Papers

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A tunnel has been under construction for the Lisbon Metro network on the muddy bed of river Tagus. Anincident during the jet-grouting for the muddy soil treatment led to flooding of a specific sector of thetunnel and to the need for repair works. Consequently, a decision has been made to monitor with a shorttime resolution the movements of that sector before, during and after reparation works. This includesthe period in which the tunnel will be in use for its regular operation, with commuters using the subway.Given these general conditions with severe inter-visibility limitations, as well as the cost restraints, anautomatic monitoring system has been designed and put in place, resorting to four LEICA TC2003motorised total stations and to the available commercial software, LEICA GeoMoS. The computationalprocedure of the mentioned software implies a network configuration, in which every total station set upneeds a cluster of control points associated with that particular setup in order to perform a spaceresection. However, it is often difficult to find stable points inside a tunnel under monitoring let aloneduring repair works. Therefore, to overcome this difficulty, adjustment software - EpochSuite

Neste artigo, apresenta-se uma avaliação experimental do comportamento à água levado a cabo sobre argamassas associadas a 3 diferentes vertentes de reciclagem: adição de finos reciclados, redução do teor de cimento (com simultânea adição de finos) e substituição da areia por material reciclado, em toda a sua curva granulométrica. O material que aqui se apresenta como reciclável é o barro vermelho, para a aplicação em argamassas de reboco.

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A barragem de aterro de Odelouca, em construção no Algarve e com uma altura de 76 m, é constituída por um núcleo central argiloso e por maciços estabilizadores compostos por misturas de solo enrocamento,provenientes da alteração de xistos e de grauvaques. Para o controlo da execução dos maciços estabilizadores, sobre amostras de granulometria grosseira foi realizado um conjunto de ensaios laboratoriais de compactação por vibração, de modo a permitir estimar os valores de referência do teor em água óptimo e do peso volúmico seco máximo dos materiais aplicados. No presente artigo apresentam-se os resultados obtidos nestes ensaios e efectua-se a aplicação prática de uma metodologia desenvolvida, em 1994, por Torrey e Donaghe, para a extrapolação das propriedades de controlo de granulometrias integrais, com fracção grosseira presente, com base em resultados de ensaios de Proctor comuns, realizados sobre a fracção passada no peneiro 34

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This chapter briefly describes the methodology used to define State indicators used in themanagement of estuarine systems during the course of the ECOMANAGE project.An indicator is defined as

Monitoring earth dams plays an essential role in evaluating the structural safety conditionof this type of dams. Monitoring activities are related mainly with safety but also with thecollection of valuable data to enhance the unders tanding of the behaviour of thesestructures. These purposes are not mutually independent but rather complementary (ICOLD,1982). Monitoring a dam involves several activities, namely: design of the monitoring plan,installation of monitoring devices, reading those devices at some pre- establishedfrequencies, conversion of measurement s to meaningful engineering quantities,interpretation of these quantities, comparison with models, dam (visual) inspection andissuing a safety repor t. A monitoring plan should define which observable quantities areneeded and which devices should be installed to measure those quantities. Furthermore, theplan should establish the location of the devices, their measuring procedures andmonitoring frequencies depending on the age of the dam, extreme events, height, externalactions, conservation conditions, available know- how and technology, human and economiclosses in the case of failure, etc.. The quantities involved in dam monitoring are thoserelated both with the actions in the dam and with the dam response. Surface displacement sare impor tant quantities to be determined, especially in what concerns safety and long termbehaviour (Tedd et. al, 1997). Surface displacement can be related to internal deteriorationprocesses, such as internal erosion or slope failure or to less impor tant phenomena assecondary consolidation or creep. In order to evaluate these displacement s, surface marksshould be located at regular space intervals, usually in the dam crest, at the upstream anddownst ream sides, in the berm or berms, and less commonly in other places in thedownst ream slope. Several combined terrest rial imaging systems (CTIS) have been madecommercially available during the last decade and are now a reliable and proven technology.The laser component of these CTIS provide a dense set of instrument al spherical polarcoordinates of any unknown point that reflects the laser radiation; the CCD photo sensorscomponent provide the RGB intensities for those points. The polar coordinates can be easilytransformed into a meaningful object Cartesian reference system. Given their high samplingfrequency CTIS offer an unprecedented density of spatial information concerning an objectunder study. This technology has been widely used by the architectural and archaeologicalcommunities but there is enormous potential in monitoring applications where such densedata sets could provide great insight into the nature of structural deformations (Lichti et al,2000). This paper tries to evaluate this new technology and points to a methodology formeasuring surface deformations on earth dams.

Household water use structure can vary significantly depending on several factors like personal habits, socio-economic, cultural and climatic conditions. In the absence of Portuguese data on domestic water consumption, a field study was carried out in order to obtain information that could help support the definition of water conservation measures within the scope of the Portuguese National Program for the Efficient Use of Water. The paper describes the methodology and results obtained in this study, which involved approximately 100 participants that made a characterization of their appliances and detailed recordings of all water uses. Results allowed for the determination of average values of usage duration and frequency for each appliance, total volume consumed per water appliance and per capita water consumption. In terms of consumption structure, it was found that showering and bathing were the main components (36±13%) followed by taps (29±10%) and toilet flushing (21±7%).

Coastal area morphodynamic modeling systems couple modules for tidal hydrodynamics, wave propagation,sediment transport and bottom update. The non-linear coupling between these modules generates spuriousoscillations and stability problems that are still poorly understood. This paper assesses and compares variousmethods to avoid the oscillations and improve the stability of a coastal area morphodynamic modeling system(MORSYS2D). The model is assessed with a simple case, the propagation of a sinusoidal bedform, and acomplex natural system (Óbidos Lagoon, Portugal), whose exceptional dynamics enhances numerical problemsin the morphodynamic models. The best results are obtained with a combination of methods: a predictorcorrectormethod to improve the implicitness of the solution, along-flux diffusion in the Exner equation tocontrol oscillations, and a morphological factor below unity to reduce the Courant number. With these methods,the modeling system can be used with Courant numbers well above unity.