Publications

Pretende-se analisar aspectos condicionantes da vida útil de ancoragenscom base em cavilhas plásticas, com parafusos metálicos, aplicadas em edifíciosrecentes designadamente, em elementos de betão e de alvenaria de blocosmaciços de betão ou cerâmicos. Abordam-se, em particular, os casos deancoragens sujeitas a cargas de tracção e/ou de corte induzidas por elementosnão-estruturais fixados por essas ancoragens.

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Na atualidade, o setor de Arquitetura, Engenharia, Construção e Operação (AECO) encontra-se em fase de franca recuperação de uma crise económica, não existindo disponíveis grandes fundos para investimento em obras de construção nova. A solução encontrada para o setor passa pela reabilitação do parque edificado existente, por forma a ir de encontro às necessidades observadas. Relativamente ao parque escolar, que representam o local onde a população jovem passa grande parte do seu dia-a-dia, nem todos os edifícios apresentam as condições ideais de utilização para a comunidade escolar. Neste sentido, torna-se necessário em muitas situações proceder a operações de reabilitação que lhes confiram as necessárias características de conforto, desempenho, segurança funcional, segurança estrutural e construtivas.O trabalho desenvolvido tem por base o levantamento de tecnologias e de custos associados às intervenções de reabilitação em edifícios escolares, sendo o seu principal objetivo a determinação de indicadores económicos para reabilitação, que permitam perspetivar e melhorar o controlo orçamental de futuras intervenções de carácter análogo. O estudo inicia-se com um enquadramento sobre a reabilitação de edifícios, seguido da identificação de algumas patologias correntes e das respetivas soluções de reabilitação. Com vista a atingir o objetivo principal, foram adotadas diversas estruturas de custo, para análise dos diferentes custos dos trabalhos, envolvidos nos vários níveis de reabilitação de edifícios escolares, através dos mapas de quantidades de trabalho e dos orçamentos de cada obra realizada. No trabalho é usada a plataforma ProNIC, onde se encontra registada a informação técnica e económica das obras em causa. Após recolha da informação técnica e de investimento relevante, esta foi trabalhada no sentido de determinar diferentes indicadores económicos, as principais diretrizes de reabilitação e os respetivos custos unitários. Por último são apresentados os resultados obtidos e respetivas conclusões, assim como propostas para desenvolvimento futuro de trabalhos complementares.

Elements of building envelope, during service life, are subjected to deformations and volume changes due tomoisture variations, which can cause anomalies in the building, such as the cracking of facade walls andconsequent rain penetration, with increase of their moisture content. In case of heritage buildings withstructural concrete elements and infill masonry walls, when, besides moisture variations, other differentcauses can be hypothetically possible, it can be justifiable to investigate more profoundly the anomalies withthe available NDT techniques. This study is related to the application of non-destructive testing (NDT)techniques, with a view to the evaluation of anomalies related to the presence and flow of moisture in masonrywalls, notably through Ultrasound, Infrared Thermography (IRT) and Photogrammetry. These NDT techniquesare used in the evaluation of masonry specimen with variable moisture content, subjected to compressiontest, before and after been tested, when cracking will be present.

No contexto da preservação do património edificado nacional tem-se destacado, gradualmente, o construído no século XX. Este património tem exigido intervenções de conservação e reabilitação, devido à degradação dos elementos construtivos e à necessidade de garantir níveis funcionais adequados às atuais exigências de utilização e segurança.Esta comunicação centra a análise nos edifícios de betão armado classificados como património de interesse cultural e em edifícios que, embora não enquadrados nessa classificação, têm valor cultural, histórico ou utilidade pública. A escolha de soluções corretivas das anomalias ou limitações existentes deve ser suportada por um diagnóstico adequado das causas das reais condições dos edifícios, após a sua prévia identificação e caraterização. No contexto da escolha de soluções integradas de reabilitação, apontam-se algumas interações ou incompatibilidades existentes entre diferentes exigências funcionais na avaliação das necessidades de reabilitação estrutural e funcional de edifícios de betão armado.

The anomalies related with durability of building masonry walls and their confining concrete elements are often related to the occurrence of cracking/detachment and with the presence of moisture. In many situations, it involves the cracking of masonry walls and the deterioration of concrete which, in cases of greater severity, results in the detachment of the walls render and in the local delamination of the concrete elements (columns, walls and beams), with the uncovering of the steel reinforcement and their consequent corrosion. Automated anomalies detection, in inspection of these anomalies, based on image processing techniques, can be done using the non-destructive testing (NDT).The paper intends to identify the most common anomalies related with durability affecting the functionality and aesthetics and, in some situations, the safety of heritage buildings with reinforced concrete structure, seeking to typify the main anomalies related to the durability of materials and construction elements. A methodology of recognition of the most relevant patterns of these anomalies is briefly presented, in particular through image processing and features extraction of anomaly patterns in facade walls and on confinement elements of reinforced concrete, with the purpose of subsequent use within the framework of support to the inspection actions and consequent maintenance of this type of heritage buildings.

The foundations movements can be a cause of anomalies in affected buildings. Such situations can have particularly negative implications for heritage buildings that represent a particular cultural and historical value that matters to preserve.This article intends to present study methodologies for the implementation of preventive and curative measures in existing Heritage Buildings with reinforced concrete structure or mixed structure of reinforced concrete and masonry walls, specifically focusing on the risks of foundation settlements that, in particular, can cause cracking in masonry walls.Foundation settlements that are considered here relate, especially, to those resulting from the execution of geotechnical works, in the building itself or in its neighbourhood. Methodologies are presented to estimate and limit the damage. Strategies for repair and rehabilitation of walls and reinforcement of foundations of buildings are also presented.

Heritage buildings based on structural concrete elements associated to infill or resistant masonry walls often present facade anomalies such as cracking, disintegration, settlement, delamination, wear, deflection or leakage.The selection of the most suitable test method is essential for the reliability and confidence of assessment and service life prediction of heritage buildings. Usually, only one non-destructive test method cannot give enough information about the facade anomalies to support a diagnosis, so a combined use of different methods could be of great convenience.This article presents the experimental results of the combined use of ultrasound testing, thermography and photogrammetry for assessment of anomalies occurring in facades of a heritage building, these results are compared and discussed and recommendations are made to address the advantages of the combined use of these techniques to support the diagnosis of the causes of anomalies in facades.

For the definition of conservation and rehabilitation actions in buildings of heritage value, it is necessary to take into account the significant evolution processed in several functional aspects of these buildings. The complexity of the issues involved in conservation and repair of their construction elements and functional rehabilitation requires knowledge in several domains, in order to integrate, in an interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary way, the functional requirements that are needed to be considered.This article focuses attention on the buildings classified as cultural heritage as well as buildings not included in this classification, but which present relevant cultural/historical value or public utility. In both cases targeting the set of buildings that are specifically based on structural concrete elements associated to infill or resistant masonry walls.Relevant aspects of the overall performance of referred heritage buildings are here presented, in particular of their walls and confining elements, concerning the different basic requirements and the other functional requirements.

A escolha da solução corretiva das situações de fendilhação nas paredes de alvenaria deedifícios deve ser suportada pela realização de um diagnóstico das causas, o qual deve serapoiado pela realização de um levantamento detalhado das anomalias. A identificaçãodestas anomalias poderá ser obtida utilizando técnicas de inspeção in-situ,preferencialmente as técnicas não destrutivas (NDT). De entre os referidos métodos NDTpretende-se neste artigo abordar, em particular, os ensaios de ultra-sons, a análisetermográfica e a fotogrametria, tendo em vista analisar as possíveis vantagens da suautilização combinada para apoio à elaboração do diagnóstico das causas da referidafendilhação. Analisa-se, em particular, os resultados de ensaios de provetes de alvenariasujeitos à compressão axial em foi efetuada uma utilização combinada das três referidastécnicas.

As soluções construtivas inovadoras baseadas em chapas perfiladas de aço enformadas afrio tem sido crescentemente utilizadas na envolvente de edifícios, em particular emelementos de fachada e de revestimento de coberturas de grande vão de edifíciosindustriais e de serviços. Essas chapas estão, em geral, apoiadas em elementos daestrutura de betão armado ou metálica baseada em perfis de aço, sendo a respetiva fixaçãoassegurada, frequentemente, através de ligações aparafusadas.Relativamente ao caso de aplicação das referidas soluções inovadoras na envolvente deedifícios sujeitos a ações climáticas severas, em particular do vento e da neve, pretende-seaqui analisar os fatores principais que influenciam o comportamento mecânico de chapas edas suas ligações aos elementos de apoio, mediante, designadamente, a avaliação dasprincipais situações de rotura dessas ligações e das chapas. Abordam-se, ainda, os aspetosde sustentabilidade dessas soluções, em especial relacionados com as condições dedurabilidade das referidas chapas e das suas ligações.

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The role of public transport in sustainable urban development is recognized and promoted to mitigate climate change and improve mobility. The railway infrastructure has specific constraints that lead to the need of maximizing of the availability of infrastructure, with high levels of safety and quality, associated with an optimized cost. Following EU decisions, it is urgent to carry studies to support investment projects in different areas. The use of methodologies based on cost-benefit analysis (CBA) contribute positively to support decisions. The expansion of light-rail transit (LRT) systems in recent decades is due, among numerous factors, the fact that they are non-polluting systems, benefiting the urban environment, as they are safe and reliable and, through channel segregation, guarantee fast urban routes, avoiding congestion. The LRT can be a fundamental tool in a movement to revalue the centers and may represent an important element for the urban regeneration. The analysis presented in the paper highlights the need to take advantage of the high transport capacity ensured by the railway service essentially in commuting to Lisbon in view of the existing quadruplication of the railway line between Póvoa and Lisbon, based in a cost-benefit analysis (CBA). The solution presented aims to promote the most sustainable mobility patterns

The recognition of the high costs of the vulnerabilities of cities and communities due to various types of disaster risks have helped build the business case for investments improving the quality and resilience of buildings and civil engineering works. This important issue has attracted the attention of several stakeholders, including engineering professionals from different fields, scientists, standardization bodies, investors and financial institutions, regulatory agencies, user groups of several, as well as administrative services at national and regional level. This research work discusses the application of a resilience rating system to show the impacts of capital investment in building refurbishment and renewal. It highlights aspects in building renovation programs that efficiently and quickly increase their resilience in face of extreme events. The work presented builds on previous discussions on ways to measure the resilience of built assets, namely based on a rating system composed by different dimensions, several indicators, and parameters. It covers not only the building's intrinsic qualities, but also its interdependence with the community, surroundings, and users in the post-disaster context.

The resilience of buildings and civil engineering infrastructures has increasingly attracted the attention of different stakeholders, including engineering professionals from different areas, scientists, standardization bodies, investors and financial institutions, regulatory agencies, different user groups, as well as national and regional administrative services. This interest has motivated the development of methods for classifying the resilience of built assets, to identify aspects that can be improved and establish investment priorities, to increase their resilience when facing extreme events or other types of risks. The paper presents contributions to improve a system for classifying the resilience of built assets organized in dimensions, indicators and parameters that cover not only the intrinsic characteristics of buildings, but also their exposure to natural and man-made hazards, with the community and with the users. The paper specifically focuses on the resilience of public treasury buildings elementary schools in the municipality of Lisbon, some of which have been object, throughout their life cycle, of different interventions carried out within the scope of different public investment programs.

The practical implementation of the performance-based building philosophy still depends on the resolution of inconsistencies of different natures, despite being a concept that has been under discussion for several decades. It highlights the difficulties in objectively measuring expectations on the

Transport infrastructures such as roads, railways and runways are under increased traffic loading and their rehabilitation has to be performed in an efficient way, structurally and financially. In this process, monitoring of structural and functional capacity of transport infrastructures using non-destructive tests is performed in a systematic way. It is important to take the advantages of these measurements in order to plan a future rehabilitation. In this paper, four case studies of Building Information Modelling applied to transport infrastructures are presented. In case of road and airport pavements, the integration of structural capacity in the modelling was studied. Regarding the railways, a construction of a transition zone was addressed, as well as its behaviour during the first three years after entering in service. For both roads and railways, rehabilitation of existing infrastructures was modelled using BIM. In this way, it is possible to obtain a model that has information regarding the structural condition resulting from the continuous inspections. The BIM, being a relatively recent and innovative methodology, it is an important tool, with great potential when applied to transport infrastructures study. The main troubleshooting and consideration reached so far are presented herein, identifying the advantages of this approach.

The Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Operations (AECO) sector has innovated in the design and construction methods using new technologies, with emphasis on the Building Information Modeling (BIM) methodology. However, it is still necessary to explore how this methodology can be applied to rehabilitation, in general, and to functional rehabilitation. BIM has as its main advantage, the possibility of an accurate representation of the geometry of the elements, integrating the information in several dimensions. The use of digital models is very important, since it allows optimizing the visualization and detail of these elements and their constructive processes, being a collaborative methodology. The present work intends to frame the BIM theme in the building

The rehabilitation of buildings has been growing in the last few years, being one of the areas with greater investment by the public and private sectors. The challenge on the rehabilitation of buildings allows reducing the use of resources, trying to reduce the environmental impact and making the construction sector more efficient. The energy rehabilitation of buildings is an important aspect of building rehabilitation, assuming particular importance among this type of interventions, trying to integrate economical and rational measures. The adoption of BIM methodology is associated with project planning, cost or energy analysis of the construction and project deliveries of the building and constructed structures; as a result, nowadays there is a greater demand to adapt these tools in the early stages of existing building lifecycle. The emergence of BIM software that can combine the modeling with the energy assessments allows the designer to make more conscious, accurate and informed decisions about the projects under development. The main objective of the research study developed is to understand how the use of digital tools allows a more efficient approach in the energetic rehabilitation of a building. In this way, and considering different rehabilitation solutions, it is possible to perform an analysis of alternatives, comparing them with the base solution and thus being able to understand which are the energetic gains, as well as the optimal solution. The results will be presented making possible their comparison with real measurements and the standards reference parameters for thermal performance. The possibility of editing the thermal properties of the building materials considered allows the realization of various simulations with several combinations of possible improvements. The results obtained can be an integrant part of a cost

The use of Building Information Modelling (BIM) is growing in the Architecture, Engineering, Construction and Operation (AECO) sector. BIM is an innovative methodology that enables a new approach to construction information management, based on the design of a virtual information model, and which presupposes a new paradigm in the way information exchange processes are treated among the various stakeholders throughout the asset

Over the last few decades, the architecture, engineering, construction and operation (AECO) sector did not follow the technological evolution observed in other sectors. Although there have been technological innovations, which include BIM and the Protocol for Standardization of Technical Construction Information (ProNIC

Building Information Modeling (BIM) stands out as a vector of innovation encouraging a revolution in modern Civil Engineering. This methodology congregates process, politics, and technology enabling a collaborative construction in virtual space. BIM implementation in buildings and infrastructures has been advantageous when compared to traditional process, allowing error and rework reductions as well as improving costs and time previsions. One of BIM

Nesta Nota Técnica aborda-se o tema das flechas admissíveis de elementos de betão armado de suporte de paredes de alvenaria. Analisam-se os aspetos característicos do comportamento das paredes de alvenaria e dos seus elementos de apoio, bem como algumas questões relacionadas com a fendilhação de paredes de alvenaria devida essencialmente a situações de deformabilidade excessiva dos seus elementos. São feitas considerações sobre a limitação das flechas de suporte e analisadas algumas das recomendações constantes da regulamentação nacional e internacional.

No presente estudo faz-se uma abordagem sobre o tema do movimento das fundações de edifícios, dando especial destaque aos edifícios que utilizam alvenarias no preenchimento de malhas estruturais de paredes e na execução de divisórias interiores. Referem-se as conclusões de estudos realizados por diversos autores envolvendo aspetos relacionados com a segurança e avaliação dos assentamentos admissíveis das construções. No final, descrevem-se modelos de análise do comportamento dos edifícios e a sua aplicação na determinação dos assentamentos admissíveis em edifícios com diferentes soluções construtivas.

No presente estudo faz-se uma abordagem geral sobre a problemática dos pavimentos térreos em edifícios industriais, procurando-se desenvolver aspetos essenciais sobre o solo de fundação e sua interação com o pavimento, dimensionamento e processos construtivos. O estudo pretende restringir-se fundamentalmente a pavimentos constituídos por lajes de betão fracamente armadas e localizadas no interior de edifícios industriais, embora se possa generalizar a outras situações.

O que se procura realizar no presente estudo/livro é uma reflexão prática e sistematizada sobre um extenso quadro de qualificação residencial, que harmonize sistematicamente e na medida do que se considera ser possível, a perspetiva da satisfação dos habitantes com os aspetos associados à qualificação da própria conceção arquitetónica, considerando nesta os respetivos aspetos de desenho urbano. Visam-se, assim, neste livro ideias e caminhos de investigação sobre a relação profunda que existe entre a qualidade da Habitação

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