Publications

The lifetime of a geothermal well is strongly dependent on the long-term performance of the cement used for its construction. The critical zones in well cements are the outermost layers, where the cement encounters either the steel casing or the rock formation. The current paper presents a study of the changes in the interfacial transition zone that forms between geothermal cements and volcanic rocks, after hydrothermal treatment at 290°C. Cement slurries were poured into cavities drilled into ignimbrite blocks and allowed to set at 90°C. The assemblages were autoclaved under typical geothermal conditions, both with and without a carbon dioxide overpressure at 290°C. The addition of silica to the cement dictates the phases that form in cement. When exposed to carbon dioxide, these calcium silicate hydrate phases carbonate, at distinct carbonation rates. The rate at which these phases form and/or carbonate affects the reaction extent of the cement with the rock and, eventually, the cement durability.

The limited durability of the cement in acidic fluids is one of the main issues controlling the lifetime of a geothermal well. The most critical region is the outermost layer of the cement adjacent to the formation.This paper provides insight into the way in which well cementing formulations interact with a common rock formation in geothermal environments, at 150

Detailed models of concrete mesostructure can be used to understand the interactions between its components and predict complex deterioration scenarios. The discrete or distinct element method (DEM) is currently being used for modeling the fracture process of quasibrittle materials, such as rock and concrete. An explicit formulation of a DEM contact model that includes aging viscoelastic behavior based on the solidification theory is proposed, allowing the DEM particle model to be applied to delayed concrete analysis. Because of thetimestep constraints of the DEM, a fast numerical procedure for the analysis of long-term aging viscoelastic behavior of concrete is also proposed. A calibration procedure for the aging viscoelastic contact model parameters is presented, including new expressions for the delayed deformability macro properties. The presented validation tests using a one-contact particle assembly show good agreement between the fast numerical procedure, the fully explicit DEM procedure with small timestep, and the creep compliance analytical solution. The contact aging model validation tests using larger regular and random particle assemblies show that the fast numerical procedure significantly reduces the computational costs by introducing large timesteps in which the solution is computed while giving the same accuracy as the fully explicit procedure. The DEM aging concrete model is validated using a B3 model fit to Ward et al.

Temperature plays a significant part in the cracking phenomenon of mass concrete structures, and thereforethermal analysis is of major importance, especially during construction, due to the heat of hydration of thecement. A transient coupled 3D finite element analysis of the thermal behaviour of Alqueva dam during con-struction is presented in this paper. The method used for the thermal analysis is described in detail, along with the simulation of the different actions. The thermal state of the dam is affected not only by climatic actions but also by concrete

The rock type plays a key role in the way in which the outermost layer of the cement interacts with the formation, in wells under geothermal environments. The penetration of cement into the rock is controlled by the porosity of the rock which also regulates the amount of CO2 enriched brine that can contact the cement.Samples were prepared by drilling holes into rock blocks, pouring in a cement slurry and hydrothermally treating the whole assembly at 150 °C under typical geothermal environments. The changes in the interfacialtransition zone (ITZ) that forms between geothermal cements and volcanic rocks were examined.Both porosity and the volcanic glass content of the rock have a considerable impact on the way in which thecement and the formation interact and, ultimately, affect the bond between these materials. The porosity has a major influence on the durability of the cement in carbonated brine.

The mechanical property characterization of dam concrete is a challenging task mainly due to the use of large aggregate sizes. The properties of dam concrete are often evaluated from wet-screened concrete tests using standard specimen sizes. A physically-based relationship between dam concrete and wet-screened concrete strength properties is currently unavailable.A prediction methodology is proposed which can be used to obtain the compressive and the splitting tensile strength of dam concrete by taking into account the wet-screened strength results, the effect of the specimen dimensions and the effect of the maximum size of aggregate. The predicted results are compared with test results available in the literature and with test results recently obtained during the construction of the Baixo Sabor dam. It is shown that the proposed prediction tool can be used to obtain accurate estimates of dam concrete strength.

The explicit formulation of a small displacementmodel for the coupled hydro-mechanical analysis of concretegravity dam foundations based on joint finite elementsis presented. The proposed coupled model requires athorough pre-processing stage in order to ensure that theinteraction between the various blocks which representboth the rock mass foundation and the dam is always edgeto edge. The mechanical part of the model, though limitedto small displacements, has the advantage of allowing anaccurate representation of the stress distribution along theinterfaces, such as rock mass joints. The hydraulic part andthe mechanical part of the model are fully compatible. Thecoupled model is validated using a real case of a dam inoperation, by comparison of the results with those obtainedwith a large displacement discrete model. It is shown that itis possible to assess the sliding stability of concrete gravitydams using small displacement models under both staticand dynamic conditions.

This paper proposes a methodology for the prediction of the compressive creep strains of dam concrete based on wet-screened experimental results at constant elevated temperature conditions measured in situ. Due to its large aggregate dimensions, the experimental characterization of dam concrete has particular constraints. The wet-screened concrete, obtained by sieving the aggregates larger than a given dimension, after mixing, is used to cast standard specimens and to embed monitoring devices. An experimental in situ installation using creep cells was used to obtain the compressive creep strain development over time for the maturing conditions of the dam core. The study of the effect of wet-screening procedure on creep in compression considers three types of concrete, dam concrete and two wet-screened concretes tested at three loading ages, 28, 90 and 365 days. The comparison between different types of concrete at different maturing conditions requires the definition of a reference state given by the maturity method, using the equivalent age, and relies on the fit of compressive creep strains to the RILEM recommended model B3. To take into account the effect of the aggregate content on the deformability properties of dam concrete, an equivalent two-phase composite model was applied. The equivalent composite model considered the equivalent matrix as the wet-screened concrete and the inclusions as the larger aggregates that are removed during the wet-screening procedure. Predictions obtained with the composite model are close to the dam concrete experimental results, for the tested loading ages.

This paper proposes the use of the maturity method and of a two-phase composite models for the prediction of dam concrete modulus of elasticity.The methodology was validated with test results obtained from experimental in situ setup using creep cells placed in the dam's body, subjected to variable environmental conditions. It is shown that composite models can be used to predict the modulus of elasticity of in situ dam concrete based on the modulus of elasticity of the wet-screened concrete.

The reduced lifetime of geothermal wells is one of the main issues facing the geothermal industry, with cement durability being one of the main causes for shortening of a well's life. While most wells are cemented with American Petroleum Institute (API) class cements, alternative cementing systems are currently being considered. In this paper, the interactions of two alternative cement formulations with a typical geothermal rock formation are compared with a class A cement. This allows understanding of the most critical zone in the geothermal cement, which is the outermost layer where the cement encounters and, consequently, interacts with the exterior harsh environment, including the volcanic formation and brine. The faster setting of white cement and high-alumina cement compared with the well Portland cement seems to reduce the reaction extent with the rock. For all the cements tested, both the increased curing temperature (from 150°C to 290°C) and the use of bentonite as drilling mud significantly decreased the bond between the cement and the rock.

The use of cement based mortar and concrete for repair, rehabilitation and retrofitting of concrete dams is a relatively common practice, due to both technical and economic reasons. This paper aims at compiling some of the most relevant information concerning this topic, including references to successful case histories.Firstly, mortar or concrete patches, whose objective is typically to fix the problem with a relatively small volume of repair material. This technique is a popular solution solution for damaged surfaces due to abrasive actions. The following procedures are the concrete overlays, which typically involve more material and complexity than a patch. Finally, the cross sections thickenings, which necessarily imply a large volume of repair concrete. Different types of overlays and cross section enlargements are shown.The shotcrete technique is briefly described as an overlay technique. Conventional concrete casting is referred here as either an overlay technique or a method for increasing the cross section of a concrete dam. The common need of carrying out rehabilitation measures on the upstream face without drawing down the reservoir is considered in the subchapter underwater works. Finally, the roller compacted concrete, which is, probably, the most frequently used method for increasing the dam section. Some of these techniques are typically combined during as part of rehabilitation or retrofitting processes.

This paper presents the main characteristics of the automated data acquisition system of BaixoSabor dam and the quality assessment of ADAS carried out by comparation of automatic andmanual measurements.Baixo Sabor is 123 m high concrete arch dam, and 505 m long at the crest, designed, constructedand explored by EDP, located in the northeast of Portugal in Sabor river (a tributary of Douro river).The first filling of its reservoir, with a volume of about 1095 hm3, took place between December2013 and April 2016.In operation since August 2016, the ADAS of the Baixo Sabor dam allows the measurement ofseveral physical quantities used for the safety control, analysis and interpretation of the dambehaviour, such as: horizontal and vertical displacements, movements of joints, strain, upliftpressure, foundation displacements, seepage, concrete and air temperatures, and reservoir waterlevel, among others.The assessment to the ADAS quality measurements was performed through the analysis of pairedsamples with manual readings. For this purpose, comparison graphs and statistical values (means,variances, and correlations) of the two sets of quantities were generated.The analysis of this information has shown the existence of deviations from ADAS measurementsthat were classified into three types: zero scale errors (shift values), sensitivity errors and atypicalvalues.Based on this analysis, the ADAS databases were corrected and a mechanism for filteringanomalous values was implemented. These measures allowed to ensure the correct operation ofthe ADAS of Baixo Sabor dam.

The assessment of the structural safety and serviceability of concrete dam is often supported by the use of models. The analysis and interpretation of the observed structural responses, such as displacements, is usually performed through the comparison with values obtained by statistical models, mainly multiple linear regression models, which are also known as quantitative interpretation models. Nowadays, several new machine learning models have been used for the assessment of the concrete dams

This document aims at compiling a considerable number of successful rehabilitation examples involving the use of cement based grouts in the repair of cracks in concrete dams and its content is based on information that was previously published.This article starts with a brief introduction regarding the use of cement based grouts in the injection of cracks in concrete dams, in which advantages and drawbacks of the use of cement based materials within this scope are discussed. In the same context, particularities of the main four structural types of concrete dams, i.e. gravity, buttress, arch and multiple arch-buttress, are also addressed.Each one of the following four chapters are focusing on the above mentioned types of concrete dams. The chapter three presents two examples of concrete gravity dams that were successfully rehabilitated. Considerable seepages were detected in both gravity dams presented. In Isle-Maligne dam, leakages in horizontal construction joints occurred due to leaching and freeze-thaw cycles, whereas deterioration of Kuromata dam was mostly caused by ageing. In chapter four, three buttress dams are given as examples: Big Eddy, Pracana and Storfinnforsen dam. The Big Eddy dam showed leaching of horizontal construction joints caused by open lift joints. Pracana, on the other hand, had degraded faces and cracks provoked by swelling reactions. Storfinnforsen exhibited cracking and spalling as well as leakage. Chapters five and six are solely focused on one case history each: the Bimont arch dam and the Daniel-Johnson arch-buttress dam respectively. Bimont was subjected to swelling reactions, which resulted in cracking. Daniel-Johnson dam also cracked considerably, although due to different causes: the geometry of the structure and thermal stress. All the cases were resolved with cement grouting combined with other repair materials and measures, such as epoxy resin, shotcrete, installation of geomembrane or grouting of contraction joints.These and other successful rehabilitation operations should serve as guidance in comparable upcoming rehabilitation operations, involving grouting of concrete dams with cement based materials.

Foz Tua dam, located close to Tua river

Seepage through the foundation is a relevant condition for the structural assessment of concrete dams. The knowledge of the water flow measured in the drainage system installed to reduce the uplift pressure in a dam's foundation is, therefore, a main issue in the safety control of concrete dams. Monitoring systems include measuring devices to determine the water collected from drains and weirs in order to evaluate the amount of water that flows through the dam. In most large concrete dams, both manual and automated water flow measurements are possible.This paper proposes a statistical quality control method for automatic measuring systems based on simultaneous manual water flow measurements and the knowledge of the corresponding measurement uncertainties. Experimental tests performed in a weir of a Portuguese concrete dam are described and paired water flow estimates and corresponding measurement uncertainties are presented and applied to the proposed method. The results of this study show that the method allows statistical quality control of automated water flow measurement systems applied in concrete dam drainage systems.

Foz Tua project, located close to Tua river

Cement based grouts are commonly used for injections in concrete dams as part ofrehabilitation operations of cracked dam bodies and degraded contraction joints.This document addresses aspects such as assessment of the dam

The explicit formulation of a small displacement model for the coupled hydro-mechanical analysis of concrete dam foundations based on interface finite element technology is presented. The proposed 3D hydromechanical coupled model is based on a 2D coupled model that has been recently proposed. This 3D model, as in the 2D version, requires a thorough pre-processing stage to ensure that the interaction between the various blocks which represent the rock mass foundation and the dam is always face to face. The mechanical part of the model, though limited to small displacements, has the advantage of allowing an accurate representation of the stress distribution along the interfaces, such as rock mass joints. The hydraulic part and the mechanical part of the model are fully compatible. The verification and application examples presented in this paper show that the proposed 3D hydromechanical coupled model allows seepage flow through rock masses to be accurately simulated.

A exploração de grandes barragens envolve, em regra, riscos elevados. Por essa razão exige-se um acompanhamento cuidado destas obras, tendo a observação (monitorização, inspeção e ensaios) um papel fundamental nas atividades de controlo da segurança. Os sistemas de observação das barragens incluem, em regra, dispositivos para monitorização de grandezas relacionadas com as ações e com asrespostas térmica, estrutural e hidráulica do conjunto barragem-fundação. A definição destes sistemas é balizada pela regulamentação portuguesa de segurança de barragens.Nas barragens do Baixo Sabor e do Feiticeiro, dada a sua dimensão e importância, para além dos dispositivos tradicionais com leitura manual, foram instalados sistemas de monitorização automática, tecnologicamente evoluídos, com vista a aumentar a frequência de leitura das grandezas mais significativas com recolha manual, a avaliar as ações dinâmicas e os seus efeitos estruturais nas barragens e a ultrapassar as dificuldades de instalação de redes de observação geodésica por jusante.Referem-se os sistemas de recolha manual e os quatro sistemas específicos de monitorização automática, designadamente o RAD (recolha automática de dados), complementar à recolha manual, envolvendo 232 dispositivos e 407 grandezas, o GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System), destinado à medição de deslocamentos absolutos através de 8 recetores em regime permanente, o SOS (sistema de observação sísmica), para registo de eventos sísmicos utilizando 6 estações remotas instaladas nas imediações das albufeiras e 8 estações instaladas nas galerias das barragens, e o SMD (sistema de monitorização dinâmica em contínuo), apenas na barragem do Baixo Sabor, para avaliação da evolução das características dinâmicas (frequências próprias e modos de vibração) a partir da excitação ambiente, usando 20 acelerómetros uniaxiais de elevada sensibilidade.

As inspeções visuais constituem uma atividade importante do controlo de segurança de barragens. O registo continuado de anomalias e ocorrências permite ao dono de obra acompanhar e manter o estado da obra e do sistema de observação e planear eventuais reparações e processos de reabilitação.Atualmente, é prática corrente recorrer a fichas de inspeção visual para o registo das ocorrências em cada elemento estrutural da obra e elaborar relatórios técnicos em que se descreve a evolução do estado de conservação desde a última inspeção.Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta para a implementação BIM a inspeções visuais de barragens de betão com o objetivo de sistematizar e digitalizar a informação proveniente das fichas de inspeção para um modelo BIM tridimensional. Pretende-se que o modelo BIM seja utiliza-do para melhorar a visualização das ocorrências ao longo do tempo.Este trabalho constitui o primeiro passo com vista à criação do sistema integrado BIM de análise de dados gerados automaticamente e de inspeções visuais.Apresenta-se uma proposta de utilização de formulários digitais pré-definidos para o registo das ocorrências e para exportação sistematizada da informação para o modelo BIM tridimensional. Propõem-se as regras de modelação da barragem para a fase de exploração da obra e a definição e classificação de objetos BIM para a estrutura, para as ocorrências e para os instrumentos, incluindo a definição das propriedades para o registo da informação.

Nowadays, organizations are embracing digital transformation, investingin the integration of information and communication technology (ICT) toolsand solutions. Advanced ICT technologies converge with operations technologies(OT), allowing machines, processes, employees, and products to be part ofa single data framework, from data collection to analysis, interpretation, and assessment,which are the foundation for informed decision-making. Industry 4.0takes advantage of emergent ICT to make the right decisions, at the right time,optimizing processes, minimizing risks and improving value chains. The mainaim of the structural safety assessment and control of critical infrastructures, suchas dams and bridges, is to protect people, property and the environment fromharmful effects of failure or misoperation of infrastructures. This goal is achievedthrough Structural Health Monitoring and Control (SHMC) activities to monitorand track the life-cycle of critical infrastructures in such a way that it can providesufficient information for long- and short-term decisions regarding structuralsafety assessment. The objective of this work is to present a reflection of the impactof the industry 4.0 trends on the structural safety assessment of critical infrastructuresand, more specifically, to understand the level of maturity and toshow how the leveraging of enabling technologies such as augmented reality,Internet of Things (IoT), additive manufacturing, cloud computing, big data andanalytics are impacting the SHMC activities on critical infrastructures, which aretraditional cyber-physical systems with complex sensor networks used to assessand control structural safety and health.

As atividades de controlo de segurança de barragens de betão têm um caráter preventivo, com o intuito de facilitar a tomada de decisões de forma atempada para evitar ou minimizar as consequências resultantes de um acidente ou incidente de uma barragem. No controlo de segurança de barragens com sistemas de monitorização automática, a análise de uma grande quantidade de dados ainda pode tornar-se uma tarefa difícil. Por um lado, pretende-se garantir o controlo de segurança, em tempo real, mas, por outro lado, a capacidade humana de processar a informação de dados é limitado. No entanto, os desenvolvimentos tecnológicos em termos de capacidade de processamento de informação têm permitido o desenvolvimento de ferramentas para a análise de grandes quantidades de dados. A necessidade de rever os procedimentos de análise de dados adequados para a extração de informação tornou-se um aspeto importante para a tomada de decisão em tempo útil. Por estas razões, é fundamental proporcionar às entidades responsáveis pela segurança das barragens um sistema de apoio à gestão da informação que facilite o acesso aos dados, a interpretação da informação e a tomada de decisão, de forma atempada. Neste contexto, o principal objetivo desta dissertação é a definição de metodologias para: i) melhorar a qualidade das grandezas medidas pelo sistema recolha automática de dados, através da implementação de procedimentos para o controlo da sua qualidade e para a validação dos resultados, tendo em conta a incerteza de medição dos sistemas de medição; ii) melhorar os procedimentos relacionadas com a análise de dados e a sua interpretação, através de uma abordagem baseada nos dados da observação, a fim de apoiar a decisão de quais as grandezas que devem ser incluídas na sistemas de recolha automática de dados, quantificar o efeito da onda térmica diária na resposta da estrutura e reconhecer padrões de comportamento da barragem; iii) a definição de avisos relacionados com a identificação de comportamento anómalo, e de potenciais cenários de rotura. A aplicação das metodologias propostas num sistema de apoio à gestão da informação será um passo sólido para a melhoria dos processos de controlo de segurança em tempo real.

Apresenta-se um estudo sobre o comportamento de fundações de barragens de betão na fase de exploração normal das obras desenvolvido com o objectivo de validar e fundamentar a aplicação de modelos numéricos de análise do comportamento hidromecânico de maciços rochosos, tendo em vista generalizar a sua utilização e tornar mais eficaz a observação e controlo de segurança destas obras. Foi estudada a representação em modelos numéricos da cortina de impermeabilização e do sistema de drenagem e das condições geológico-geotécnicas concretas das zonas de fundação analisadas, tendo em conta, nomeadamente, os problemas computacionais associados a modelos tridimensionais. Foram realizados ensaios de afluência de água em duas grandes barragens portuguesas, uma gravidade e uma abóbada, que se verificou serem fundamentais para caracterizar o escoamento no maciço, complementando a informação obtida com o sistema de observação. Desenvolveram-se modelos hidráulicos e hidromecânicos do comportamento das fundações destas barragens, que no caso da barragem gravidade foram utilizados no estudo de cenários de rotura. Apresentam-se conclusões sobre a adequação e limitação dos modelos numéricos utilizados, sobre os parâmetros essenciais para calibrar e aplicar esses modelos, e propõem-se métodos de planeamento e utilização dos sistemas de observação de fundações de barragens, de modo a melhorar o controlo de segurança.

O presente trabalho pretende contribuir para o aperfeiçoamento dos modelospara análise do comportamento de barragens de betão ao longo do tempo, submetidasa processos expansivos devidos a reacções químicas de origem interna. Odesenvolvimento destas reacções expansivas, determinado pela composição do betãoe influenciado pelos campos térmico, higrométrico e de tensões, pode provocarfissuração e contribuir para a deterioração precoce das obras.O trabalho aborda, na parte inicial, a fenomenologia dos processos expansivos,salientando-se os factores de natureza física e química que mais os influenciam. Deseguida apresentam-se os aspectos relacionados com a identificação e acaracterização das reacções expansivas, no que respeita às evidências físicas e aosseus efeitos estruturais. Analisam-se, entre outras obras, as barragens portuguesasafectadas por esta patologia.A influência dos factores que regulam o desenvolvimento do processoexpansivo (composição do betão, temperatura, humidade e estado de tensão) équantificada com base num modelo de interacção químico-mecânico, permitindo umaestimativa das expansões à escala das obras de engenharia. Este modelo foiintegrado num código computacional de elementos finitos que considera ocomportamento diferido do betão, através de um modelo viscoelástico com maturação,e o surgimento e propagação da fendilhação, por meio de uma formulação de dano.Utiliza-se uma técnica incremental na discretização das acções que permite simular aevolução do comportamento ao longo do tempo, tendo em conta os fenómenosdiferidos e o progressivo desenvolvimento da fissuração.Apresentam-se dois estudos de aplicação a barragens portuguesas afectadaspor processos expansivos. O primeiro estudo refere-se à barragem de Santa Luzia,uma abóbada construída entre 1939 e 1943, em que a magnitude das expansões émoderada. O segundo estudo reporta-se à barragem de Pracana, uma obra decontrafortes cuja albufeira foi mantida vazia durante mais de uma década após trintaanos de exploração, devido à fendilhação generalizada da sua estrutura provocada porgrandes expansões diferenciais, que depois foi reabilitada, encontrando-se desdeentão em exploração normal há cerca de quinze anos. Os resultados destes estudosdemonstram o interesse e as potencialidades das metodologias desenvolvidas naquantificação do processo expansivo, na interpretação do comportamento observado ena avaliação das condições de segurança das obras.

This work deals with the estimation of the parameters of mixtures of beta variables. The work is organized in four main sections preceded by an introduction and succeeded by conclusions. The second section summarizes the properties of the beta distribution and describes two methods to estimate its parameters from observed samples, the method of moments and the maximum likelihood method. The third section presents the general concept of a mixture of random variables, presents the likelihood function of a sample of a beta mixture, finally, describes the EMA