Publications

Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and delayed ettringite formation (DEF) are the most common internal swelling reactions (ISR) in concrete dams. The swelling effects and concrete deterioration caused by ISR can be observed in several forms at the structural level, including relative movements between blocks, displacements and deformations, cracking, surface discoloration around the cracks, scaling or spalling as well as surface

The nowadays-available dynamic monitoring equipment integrating sensitive low-noise sensors creates an opportunity to implement continuously operating dynamic monitoring systems in dams and validate the suitability of these systems to monitor such massive structures with the goal of detecting damage. The continuous characterisation of the dam modal properties during important variations of the water level and temperature is a unique experimental result, which is particularly interesting for the calibration of numerical models that consider water

Dam surveillance activities are based on observing the structural behaviour and interpretingthe past behaviour supported by the knowledge of the main loads. For day-to-day activities, datadrivenmodels are usually adopted. Most applications consider regression models for the analysis ofhorizontal displacements recorded in pendulums. Traditional regression models are not commonlyapplied to the analysis of relative movements between blocks due to the non-linearities related to thesimultaneity of hydrostatic and thermal effects. A new application of a multilayer perceptron neuralnetwork model is proposed to interpret the relative movements between blocks measured hourly in aconcrete dam under exploitation. A new methodology is proposed for threshold definition related tonovelty identification, taking into account the evolution of the records over time and the simultaneityof the structural responses measured in the dam under study. The results obtained through thecase study showed the ability of the methodology presented in this work to characterize the relativemovement between blocks and for the identification of novelties in the dam behaviour.

Traditional dam safety methods, based on visual inspections and manual monitoring,have long been the standard for ensuring the stability and safety of dams. However, asthe scale and complexity of dam projects have increased, these methods have becomeincreasingly insufficient. Major limitations of traditional dam safety methods are theexistence of deficient observation plans and the potential for human error. Inspectorsmay miss crucial signs of deterioration or failure, and manual monitoring can be prone to inaccuracies. In addition, as the number of (aged and new) dams continues to increase,it becomes increasingly difficult and resource-intensive to manually inspect and monitoreach one. Another limitation of traditional dam safety methods is that they are typicallyreactive rather than proactive. They focus on identifying and addressing problems afterthey have already occurred, rather than predicting and preventing them.In contrast, modern techniques such as remote sensing, drones, and sensor networkscan provide more accurate, real-time data on dam conditions. They can also be used tocontinuously monitor dams, providing an early warning of potential problems. ArtificialIntelligence (AI) can be applied to the data collected from these modern techniques foridentifying patterns and anomalies that may indicate a potential problem. AI algorithmscan be used in the decision-making process for dam safety by providing accurate andupdated risk analysis.

This paper aims at compiling the most relevant information concerning the use of cement-based mortars and concretes in the rehabilitation, retrofitting, and strengthening of hydraulic structures, namely concrete dams. The most important properties of cementbased mortars and concretes as repair materials are addressed, with a special focus on its compatibility with the concrete substrate. After a brief allusion to generic preparatory works, some of the most common practices are described. The main topics are mortar and concrete toppings, i.e., patches and overlays and thickening of the dam section. Among overlays, shotcrete and underwater works are addressed in detail. Littlerock, Oberems, and Storfinnforsen dam interventions are briefly described as successful rehabilitations involving the shotcrete method, whereas the Albbruck-Dogern dam intervention is given as an example of effective underwater repair works. As for dam section modifications, Kölnbrein, Olef, and Sasanagare dams are presented as conventional mass concrete placements within rehabilitation operations, while Les Toules, Gibraltar, Santa Cruz, and Littlerock dams are references for roller compacted concrete strengthening.

Injecting discontinuities is a recurrent procedure for the rehabilitation of concrete hydraulicstructures, namely repairing cracked dam bodies and deteriorated lift and contraction joints.Within this scope, a relatively detailed description of the most important cement injectiongrouts features is presented, including the main advantages and drawbacks compared toalternatives. The cement-based grouts are among the most utilised materials in these contexts.Economic and environmental related aspects are among the main advantages ofcement-based grouts, although some technical features of these grouting materials are alsofavourable. The equipment utilised for the preparation and for the application of cementitiousgrouts is also mentioned. This document also addresses aspects related to the assessment ofconcrete dams

Evaluation of the sliding stability of concrete dams requires the use of numerical tools not only able to simulate the coupled hydromechanical behavior but also able to adequately represent the foundation discontinuities and the specific features of dam foundations. The formulation of a three-dimensional (3D) small displacement finite element model based on interface elements to simulate the discontinuities is presented. In this model, the hydraulic behavior is simulated assuming that the water flow occurs only along channels located at the edges of the triangular interface elements that simulate the discontinuities. The model is used to perform coupled hydromechanical analysis of a large arch-gravity dam and to assess safety against dam base sliding, assuming different constitutive models at the dam/foundation interface and two different approaches: (i) strength reduction method and (ii) amplification of the hydrostatic pressure, assuming an increase in the reservoir level. The present study shows that consistent results are obtained with the proposed numerical model and that stability analysis should preferably be carried out using the method of increasing the hydrostatic pressure and the corresponding uplift pressures, as this methodology leads to significantly lower safety factors.

Evaluation of the sliding stability of concrete dams requires the use of numerical tools notonly able to simulate the coupled hydromechanical behavior but also able to adequately represent thefoundation discontinuities and the specific features of dam foundations. The formulation of a threedimensional (3D) small displacement finite element model based on interface elements to simulatethe discontinuities is presented. In this model, the hydraulic behavior is simulated assuming that thewater flow occurs only along channels located at the edges of the triangular interface elements thatsimulate the discontinuities. The model is used to perform coupled hydromechanical analysis of alarge arch-gravity dam and to assess safety against dam base sliding, assuming different constitutivemodels at the dam/foundation interface and two different approaches: (i) strength reduction methodand (ii) amplification of the hydrostatic pressure, assuming an increase in the reservoir level. Thepresent study shows that consistent results are obtained with the proposed numerical model andthat stability analysis should preferably be carried out using the method of increasing the hydrostaticpressure and the corresponding uplift pressures, as this methodology leads to significantly lowersafety factors.

The main aim of structural safety control is the multiple assessments of the expected dam behaviour based on models and the measurements and parameters that characterise the dam’s response and condition. In recent years, there is an increase in the use of data-based models for the analysis and interpretation of the structural behaviour of dams. Multiple Linear Regression is the conventional, widely used approach in dam engineering, although interesting results have been published based on machine learning algorithms such as artificial neural networks, support vector machines, random forest, and boosted regression trees. However, these models need to be carefully developed and properly assessed before their application in practice. This is even more relevant when an increase in users of machine learning models is expected. For this reason, this paper presents extensive work regarding the verification and validation of data-based models for the analysis and interpretation of observed dam’s behaviour. This is presented by means of the development of several machine learning models to interpret horizontal displacements in an arch dam in operation. Several validation techniques are applied, including historical data validation, sensitivity analysis, and predictive validation. The results are discussed and conclusions are drawn regarding the practical application of data-based models.

Some successful rehabilitation schemes involving the use of cement-based grouts for the repair of cracks in concrete dams are described. The author reviews the advantages and drawbacks of using cement-based materials in the context of the four main types of concrete dams (gravity, buttress, arch and multiple arch-buttress structures). These and other successful case studies can serve as guidance for future rehabilitation schemes.

A regulamentação portuguesa de segurança de barragens define um conjunto de atividades a desenvolver com o objetivo de prevenir ou detetar atempadamente comportamentos anómalos ou processos de deterioração que possam colocar em causa a operacionalidade e segurança das estruturas. No que diz respeito à fase de serviço das obras, é de importância relevante a elaboração periódica de relatórios de análise do comportamento observado e de avaliação da segurança estrutural. Nestes estudos são estabelecidos os parâmetros definidores do comportamento da obra, que poderão ser utilizados na previsão do comportamento no período subsequente e em caso de ocorrências excecionais. Neste trabalho é apresentado o exemplo da barragem da Lagoa Comprida, uma obra de alvenaria de pedra granítica com cerca de 100 anos de idade, que sofreu várias intervenções ao longo da sua vida, e para a qual foi elaborado recentemente um relatório de análise do comportamento observado e da avaliação da segurança estrutural.

A global three-dimensional model of a large concrete arch dam and foundation was developed, with which it is possible to perform both mechanical and hydraulic analyses. Joint water pressures are a relevant factor in the safety of this type of structure. This paper presents a study of the influence of different fields of water pressures within the foundation rock mass on both dam behaviour and foundation displacements. The model simulates various discontinuities, such as the dam/foundation interface, the dam contraction joints, and three of the five main foundation sets of discontinuities. In this model, both the grout and drainage curtains are represented. Analysis is done using the discrete element method (DEM) and the code 3DEC, and applying a methodology which has been used to assess the safety of arch dams regarding ultimate limit states involving the dam foundation. Results analysis showed that the orientation of rock mass discontinuities ensures that failure is very unlikely. The main objective of the study was to analyse the influence of different ways of modelling the water pressure field within the foundation rock mass on calculated displacements. Strength characteristics of the foundation discontinuities were gradually reduced to very low values, and it was this situation which showed that for very high water pressures the largest displacements are observed in a rock mass wedge located at around mid-height of the right bank, immediately downstream from the dam. The influence of the water pressure within the foundation on the stability of this rock wedge is assessed by comparing the results obtained without uplift pressures with those obtained using the hydraulic model or assuming simplified water pressure fields, defined in terms of a water table compatible with the water levels upstream and downstream from the dam and the valley slopes.

The current study is focused on the interactions between wellcements and one of the most common types of rocks found ingeothermal environments, under hydrothermal conditions.Holes were drilled in blocks of ignimbrite rock and slurries ofAPI class G cement with 0, 20 and 40% added silica flour (SF),were poured into the cavities. The whole assemblage was autoclaved under typical geothermal conditions at 150°C for 84 days.The results show that chemical reactions occur in the intertransition zone (ITZ) which are dependent on both carbon dioxide(CO2) exposure and the curing time. By comparing results withthose of only 28 days curing it is clear that ongoing reactionscontinue to occur but at a slower rate than in the first 28 days.When exposed to CO2, the cement-rock interaction is verydependent on the amount of added quartz. When 20% of SF isadded to the cement mix, the CO2 presence seems to exacerbatethe reaction between the cement and the rock, when comparedwith neat cement. On the other hand, 40% addition of SF seemsto slow the migration of Ca2+ and OH- ions and formation ofcementing compounds in the rock, compared to 0% and 20%SF addition.Work is ongoing in order to investigate the effect of these andother variables such as drilling fluid, temperature, rock type andcement mixture.

Several large concrete dams built during the first half of the 20th century, when the knowledge about the deterioration processes on the concrete was limited, are yet in service, although presenting, in some cases, signs of severe deterioration due to chemical internal reactions. When these structures have significant economic importance and its replacement is not easy or is very expensive, studies carried out in order to understand and characterize the deterioration processes are of utmost importance to extend the life of these structures with adequate safety conditions.In this paper an overall view of the studies performed to a Brazilian arch dam, Peti dam, are presented. This dam, whose construction was finished in 1945, is submitted to a swelling process due to alkali-aggregate reactions (AAR). Since the detection of its abnormal behaviour, in the 60s of the last century, mainly through the observation of the development of significant cracks, several studies had been carried out involving the experimental evaluation of the concrete properties. A monitoring system was implemented in 1997 allowing the analysis and interpretation of the observed structural behaviour of dam.In the last year, CEMIG and LNEC have been cooperating in order to analyse the safety conditions of Peti dam through experimental and numerical studies. This paper presents a methodology to determine the free swelling history in the concrete covering the 66 years life of the dam with base on the environmental conditions. These results will be used as prescribed deformations in a chemo-viscoelastic-damage model in order to predict the long term behaviour of the dam. The characterization of the swelling action was based on the data collected from the monitoring system and on laboratorial tests results.

The Portland cements used for completion of geothermal wells undergo a series of chemical reactions as they cure in the increased temperatures of the wells. In hydrothermal conditions, the calcium silicate cements undergo transformations changing from the initial amorphous binder formed at room temperature into a crystalline one. On its own, Portland cement will slowly crystallise into a series of high Ca/Si ratio phases which have high porosity and low strength. The crystallisation of these phases causes a reaction known as

A monitorização de estruturas em Portugal tem sofrido desenvolvimentos significativos nas últimas décadas, na sequência da valorização das vantagens, a curto e longo prazo, da observação e do controlo da segurança das obras. Com esse fim, têm sido introduzidos no mercado dispositivos que recorrem à tecnologia de fibra ótica para a monitorização de obras de engenharia civil.O objetivo deste estudo foi a comparação do desempenho de diferentes dispositivos de medição de extensões do betão. Para isso foram moldados provetes de betão de pontes e de betão de barragens, nos quais foram inseridos diferentes tipos de extensómetros disponíveis no mercado. A comparação foi feita através da diferença entre as extensões medidas em cada extensómetro e as extensões calculadas a partir das medições realizadas em trandutores de deslocamento dispostos nas faces durante ensaios de módulo de elasticidade.Os dispositivos em estudo foram extensómetros de corda vibrante, extensómetros do tipo FSG (resistência elétrica - full-bridge) e extensómetros de fibra ótica, embebidos em betão de pontes e extensómetros do tipo Carlson e extensómetros de fibra ótica, inseridos em em betão de barragens.A utilização de extensómetros de fibra ótica para os dois tipos de betão revelou o bom funcionamento e fiabilidade destes sensores face a diferentes condições, viabilizando uma futura utilização em obra, tanto em pontes como em barragens.

Antes da sua aplicação, tanto em obra como em provetes laboratoriais, requere-se a calibração dos dispositivos de resistência elétrica do tipo Carlson, nomeadamente extensómetros e medidores do movimento de juntas, a embeber no seio do betão. Essa calibração é realizada com recurso a sistemas mecânicos, correntemente designados por prensas de teste e calibração, constituindo padrões de referência que asseguram a rastreabilidade das medições. Atualmente não são conhecidas soluções comerciais fiáveis adequadas a este fim, pelo que houve necessidade de desenvolver um equipamento específico para o efeito.Em termos de desempenho pretende-se, no caso dos extensómetros correntes de 254 mm (10

This paper presents a study on seepage in a gravity dam foundation carried out with a view to evaluating dam stability for the failure scenario of sliding along the dam/foundation interface. A discontinuous model of the dam foundation was developed, using the code UDEC, and a fully coupled mechanical-hydraulic analysis of the water flow through the rock mass discontinuities was carried out. The model was calibrated taking into account recorded data. Results of the coupled hydromechanical model were compared with those obtained assuming either that the joint hydraulic aperture remains constant or that the drainage system is clogged. Water pressures along the dam/foundation interface obtained with UDEC were compared with those obtained using the code DEC-DAM, specifically developed for dam analysis, which is also based on the Discrete Element Method but in which flow is modelled in a different way. Results confirm that traditional analysis methods, currently prescribed in various guidelines for dam design, may either underestimate or overestimate the value of uplift pressures. The method of strength reduction was used to estimate the stability of the dam/foundation system for different failure scenarios and the results were compared with those obtained using the simplified limit equilibrium approach. The relevance of using discontinuum models for the safety assessment of concrete dams is highlighted.

The safety of the system formed by the dam, its foundation, the reservoir, and the downstream area of the dam should be evaluated on its structural, hydraulic, operational and environmental components.In particular, the structural safety assessment of an existing dam is based on the establishment of correlations between the main loads, its structural properties, and its structural responses. The values of observed responses are compared to predicted values obtained by structural behaviour models or by historical observations.Over the years, new developments in technological devices have been introduced in this field, namely through the implementation of automated data acquisition systems. This evolution, associated with very important progresses in information systems technology, has raised new challenges, but has also provided new opportunities, such as the development of data management systems that allow the person responsible for dam safety to access data, interpret the information, and make decisions, as quickly as possible.The National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC) has developed the GestBarragens system, which was designed and developed using a modular approach, based on a common data architecture that can be accessed through a Web interface.This paper intends to show the improvements that the GestBarragens system provides to the activities related to the safety control of more than one hundred large concrete and embankment dams, including the observation of several physical quantities measured by the monitoring systems, the interpretation of the information and the transmission of warnings to the entities responsible for the dam

A Nova Barragem do Alto Ceira, atualmente em construção, é uma barragem abóbada, em betão, com 41m de altura e 133m de comprimento no coroamento, situada na zona centro de Portugal. A necessidade de construção da nova barragem prende-se com a substituição da existente, situada cerca de 200m a montante, a qual se encontra significativamente degradada devido a fenómenos de expansão do betão. Como é usual, o projeto da nova barragem engloba um plano de observação elaborado de acordo com o Regulamento de Segurança de Barragens, sendo a instrumentação embebida no betão baseada em sensores elétricos convencionais, em utilização há várias décadas.Os recentes desenvolvimentos da monitorização estrutural com base na fibra ótica, beneficiando nãosó da elevada precisão, durabilidade, e possibilidade de multiplexagem dos sensores óticos, mastambém da facilidade de transmissão do sinal e comunicação da fibra ótica, evidenciam grandespotencialidades na sua aplicação a barragens. Com esse objetivo, novos transdutores em fibra óticaforam desenvolvidos e instalados, numa base experimental, na Nova Barragem do Alto Ceira. Tendoem consideração que os sensores embebidos no betão em massa são dos mais expostos à agressividadedos métodos construtivos de barragens, foram selecionados para implementação novos transdutores dedeformação, de temperatura e de juntas, baseados nas redes de Bragg em fibra ótica, com o objetivo deavaliar o seu desempenho, fiabilidade e requisitos de instalação. Assim, de um modo pioneiro, foramconcebidos e construídos em laboratório, e instalados em obra um número limitado destes sensores.Neste artigo, são apresentados os novos sensores e as condições de instalação na barragem, bem comoresultados da calibração e de comparação com os sensores elétricos tradicionais, quer em condiçõescontroladas de laboratório, quer em condições de obra.

As inspeções visuais constituem uma atividade importante do controlo de segurança de barragens. O registo continuado de anomalias e ocorrências permite ao dono de obra acompanhar e manter o estado da obra e do sistema de observação e planear eventuais reparações e processos de reabilitação.Atualmente, é prática corrente recorrer a fichas de inspeção visual para o registo das ocorrências em cada elemento estrutural da obra e elaborar relatórios técnicos em que se descreve a evolução do estado de conservação desde a última inspeção.Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta para a implementação BIM a inspeções visuais de barragens de betão com o objetivo de sistematizar e digitalizar a informação proveniente das fichas de inspeção para um modelo BIM tridimensional. Pretende-se que o modelo BIM seja utiliza-do para melhorar a visualização das ocorrências ao longo do tempo.Este trabalho constitui o primeiro passo com vista à criação do sistema integrado BIM de análise de dados gerados automaticamente e de inspeções visuais.Apresenta-se uma proposta de utilização de formulários digitais pré-definidos para o registo das ocorrências e para exportação sistematizada da informação para o modelo BIM tridimensional. Propõem-se as regras de modelação da barragem para a fase de exploração da obra e a definição e classificação de objetos BIM para a estrutura, para as ocorrências e para os instrumentos, incluindo a definição das propriedades para o registo da informação.

Nowadays, organizations are embracing digital transformation, investingin the integration of information and communication technology (ICT) toolsand solutions. Advanced ICT technologies converge with operations technologies(OT), allowing machines, processes, employees, and products to be part ofa single data framework, from data collection to analysis, interpretation, and assessment,which are the foundation for informed decision-making. Industry 4.0takes advantage of emergent ICT to make the right decisions, at the right time,optimizing processes, minimizing risks and improving value chains. The mainaim of the structural safety assessment and control of critical infrastructures, suchas dams and bridges, is to protect people, property and the environment fromharmful effects of failure or misoperation of infrastructures. This goal is achievedthrough Structural Health Monitoring and Control (SHMC) activities to monitorand track the life-cycle of critical infrastructures in such a way that it can providesufficient information for long- and short-term decisions regarding structuralsafety assessment. The objective of this work is to present a reflection of the impactof the industry 4.0 trends on the structural safety assessment of critical infrastructuresand, more specifically, to understand the level of maturity and toshow how the leveraging of enabling technologies such as augmented reality,Internet of Things (IoT), additive manufacturing, cloud computing, big data andanalytics are impacting the SHMC activities on critical infrastructures, which aretraditional cyber-physical systems with complex sensor networks used to assessand control structural safety and health.

As atividades de controlo de segurança de barragens de betão têm um caráter preventivo, com o intuito de facilitar a tomada de decisões de forma atempada para evitar ou minimizar as consequências resultantes de um acidente ou incidente de uma barragem. No controlo de segurança de barragens com sistemas de monitorização automática, a análise de uma grande quantidade de dados ainda pode tornar-se uma tarefa difícil. Por um lado, pretende-se garantir o controlo de segurança, em tempo real, mas, por outro lado, a capacidade humana de processar a informação de dados é limitado. No entanto, os desenvolvimentos tecnológicos em termos de capacidade de processamento de informação têm permitido o desenvolvimento de ferramentas para a análise de grandes quantidades de dados. A necessidade de rever os procedimentos de análise de dados adequados para a extração de informação tornou-se um aspeto importante para a tomada de decisão em tempo útil. Por estas razões, é fundamental proporcionar às entidades responsáveis pela segurança das barragens um sistema de apoio à gestão da informação que facilite o acesso aos dados, a interpretação da informação e a tomada de decisão, de forma atempada. Neste contexto, o principal objetivo desta dissertação é a definição de metodologias para: i) melhorar a qualidade das grandezas medidas pelo sistema recolha automática de dados, através da implementação de procedimentos para o controlo da sua qualidade e para a validação dos resultados, tendo em conta a incerteza de medição dos sistemas de medição; ii) melhorar os procedimentos relacionadas com a análise de dados e a sua interpretação, através de uma abordagem baseada nos dados da observação, a fim de apoiar a decisão de quais as grandezas que devem ser incluídas na sistemas de recolha automática de dados, quantificar o efeito da onda térmica diária na resposta da estrutura e reconhecer padrões de comportamento da barragem; iii) a definição de avisos relacionados com a identificação de comportamento anómalo, e de potenciais cenários de rotura. A aplicação das metodologias propostas num sistema de apoio à gestão da informação será um passo sólido para a melhoria dos processos de controlo de segurança em tempo real.

Apresenta-se um estudo sobre o comportamento de fundações de barragens de betão na fase de exploração normal das obras desenvolvido com o objectivo de validar e fundamentar a aplicação de modelos numéricos de análise do comportamento hidromecânico de maciços rochosos, tendo em vista generalizar a sua utilização e tornar mais eficaz a observação e controlo de segurança destas obras. Foi estudada a representação em modelos numéricos da cortina de impermeabilização e do sistema de drenagem e das condições geológico-geotécnicas concretas das zonas de fundação analisadas, tendo em conta, nomeadamente, os problemas computacionais associados a modelos tridimensionais. Foram realizados ensaios de afluência de água em duas grandes barragens portuguesas, uma gravidade e uma abóbada, que se verificou serem fundamentais para caracterizar o escoamento no maciço, complementando a informação obtida com o sistema de observação. Desenvolveram-se modelos hidráulicos e hidromecânicos do comportamento das fundações destas barragens, que no caso da barragem gravidade foram utilizados no estudo de cenários de rotura. Apresentam-se conclusões sobre a adequação e limitação dos modelos numéricos utilizados, sobre os parâmetros essenciais para calibrar e aplicar esses modelos, e propõem-se métodos de planeamento e utilização dos sistemas de observação de fundações de barragens, de modo a melhorar o controlo de segurança.

O presente trabalho pretende contribuir para o aperfeiçoamento dos modelospara análise do comportamento de barragens de betão ao longo do tempo, submetidasa processos expansivos devidos a reacções químicas de origem interna. Odesenvolvimento destas reacções expansivas, determinado pela composição do betãoe influenciado pelos campos térmico, higrométrico e de tensões, pode provocarfissuração e contribuir para a deterioração precoce das obras.O trabalho aborda, na parte inicial, a fenomenologia dos processos expansivos,salientando-se os factores de natureza física e química que mais os influenciam. Deseguida apresentam-se os aspectos relacionados com a identificação e acaracterização das reacções expansivas, no que respeita às evidências físicas e aosseus efeitos estruturais. Analisam-se, entre outras obras, as barragens portuguesasafectadas por esta patologia.A influência dos factores que regulam o desenvolvimento do processoexpansivo (composição do betão, temperatura, humidade e estado de tensão) équantificada com base num modelo de interacção químico-mecânico, permitindo umaestimativa das expansões à escala das obras de engenharia. Este modelo foiintegrado num código computacional de elementos finitos que considera ocomportamento diferido do betão, através de um modelo viscoelástico com maturação,e o surgimento e propagação da fendilhação, por meio de uma formulação de dano.Utiliza-se uma técnica incremental na discretização das acções que permite simular aevolução do comportamento ao longo do tempo, tendo em conta os fenómenosdiferidos e o progressivo desenvolvimento da fissuração.Apresentam-se dois estudos de aplicação a barragens portuguesas afectadaspor processos expansivos. O primeiro estudo refere-se à barragem de Santa Luzia,uma abóbada construída entre 1939 e 1943, em que a magnitude das expansões émoderada. O segundo estudo reporta-se à barragem de Pracana, uma obra decontrafortes cuja albufeira foi mantida vazia durante mais de uma década após trintaanos de exploração, devido à fendilhação generalizada da sua estrutura provocada porgrandes expansões diferenciais, que depois foi reabilitada, encontrando-se desdeentão em exploração normal há cerca de quinze anos. Os resultados destes estudosdemonstram o interesse e as potencialidades das metodologias desenvolvidas naquantificação do processo expansivo, na interpretação do comportamento observado ena avaliação das condições de segurança das obras.

This work deals with the estimation of the parameters of mixtures of beta variables. The work is organized in four main sections preceded by an introduction and succeeded by conclusions. The second section summarizes the properties of the beta distribution and describes two methods to estimate its parameters from observed samples, the method of moments and the maximum likelihood method. The third section presents the general concept of a mixture of random variables, presents the likelihood function of a sample of a beta mixture, finally, describes the EMA