paleta cromática relativamente rica, que engloba o azul, amarelo, laranja, verde, púrpura, um tom púrpura acastanhado e ainda outro castanho muito escuro utilizado em contornos. As cores integram um fundo branco – o vidrado estanífero característico da majólica. Confirmou-se que o azul se deve ao óxido de cobalto, o púrpura ao óxido de manganês e um dos verdes, de aparência transparente, ao óxido de cobre. Os resultados indicam que o amarelo será uma variante do pigmento amarelo de Nápoles (antimoniato de chumbo), constituído por um óxido triplo de Pb-Sb-Zn. As outras cores são obtidas através de misturas: o laranja resulta da adição de hematite ao pigmento amarelo, o verde-seco resulta da adição de óxido de cobalto também ao pigmento amarelo, e os vários tons entre púrpura e castanho resultam da mistura de hematite com óxido de manganês em teores variáveis. Observaram-se morfologias distintas das cores: o amarelo, laranja e castanho-escuro permanecem à superfície do vidrado e conferem-lhe cores opacas. O azul, o verde-cobre e o púrpura difundem no vidrado em profundidade e, por vezes, horizontalmente. Os seus óxidos dissolvem-se na matriz vítrea, obtendo-se uma cor transparente. Com o verde-seco ocorre uma separação dos componentes da cor, na medida em que as partículas de pigmento amarelo permanecem à superfície, enquanto o azul difunde no vidrado.

A presente dissertação tem por finalidade compreender a influência dos tratamentos hidrófugos na secagem do tijolo cerâmico, tendo assentado na realização de ensaios de absorção capilar, permeabilidade ao vapor de água e secagem. Foi inicialmente avaliada a possibilidade de utilização de tijolo cerâmico maciço de três proveniências distintas. Uma destas origens foi a Praça de Touros do Campo Pequeno, em Lisboa, que permitiu estudar quatro tipos distintos de tijolo antigo. As outras duas origens foram as cerâmicas Torreense e de Vale de Gândara, tratando-se portanto neste caso de tijolos de fabrico recente. Os diferentes tipos de tijolo foram caracterizados quanto à sua aparência, morfologia, teor de sal, absorção capilar e comportamento em secagem. O tijolo de Vale de Gândara foi o tipo seleccionado para a aplicação dos tratamentos hidrófugos. Foi detectada a presença de fissuras neste tipo tijolo, tal como em todos os outros tipos caracterizados. Sendo este defeito relevante para o transporte de humidade, foi necessário ter em consideração a influência da orientação preferencial das fissuras. Assim, utilizaram-se em todos os ensaios provetes com fissuras paralelas e provetes com fissuras perpendiculares à superfície. Estudaram-se cinco tratamentos hidrófugos com base em silicone. Foram realizados ensaios de absorção capilar através da face tratada, ensaios de permeabilidade ao vapor de água e ensaios de secagem (método RILEM da curva de evaporação). Realizaram-se ensaios semelhantes sobre o material não-tratado, que serviram como referência. Os resultados do ensaio de absorção capilar indicam que a eficácia de quatro dos tratamentos é elevada, sendo a secagem do tijolo significativamente dificultada por esses quatro produtos. Verificou-se, no entanto, que o decréscimo da permeabilidade ao vapor apenas é significativo para três hidrófugos. A influência dos hidrófugos na permeabilidade ao vapor apenas é mensurável no caso dos provetes com fissuras paralelas à base. Quando as fissuras são perpendiculares à base, a permeabilidade ao vapor é bastante mais elevada, não sendo afectada pelo hidrófugo.

A presente dissertação visa compreender a influência dos revestimentos por pintura na secagem de materiais de construção porosos, tendo focado a nível experimental o caso dos substratos constituídos por uma argamassa de cal aérea. Aborda-se, em particular, o caso dos edifícios antigos e, mais especificamente, a situação das paredes com teor de humidade não desprezável que é muito corrente neste tipo de edifícios. O levantamento do estado-da-arte incide sobre as características dos materiais porosos, em particular as argamassas de cal aérea, e de diferentes tipos de revestimentos por pintura indicados para este tipo de utilização. Foca também os mecanismos de transporte de humidade envolvidos nos processos de secagem. Efectuou-se uma pesquisa de mercado e um inquérito ao meio técnico com o objectivo de perceber quais os revestimentos por pintura usados em intervenções de reabilitação / conservação e, assim, avaliar a situação da prática em Portugal. A campanha experimental a seguir realizada incluiu ensaios de permeabilidade ao vapor de água, de absorção capilar e de secagem e incidiu sobre dezasseis revestimentos por pintura disponíveis no mercado português. Treze destes revestimentos são tintas de silicatos, de silicone ou de pliolite que os respectivos fornecedores indicaram serem apropriadas para aplicação em paredes com problemas de humidade. Ensaiaram-se ainda duas tintas de cal de fabrico industrial e uma “tinta plástica” que serviu como referência. A dissertação permitiu obter dados sobre o estado-da-prática em Portugal, em particular no que se refere aos tipos de tintas usados em paredes de edifícios antigos com teor de humidade não desprezável. Permitiu também retirar conclusões sobre: (i) a influência dos revestimentos por pintura na secagem, na absorção de água por capilaridade e na permeabilidade ao vapor de água; (ii) a influência que o estado de humidificação do suporte pode ter no comportamento dos revestimentos; (iii) a correlação existente entre o comportamento à secagem (índice de secagem) e a permeabilidade ao vapor de água, que é a característica correntemente utilizada para prever o desempenho dos revestimentos.

A realização de auditorias pré-demolição a edifícios requer o envolvimento de várias partes interessadas, desde o proprietário, ao projetista e ao empreiteiro, com vista a maximizar a recuperação de materiais e elementos construtivos e minimizar a quantidade de resíduos de construção e demolição, de modo a impulsionar a economia circular no setor da construção. Estas auditorias devem ser realizadas antes do projeto de demolição ou reabilitação do edifício, de acordo com recomendações comuns. Para a realização dessas auditorias, foi desenvolvido este Guia Português para Auditorias Pré-Demolição e uma ferramenta em Excel com modelos padrão para a realização de um inventário aos recursos presentes no edifício. O inventário teve como base as orientações da União Europeia e do Quadro comum da União Europeia de Edifícios Sustentáveis

Os resíduos de construção e demolição (RCD) representam 46% do total de resíduos produzidos na Europa, cerca de 820 milhões de toneladas por ano, ou 5190 kg per capita. Vários constituintes dos RCD são potencialmente reutilizáveis e recicláveis, o que foca a atenção no seu papel relevante na promoção dos princípios da economia circular no setor da construção, na fase de fim de vida. Este enquadramento conceptual visa reunir as melhores práticas dos diferentes países relativamente à aplicação de auditorias de pré-demolição em edifícios como uma ferramenta útil para o desenvolvimento do guia português. É também abordada a necessidade de minimizar a geração de resíduos contaminados, durante a demolição ou reabilitação de edifícios, como um caminho relevante para maximizar a reutilização e reciclabilidade dos RCD e a qualidade dos materiais recuperados. Para este efeito, é apresentada uma lista de substâncias perigosas críticas e feita a identificação dos materiais de construção que potencialmente contêm constituintes perigosos. Neste relatório é descrita a atividade desenvolvida na tarefa T2

Foi fabricado um betão com agregados de minério de ferro proveniente de jazida de Moncorvo, para avaliação do potencial destes agregados para o fabrico de betão de elevada densidade. Com base nos resultados obtidos são feitas considerações sobre a densidade do betão que será possível obter em função da massa volúmica do agregado.

The research project DRYMASS – Drying of porous building materials possibly contaminated with soluble salts (PTDC/ECM/100553/2008) took place from February 2010 to January 2014. The project allowed advancing the knowledge on drying of porous building materials, as well as about how soluble salts and some types of surface layers affect that behaviour. A new method to characterize salt decay processes by optical profilometry was proposed, and the usefulness of NMR to clarify the causes of such processes demonstrated. There was also a provisional patent application, which was based on research results about the influence that lime coatings have on drying. The main findings of the project were specifically the following. Lime coatings may accelerate the drying of porous substrates. Also due to their high drying rate, ordinary building materials have a high evaporative cooling potential. With salt solutions, the drying kinetics of porous building materials is slower than with pure water. One of the causes is the reduction in sorptivity. Occasionally, there is also obstruction to vapour transport by the efflorescence. However, in most cases, porous efflorescence occurs, which pose no obstruction to this transport. Further, fissures or disaggregation may accelerate drying. Soluble salts amplify the effects that the natural heterogeneity of porous materials has on the drying kinetics. Due to the chaotic nature of the process, lime coatings will not necessarily enhance drying in this case. Sodium sulfate can be very destructive in the absence of high temperature or successive wet/dry cycles. A delamination pattern similar to those found in real constructions was observed on the well-known Ançã limestone. NMR showed that mirabilite and heptahydrate can both be responsible for this delamination pattern, in different conditions. Thermal expansion may be one of the mechanisms involved in salt decay processes.

In this report we describe an experimental study carried out at LNEC within the research project DRYMASS (ref. PTDC/ECM/100553/2008). The study was aimed at evaluating the possibility of increasing the drying rate of porous building materials by means of nano-treatments. It was justified by previous results of other authors that observed an apparently unexplainable increase in the evaporation rate of natural stone after application of nano-calcium hydroxide solutions as consolidating agents. Two commercial treatments, consisting on alcoholic or aqueous suspensions of nano-lime or nanosilica, respectively, were tested on three porous building materials. The treatments are generally used for consolidation. The materials were a lime mortar and two natural stones (Ançã limestone and Bentheimer sandstone). It was concluded that neither of the nano-treatments hinders drying. However, they were also not able to increase the drying kinetics of any of the three substrates.

The decay of porous building materials due to salt crystallization is very frequent and often significant in the built heritage and, thus, a proper understanding of the underlying processes has major importance for conservation. In this light, a new method for characterization of salt decay processes was developed within the DRYMASS research project, which is based on continuously measuring by optical profilometry the micrometric changes that occur on the material surface during drying. This method produces three different types of output: the so-called "alteration curve", as well as the current gravimetric evaporation curve and time-lapse photographs of the decay. But the three features had, until now, to be recorded using different specimens. This is an important limitation because the high uncertainty of salt decay processes may give rise to different decay patterns in similar specimens. Here, we present a development of the original study, which was afterwards carried out within the same project to allow evaluating the three features in a single specimen, by using an integrated set-up. This new study was carried out with two salts often found in salt decayed constructions, Na2SO4 and NaCl, and a material frequently used in the architectural heritage, Ançã limestone. Some of the experiments were performed after application of a water repellent treatment on the stone.

This is the third progress report of the research project "DRYMASS - Drying of porous materials possibly contaminated with soluble salts". It includes the following main sections: (i) A summary of the work, which briefly describes the activities undertaken in the reporting period and the results achieved, referring specifically to the tasks under execution in that period. (ii) A justification of the deviations from the Approved Proposal, both from a scientific or financial viewpoint. It also identifies the major difficulties in implementing the approved work plan, and how they will be overcome. (iii) A list of publications. It includes also the following annexes: Annex I – 2nd reformulation proposal with updated timeline; Annex II – Cryspom III - Book of abstracts and conference program; Annex III – Summary report on Cryspom III; Annexe IV – Figures and abstracts; Annexe V – Article submitted to Transport in Porous Media.

Conserving the built heritage today entails decisions and planning at several different levels. Firstly, analysis is necessary regarding what to conserve: values, authenticity and integrity are the key concepts at this macro level. Then, decisions on how to conserve them should consider the chief principles of good conservation practice, among which compatibility, retreatability and minimum intervention are prominent today. This report analyses these concepts and the different ways in which they were translated into the decision support systems that are nowadays resorted to, from values-based decision making and risk management in conservation to intervention planning and performance assessments. The ultimate goal of this analysis is to compile tools that promote a more rational decision making in conservation.

Este relatório sintetiza a atividade desenvolvida no LNEC visando contribuir para a aplicação dos materiais obtidos no processamento de resíduos de construção e demolição (RCD) no sector da construção, nomeadamente em betões e argamassas, em pavimentos rodoviários e em aterros e camadas de leito de infraestruturas de transporte. Esta atividade abrange as áreas de investigação programada, de investigação por contrato e outras atividades científicas e técnicas das quais se destaca a preparação de especificações técnicas específicas para estes materiais, a difusão de conhecimentos através da realização de ações de formação, da elaboração de documentos e da participação em conferências e outras reuniões científicas e técnicas. Nesta atividade integra-se também a cooperação com entidades, nacionais e estrangeiras, designadamente com universidades e associações de carácter científico e técnico. Sendo esta uma atividade transversal no LNEC O presente relatório integra o trabalho desenvolvido no Departamento de Materiais, no Departamento de Edifícios, no Departamento de Geotecnia e no Departamento de Transportes.

A empresa Repsol Polímeros, Lda, através de correio electrónico no dia 6 de Abril de 2011, solicitou ao Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC) a avaliação do estado de degradação de estruturas do Terminal Portuário do Porto de Sines, que incluíam dois viadutos localizados entre os postos de acostagem 4/5 e 9/10 da Área do Porto de Sines (APS)1 e o porto-cais do terminal de Graneis Líquidos2, e a apresentação de recomendações relativas à solução a adoptar para a recuperação das estruturas.

O Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil tem vindo a desenvolver um estudo no domínio da conservação dos azulejos históricos que permitiu, nalguns casos relevantes, estabelecer uma ligação entre determinados defeitos de fabrico e formas específicas de degradação. Esse estudo demonstrou a conveniência no estabelecimento de um glossário ilustrado, incluindo defeitos de fabrico e formas de degradação e contemplando alguma terminologia nova. É esse trabalho, saído de uma colaboração com o Museu Nacional do Azulejo, que agora se apresenta num vocabulário que inclui também algumas definições básicas, cobrindo termos necessários às definições subsequentes de defeitos de fabrico e de formas de degradação. Os termos em relação aos quais pareceu aos autores poderem subsistir dúvidas têm anexas ilustrações exemplificativas.

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This paper delivers actionable recommendations towards building a rationale for activating and promoting Underground Built Heritage (UBH) based on the nexus heritage, territory and society, and making use of existing literature and findings from five international cases. The research was conducted in the framework of the working group on Planning Approaches of the COST Action Underground4value. The analysis of the cases aims to provide guidelines for this working group and to benchmark good practices in activating UBH. It highlights the importance of community-led initiatives, leadership and dialogue and power sharing between the local/regional authorities and communities aiming for better understanding of the potential of UBH. The successes and/or failures of the five cases emphasise the importance of knowledge and experience in participatory approaches. Success was verified, when effectiveness and democratic principles were combined in the planning process, and local history is integrated with citizen science, co-creation and placemaking. The analysed approaches stimulate a new hybrid layer for activating UBH, provide mechanisms of mediation between people and heritage, and contribute to cultural and social dimensions of sustainability. This is a highly challenging endeavour, as it seeks to support and advance a sound understanding of UBH as a sustainable resource, backed by strategic stakeholder dialogue and contextual knowledge. Such effort requires a dynamic understanding of UBH values, knowledge, abilities and skills, towards creating more effective coalitions of “actors” within localities, by developing structures, which encourage long term collaborative relationships.

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A caracterização dos materiais históricos e a identificação do respetivo estado de conservação engloba um corpus de conhecimento teórico, prático e metodológico essencial para a conservação e o restauro do património cultural arquitetónico e arqueológico. Refletir sobre os materiais históricos para intervir no património requer, pois, contemplar a variedade de materiais a partir das suas múltiplas facetas, reivindicando uma perspetiva pluri e interdisciplinar na elaboração do conhecimento científico. Requer também aprofundar o estudo das tecnologias e materiais tradicionais, o que contribui para densificar o campo de conhecimento sobre o património e, cientificamente, definir os requisitos de compatibilidade e eficiência dos novos materiais, paralelamente colaborando para a salvaguarda do saber técnico tradicional.

O artigo trata de uma síntese de resultados do Congresso Ibero-Americano “Património, suas matérias e imatérias”, LNEC, Lisboa, 2-3 de novembro de 2016, constituindo-se um artigo de noticías.

O tabalho faz uma apresentação crítica do Livro " A supremacia do Pedestre", da autoria de Fábio Fonseca e Antonio Colchete Filho, tendo o Livro sido editado pela UNALFA: Editora da Unviersidade FEderal de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Braisl.

É analisada uma amostra de betonilha para determinação do teor de cimento. As análises incluíram a realização de ensaios de resistência à compressão, termogravimetria e químicos.