Papers
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Cement
The lifetime of a geothermal well is strongly dependent on the long-term performance of the cement used for its construction. The critical zones in well cements are the outermost layers, where the cement encounters either the steel casing or the rock formation. The current paper presents a study of the changes in the interfacial transition zone that forms between geothermal cements and volcanic rocks, after hydrothermal treatment at 290°C. Cement slurries were poured into cavities drilled into ignimbrite blocks and allowed to set at 90°C. The assemblages were autoclaved under typical geothermal conditions, both with and without a carbon dioxide overpressure at 290°C. The addition of silica to the cement dictates the phases that form in cement. When exposed to carbon dioxide, these calcium silicate hydrate phases carbonate, at distinct carbonation rates. The rate at which these phases form and/or carbonate affects the reaction extent of the cement with the rock and, eventually, the cement durability.
Year: 2018
Number Pages:
15p.
Author(s): Silva, J.
: Advances in Cement Research
Editor: ICE Publishing
Volume:
Volume 31, Issue 5.
Keywords: Well cements; Temperature; Hydrothermal conditions
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Cement/rock interaction in geothermal wells. The effect of silica addition to the cement and the impact of CO2 enriched brine
The limited durability of the cement in acidic fluids is one of the main issues controlling the lifetime of a geothermal well. The most critical region is the outermost layer of the cement adjacent to the formation.This paper provides insight into the way in which well cementing formulations interact with a common rock formation in geothermal environments, at 150
Year: 2018
Number Pages:
16-31pp..
Author(s): Silva, J.
: Geothermics
Editor: Elsevier
Volume:
Volume 73.
Keywords: Well cement; Cement paste; Carbonation; Interfacial transition zone; Temperature
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Discrete element method for modeling the long-term aging viscoelastic behavior of concrete considering its mesostructure
Detailed models of concrete mesostructure can be used to understand the interactions between its components and predict complex deterioration scenarios. The discrete or distinct element method (DEM) is currently being used for modeling the fracture process of quasibrittle materials, such as rock and concrete. An explicit formulation of a DEM contact model that includes aging viscoelastic behavior based on the solidification theory is proposed, allowing the DEM particle model to be applied to delayed concrete analysis. Because of thetimestep constraints of the DEM, a fast numerical procedure for the analysis of long-term aging viscoelastic behavior of concrete is also proposed. A calibration procedure for the aging viscoelastic contact model parameters is presented, including new expressions for the delayed deformability macro properties. The presented validation tests using a one-contact particle assembly show good agreement between the fast numerical procedure, the fully explicit DEM procedure with small timestep, and the creep compliance analytical solution. The contact aging model validation tests using larger regular and random particle assemblies show that the fast numerical procedure significantly reduces the computational costs by introducing large timesteps in which the solution is computed while giving the same accuracy as the fully explicit procedure. The DEM aging concrete model is validated using a B3 model fit to Ward et al.
Year: 2018
Number Pages:
14p.
Author(s): Serra, C.; Azevedo, N.; Batista, A. L.; Leitão, N. S.
: Journal of Engineering Mechanics
Editor: ASCE
Volume:
Volume 144, N.º 5 - May 2018.
Keywords: Micro parameters calibration; Solidification theory; Long-term behavior of concrete; Fast numerical procedure; DEM particle model; Discrete element method (DEM)
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FEA model for the simulation of the hydration process and temperature evolution during the concreting of an arch dam
Temperature plays a significant part in the cracking phenomenon of mass concrete structures, and thereforethermal analysis is of major importance, especially during construction, due to the heat of hydration of thecement. A transient coupled 3D finite element analysis of the thermal behaviour of Alqueva dam during con-struction is presented in this paper. The method used for the thermal analysis is described in detail, along with the simulation of the different actions. The thermal state of the dam is affected not only by climatic actions but also by concrete
Year: 2018
Number Pages:
165
Author(s): Santos, E.; Leitão, N. S.; Tiago, C.; Braga Farinha, M. L.
: Engineering Structures
Editor: ELSEVIER
Volume:
174.
Keywords: Solar radiation; Construction phase; Hydration heat; Concrete arch dam; Finite element chemo-thermal analysis
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The effect of the rock type on the degradation of well cements in CO2 enriched geothermal environments
The rock type plays a key role in the way in which the outermost layer of the cement interacts with the formation, in wells under geothermal environments. The penetration of cement into the rock is controlled by the porosity of the rock which also regulates the amount of CO2 enriched brine that can contact the cement.Samples were prepared by drilling holes into rock blocks, pouring in a cement slurry and hydrothermally treating the whole assembly at 150 °C under typical geothermal environments. The changes in the interfacialtransition zone (ITZ) that forms between geothermal cements and volcanic rocks were examined.Both porosity and the volcanic glass content of the rock have a considerable impact on the way in which thecement and the formation interact and, ultimately, affect the bond between these materials. The porosity has a major influence on the durability of the cement in carbonated brine.
Year: 2018
Number Pages:
235-248pp..
Author(s): Silva, J.
: Geothermics
Editor: Elsevier
Volume:
75.
Keywords: Carbon dioxide; Interfacial transition zone; Volcanic rock; Geothermal cement
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Prediction of dam concrete compressive and splitting tensile strength based on wet-screened concrete test results
The mechanical property characterization of dam concrete is a challenging task mainly due to the use of large aggregate sizes. The properties of dam concrete are often evaluated from wet-screened concrete tests using standard specimen sizes. A physically-based relationship between dam concrete and wet-screened concrete strength properties is currently unavailable.A prediction methodology is proposed which can be used to obtain the compressive and the splitting tensile strength of dam concrete by taking into account the wet-screened strength results, the effect of the specimen dimensions and the effect of the maximum size of aggregate. The predicted results are compared with test results available in the literature and with test results recently obtained during the construction of the Baixo Sabor dam. It is shown that the proposed prediction tool can be used to obtain accurate estimates of dam concrete strength.
Year: 2017
Number Pages:
10p.
Author(s): Serra, C.; Batista, A. L.; Azevedo, N.; Custódio, J.
: Journal of Materials for Civil Engineering
Editor: American Society of Civil Engineers
Volume:
vol. 29 ; nº10.
Keywords: Extended Abrams law; Size effect; Splitting tensile strength; Compressive strength; Wet-screened concrete; Dam concrete
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Small displacement coupled analysis of concrete gravity dam foundations: static and dynamic conditions
The explicit formulation of a small displacementmodel for the coupled hydro-mechanical analysis of concretegravity dam foundations based on joint finite elementsis presented. The proposed coupled model requires athorough pre-processing stage in order to ensure that theinteraction between the various blocks which representboth the rock mass foundation and the dam is always edgeto edge. The mechanical part of the model, though limitedto small displacements, has the advantage of allowing anaccurate representation of the stress distribution along theinterfaces, such as rock mass joints. The hydraulic part andthe mechanical part of the model are fully compatible. Thecoupled model is validated using a real case of a dam inoperation, by comparison of the results with those obtainedwith a large displacement discrete model. It is shown that itis possible to assess the sliding stability of concrete gravitydams using small displacement models under both staticand dynamic conditions.
Year: 2017
Number Pages:
439-464pp.
Author(s): Braga Farinha, M. L.; Azevedo, N.; Candeias, M.
: Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering
Editor: Springer
Volume:
Vol 50 Issue 2.
Keywords: Stability analysis; Joint finite elements; Seepage-stress coupled model; Rock foundations; Gravity dams
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Dam and wet-screened concrete creep in compression. In situ experimental results and creep strains prediction using model B3 and composite models
This paper proposes a methodology for the prediction of the compressive creep strains of dam concrete based on wet-screened experimental results at constant elevated temperature conditions measured in situ. Due to its large aggregate dimensions, the experimental characterization of dam concrete has particular constraints. The wet-screened concrete, obtained by sieving the aggregates larger than a given dimension, after mixing, is used to cast standard specimens and to embed monitoring devices. An experimental in situ installation using creep cells was used to obtain the compressive creep strain development over time for the maturing conditions of the dam core. The study of the effect of wet-screening procedure on creep in compression considers three types of concrete, dam concrete and two wet-screened concretes tested at three loading ages, 28, 90 and 365 days. The comparison between different types of concrete at different maturing conditions requires the definition of a reference state given by the maturity method, using the equivalent age, and relies on the fit of compressive creep strains to the RILEM recommended model B3. To take into account the effect of the aggregate content on the deformability properties of dam concrete, an equivalent two-phase composite model was applied. The equivalent composite model considered the equivalent matrix as the wet-screened concrete and the inclusions as the larger aggregates that are removed during the wet-screening procedure. Predictions obtained with the composite model are close to the dam concrete experimental results, for the tested loading ages.
Year: 2016
Number Pages:
21p.
Author(s): Serra, C.; Batista, A. L.; Azevedo, N.
: Materials and Structures
Editor: Springer Netherlands
Keywords: Composite models; Model B3; In situ tests; Creep in compression; Wet-screened concrete; Dam concrete
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Effect of wet-screening in the elastic properties of dam concrete. Experimental in situ test results and fit to composite models
This paper proposes the use of the maturity method and of a two-phase composite models for the prediction of dam concrete modulus of elasticity.The methodology was validated with test results obtained from experimental in situ setup using creep cells placed in the dam's body, subjected to variable environmental conditions. It is shown that composite models can be used to predict the modulus of elasticity of in situ dam concrete based on the modulus of elasticity of the wet-screened concrete.
Year: 2016
Number Pages:
10p.
Author(s): Serra, C.; Batista, A. L.; Azevedo, N.
: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Editor: American Society of Civil Engineers
Keywords: Composite models; Maturity method; In situ experimental tests; Wet-screened concrete; Dam concrete
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The effect of drilling fluid and temperature on the cement/rock interaction in wells
The reduced lifetime of geothermal wells is one of the main issues facing the geothermal industry, with cement durability being one of the main causes for shortening of a well's life. While most wells are cemented with American Petroleum Institute (API) class cements, alternative cementing systems are currently being considered. In this paper, the interactions of two alternative cement formulations with a typical geothermal rock formation are compared with a class A cement. This allows understanding of the most critical zone in the geothermal cement, which is the outermost layer where the cement encounters and, consequently, interacts with the exterior harsh environment, including the volcanic formation and brine. The faster setting of white cement and high-alumina cement compared with the well Portland cement seems to reduce the reaction extent with the rock. For all the cements tested, both the increased curing temperature (from 150°C to 290°C) and the use of bentonite as drilling mud significantly decreased the bond between the cement and the rock.
Year: 2016
Number Pages:
189-201pp..
Author(s): Silva, J.
: Advances in Cement Research
Editor: ICE / Thomas Telford Ltd
Volume:
Volume 28 Issue 3.
Keywords: drilling fluid; temperature; thermal effects; oilwell cements; interfaces
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Comunicação
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Enquadramento dos relatórios de análise do comportamento observado no âmbito das atividades de controlo da segurança de barragens. Exemplo da barragem da Lagoa Comprida, em Portugal
A regulamentação portuguesa de segurança de barragens define um conjunto de atividades a desenvolver com o objetivo de prevenir ou detetar atempadamente comportamentos anómalos ou processos de deterioração que possam colocar em causa a operacionalidade e segurança das estruturas. No que diz respeito à fase de serviço das obras, é de importância relevante a elaboração periódica de relatórios de análise do comportamento observado e de avaliação da segurança estrutural. Nestes estudos são estabelecidos os parâmetros definidores do comportamento da obra, que poderão ser utilizados na previsão do comportamento no período subsequente e em caso de ocorrências excecionais. Neste trabalho é apresentado o exemplo da barragem da Lagoa Comprida, uma obra de alvenaria de pedra granítica com cerca de 100 anos de idade, que sofreu várias intervenções ao longo da sua vida, e para a qual foi elaborado recentemente um relatório de análise do comportamento observado e da avaliação da segurança estrutural.
Year: 2013
Number Pages:
20.
Author(s): Bretas, E. M.; Batista, A. L.
Editor: Comité Brasileiro de Barragens
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Influence of water pressure field on foundation displacements of Alqueva arch dam - A numerical approach
A global three-dimensional model of a large concrete arch dam and foundation was developed, with which it is possible to perform both mechanical and hydraulic analyses. Joint water pressures are a relevant factor in the safety of this type of structure. This paper presents a study of the influence of different fields of water pressures within the foundation rock mass on both dam behaviour and foundation displacements. The model simulates various discontinuities, such as the dam/foundation interface, the dam contraction joints, and three of the five main foundation sets of discontinuities. In this model, both the grout and drainage curtains are represented. Analysis is done using the discrete element method (DEM) and the code 3DEC, and applying a methodology which has been used to assess the safety of arch dams regarding ultimate limit states involving the dam foundation. Results analysis showed that the orientation of rock mass discontinuities ensures that failure is very unlikely. The main objective of the study was to analyse the influence of different ways of modelling the water pressure field within the foundation rock mass on calculated displacements. Strength characteristics of the foundation discontinuities were gradually reduced to very low values, and it was this situation which showed that for very high water pressures the largest displacements are observed in a rock mass wedge located at around mid-height of the right bank, immediately downstream from the dam. The influence of the water pressure within the foundation on the stability of this rock wedge is assessed by comparing the results obtained without uplift pressures with those obtained using the hydraulic model or assuming simplified water pressure fields, defined in terms of a water table compatible with the water levels upstream and downstream from the dam and the valley slopes.
Year: 2013
Number Pages:
10p.
Author(s): Braga Farinha, M. L.; Lemos, J. V.; Maranha das Neves, E.
Editor: ITCOLD - Italian Committee on Large Dams
Keywords: Water pressure field; Failure analysis; Hydromechanical behaviour; Rock foundation; Concrete arch dam
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The Effect of CO2 Exposure and Curing Time on the Cement-Rock Interaction in Geothermal Wells
The current study is focused on the interactions between wellcements and one of the most common types of rocks found ingeothermal environments, under hydrothermal conditions.Holes were drilled in blocks of ignimbrite rock and slurries ofAPI class G cement with 0, 20 and 40% added silica flour (SF),were poured into the cavities. The whole assemblage was autoclaved under typical geothermal conditions at 150°C for 84 days.The results show that chemical reactions occur in the intertransition zone (ITZ) which are dependent on both carbon dioxide(CO2) exposure and the curing time. By comparing results withthose of only 28 days curing it is clear that ongoing reactionscontinue to occur but at a slower rate than in the first 28 days.When exposed to CO2, the cement-rock interaction is verydependent on the amount of added quartz. When 20% of SF isadded to the cement mix, the CO2 presence seems to exacerbatethe reaction between the cement and the rock, when comparedwith neat cement. On the other hand, 40% addition of SF seemsto slow the migration of Ca2+ and OH- ions and formation ofcementing compounds in the rock, compared to 0% and 20%SF addition.Work is ongoing in order to investigate the effect of these andother variables such as drilling fluid, temperature, rock type andcement mixture.
Year: 2013
Number Pages:
75-82pp..
Author(s): Silva, J.; Milestone, N.; Johnston, J.
Editor: Geothermal Resources Council
Volume:
Volume 37.
Keywords: Ignimbrite; Well cements; Geothermal; Curing time; Curing time; CO2; Cement-rock interaction; Bonding
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Analysis of Peti dam swelling process
Several large concrete dams built during the first half of the 20th century, when the knowledge about the deterioration processes on the concrete was limited, are yet in service, although presenting, in some cases, signs of severe deterioration due to chemical internal reactions. When these structures have significant economic importance and its replacement is not easy or is very expensive, studies carried out in order to understand and characterize the deterioration processes are of utmost importance to extend the life of these structures with adequate safety conditions.In this paper an overall view of the studies performed to a Brazilian arch dam, Peti dam, are presented. This dam, whose construction was finished in 1945, is submitted to a swelling process due to alkali-aggregate reactions (AAR). Since the detection of its abnormal behaviour, in the 60s of the last century, mainly through the observation of the development of significant cracks, several studies had been carried out involving the experimental evaluation of the concrete properties. A monitoring system was implemented in 1997 allowing the analysis and interpretation of the observed structural behaviour of dam.In the last year, CEMIG and LNEC have been cooperating in order to analyse the safety conditions of Peti dam through experimental and numerical studies. This paper presents a methodology to determine the free swelling history in the concrete covering the 66 years life of the dam with base on the environmental conditions. These results will be used as prescribed deformations in a chemo-viscoelastic-damage model in order to predict the long term behaviour of the dam. The characterization of the swelling action was based on the data collected from the monitoring system and on laboratorial tests results.
Year: 2012
Number Pages:
16.
Author(s): Tavares de Castro, A.; Piteira Gomes, J.; Ribeiro, A. C.; Divino , P.; Melo, A.; Carim , A
Editor: IBRACON
Keywords: Alkali-silika reaction; Concrete swelling; Concrete dam
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Chemical reactions in geothermal cements
The Portland cements used for completion of geothermal wells undergo a series of chemical reactions as they cure in the increased temperatures of the wells. In hydrothermal conditions, the calcium silicate cements undergo transformations changing from the initial amorphous binder formed at room temperature into a crystalline one. On its own, Portland cement will slowly crystallise into a series of high Ca/Si ratio phases which have high porosity and low strength. The crystallisation of these phases causes a reaction known as
Year: 2012
Author(s): Silva, J.
Editor: New Zealand Geothermal Association
Keywords: Slurry formulation; Geothermal cement; Well completion; Durability; Carbonation; Hydrothermal cement
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Comparação do desempenho de sensores de fibra ótica e de dispositivos tradicionais na monitorização de deformações em estruturas de betão
A monitorização de estruturas em Portugal tem sofrido desenvolvimentos significativos nas últimas décadas, na sequência da valorização das vantagens, a curto e longo prazo, da observação e do controlo da segurança das obras. Com esse fim, têm sido introduzidos no mercado dispositivos que recorrem à tecnologia de fibra ótica para a monitorização de obras de engenharia civil.O objetivo deste estudo foi a comparação do desempenho de diferentes dispositivos de medição de extensões do betão. Para isso foram moldados provetes de betão de pontes e de betão de barragens, nos quais foram inseridos diferentes tipos de extensómetros disponíveis no mercado. A comparação foi feita através da diferença entre as extensões medidas em cada extensómetro e as extensões calculadas a partir das medições realizadas em trandutores de deslocamento dispostos nas faces durante ensaios de módulo de elasticidade.Os dispositivos em estudo foram extensómetros de corda vibrante, extensómetros do tipo FSG (resistência elétrica - full-bridge) e extensómetros de fibra ótica, embebidos em betão de pontes e extensómetros do tipo Carlson e extensómetros de fibra ótica, inseridos em em betão de barragens.A utilização de extensómetros de fibra ótica para os dois tipos de betão revelou o bom funcionamento e fiabilidade destes sensores face a diferentes condições, viabilizando uma futura utilização em obra, tanto em pontes como em barragens.
Year: 2012
Number Pages:
227-228.
Author(s): Bártolo, P.; Serra, C.; Batista, A. L.; Oliveira Santos, L.
Editor: FEUP
Keywords: Sensores tradicionais; Sensores de fibra ótica; Estruturas de betão; Monitorização
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Desenvolvimento de uma prensa para a verificação de dispositivos de resistência elétrica tipo Carlson a embeber no betão de barragens
Antes da sua aplicação, tanto em obra como em provetes laboratoriais, requere-se a calibração dos dispositivos de resistência elétrica do tipo Carlson, nomeadamente extensómetros e medidores do movimento de juntas, a embeber no seio do betão. Essa calibração é realizada com recurso a sistemas mecânicos, correntemente designados por prensas de teste e calibração, constituindo padrões de referência que asseguram a rastreabilidade das medições. Atualmente não são conhecidas soluções comerciais fiáveis adequadas a este fim, pelo que houve necessidade de desenvolver um equipamento específico para o efeito.Em termos de desempenho pretende-se, no caso dos extensómetros correntes de 254 mm (10
Year: 2012
Number Pages:
239-240.
Author(s): Ferreira, I.; Gonçalves, M.; Almeida, R.; Silva, M.; Batista, A. L.; Ribeiro, A.; Serra, C.
Editor: FEUP
Keywords: Caracterização metrológica; Dispositivos de resistência elétrica; Prensa
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Hydromechanical analysis for the safety assessment of a gravity dam
This paper presents a study on seepage in a gravity dam foundation carried out with a view to evaluating dam stability for the failure scenario of sliding along the dam/foundation interface. A discontinuous model of the dam foundation was developed, using the code UDEC, and a fully coupled mechanical-hydraulic analysis of the water flow through the rock mass discontinuities was carried out. The model was calibrated taking into account recorded data. Results of the coupled hydromechanical model were compared with those obtained assuming either that the joint hydraulic aperture remains constant or that the drainage system is clogged. Water pressures along the dam/foundation interface obtained with UDEC were compared with those obtained using the code DEC-DAM, specifically developed for dam analysis, which is also based on the Discrete Element Method but in which flow is modelled in a different way. Results confirm that traditional analysis methods, currently prescribed in various guidelines for dam design, may either underestimate or overestimate the value of uplift pressures. The method of strength reduction was used to estimate the stability of the dam/foundation system for different failure scenarios and the results were compared with those obtained using the simplified limit equilibrium approach. The relevance of using discontinuum models for the safety assessment of concrete dams is highlighted.
Year: 2012
Number Pages:
15p.
Author(s): Braga Farinha, M. L.; Bretas, E. M.; Lemos, J. V.
Editor: United States Society on Dams
Keywords: Stability analysis; Water pressures; Hydromechanical behavior; Rock foundations; Concrete dams
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Information management systems for dam safety control. The Portuguese experience
The safety of the system formed by the dam, its foundation, the reservoir, and the downstream area of the dam should be evaluated on its structural, hydraulic, operational and environmental components.In particular, the structural safety assessment of an existing dam is based on the establishment of correlations between the main loads, its structural properties, and its structural responses. The values of observed responses are compared to predicted values obtained by structural behaviour models or by historical observations.Over the years, new developments in technological devices have been introduced in this field, namely through the implementation of automated data acquisition systems. This evolution, associated with very important progresses in information systems technology, has raised new challenges, but has also provided new opportunities, such as the development of data management systems that allow the person responsible for dam safety to access data, interpret the information, and make decisions, as quickly as possible.The National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC) has developed the GestBarragens system, which was designed and developed using a modular approach, based on a common data architecture that can be accessed through a Web interface.This paper intends to show the improvements that the GestBarragens system provides to the activities related to the safety control of more than one hundred large concrete and embankment dams, including the observation of several physical quantities measured by the monitoring systems, the interpretation of the information and the transmission of warnings to the entities responsible for the dam
Year: 2012
Number Pages:
13.
Author(s): Tavares de Castro, A.; Mata, J.; Barateiro, J.; Miranda , P.
Editor: IBRACON
Keywords: Warning system; Information support system; Monitoring; Safety control
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Monitorização experimental da Nova Barragem do Alto Ceira usando a tecnologia da fibra ótica
A Nova Barragem do Alto Ceira, atualmente em construção, é uma barragem abóbada, em betão, com 41m de altura e 133m de comprimento no coroamento, situada na zona centro de Portugal. A necessidade de construção da nova barragem prende-se com a substituição da existente, situada cerca de 200m a montante, a qual se encontra significativamente degradada devido a fenómenos de expansão do betão. Como é usual, o projeto da nova barragem engloba um plano de observação elaborado de acordo com o Regulamento de Segurança de Barragens, sendo a instrumentação embebida no betão baseada em sensores elétricos convencionais, em utilização há várias décadas.Os recentes desenvolvimentos da monitorização estrutural com base na fibra ótica, beneficiando nãosó da elevada precisão, durabilidade, e possibilidade de multiplexagem dos sensores óticos, mastambém da facilidade de transmissão do sinal e comunicação da fibra ótica, evidenciam grandespotencialidades na sua aplicação a barragens. Com esse objetivo, novos transdutores em fibra óticaforam desenvolvidos e instalados, numa base experimental, na Nova Barragem do Alto Ceira. Tendoem consideração que os sensores embebidos no betão em massa são dos mais expostos à agressividadedos métodos construtivos de barragens, foram selecionados para implementação novos transdutores dedeformação, de temperatura e de juntas, baseados nas redes de Bragg em fibra ótica, com o objetivo deavaliar o seu desempenho, fiabilidade e requisitos de instalação. Assim, de um modo pioneiro, foramconcebidos e construídos em laboratório, e instalados em obra um número limitado destes sensores.Neste artigo, são apresentados os novos sensores e as condições de instalação na barragem, bem comoresultados da calibração e de comparação com os sensores elétricos tradicionais, quer em condiçõescontroladas de laboratório, quer em condições de obra.
Year: 2012
Number Pages:
10.
Author(s): Figueiras , J.; Rodrigues, C.; Faria , R.; Tavares de Castro, A.; Pimentel , R.; Matos , D.
Keywords: Fibra ótica; Sensores embebidos; Monitorização experimental; Barragens de betão
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Capítulo de Livro
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BIM no controlo de segurança de barragens de betão: uma ferramenta de apoio às inspeções visuais
As inspeções visuais constituem uma atividade importante do controlo de segurança de barragens. O registo continuado de anomalias e ocorrências permite ao dono de obra acompanhar e manter o estado da obra e do sistema de observação e planear eventuais reparações e processos de reabilitação.Atualmente, é prática corrente recorrer a fichas de inspeção visual para o registo das ocorrências em cada elemento estrutural da obra e elaborar relatórios técnicos em que se descreve a evolução do estado de conservação desde a última inspeção.Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta para a implementação BIM a inspeções visuais de barragens de betão com o objetivo de sistematizar e digitalizar a informação proveniente das fichas de inspeção para um modelo BIM tridimensional. Pretende-se que o modelo BIM seja utiliza-do para melhorar a visualização das ocorrências ao longo do tempo.Este trabalho constitui o primeiro passo com vista à criação do sistema integrado BIM de análise de dados gerados automaticamente e de inspeções visuais.Apresenta-se uma proposta de utilização de formulários digitais pré-definidos para o registo das ocorrências e para exportação sistematizada da informação para o modelo BIM tridimensional. Propõem-se as regras de modelação da barragem para a fase de exploração da obra e a definição e classificação de objetos BIM para a estrutura, para as ocorrências e para os instrumentos, incluindo a definição das propriedades para o registo da informação.
Year: 2024
Number Pages:
13p..
Author(s): Serra, C.; Conde Silva, J.; Granja, J.; Azenha, M.
Editor: UMinho Editora
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Using emergent technologies on the structural health monitoring and control of critical infrastructures
Nowadays, organizations are embracing digital transformation, investingin the integration of information and communication technology (ICT) toolsand solutions. Advanced ICT technologies converge with operations technologies(OT), allowing machines, processes, employees, and products to be part ofa single data framework, from data collection to analysis, interpretation, and assessment,which are the foundation for informed decision-making. Industry 4.0takes advantage of emergent ICT to make the right decisions, at the right time,optimizing processes, minimizing risks and improving value chains. The mainaim of the structural safety assessment and control of critical infrastructures, suchas dams and bridges, is to protect people, property and the environment fromharmful effects of failure or misoperation of infrastructures. This goal is achievedthrough Structural Health Monitoring and Control (SHMC) activities to monitorand track the life-cycle of critical infrastructures in such a way that it can providesufficient information for long- and short-term decisions regarding structuralsafety assessment. The objective of this work is to present a reflection of the impactof the industry 4.0 trends on the structural safety assessment of critical infrastructuresand, more specifically, to understand the level of maturity and toshow how the leveraging of enabling technologies such as augmented reality,Internet of Things (IoT), additive manufacturing, cloud computing, big data andanalytics are impacting the SHMC activities on critical infrastructures, which aretraditional cyber-physical systems with complex sensor networks used to assessand control structural safety and health.
Year: 2022
Number Pages:
27.
Author(s): Mata, J.; Santos, J.; Barateiro, J.
: Industry 4.0 for the Built Environment. Structural Integrity
Editor: Springer Nature Switzerland AG
Volume:
20.
Keywords: Digital Industry Technologies; Cyber-Physical Systems; Industry 4.0; Critical Infrastructures; Structural Health Monitoring and Control
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Tese de Doutoramento
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Structural safety control of concrete dams aided by automated monitoring systems
As atividades de controlo de segurança de barragens de betão têm um caráter preventivo, com o intuito de facilitar a tomada de decisões de forma atempada para evitar ou minimizar as consequências resultantes de um acidente ou incidente de uma barragem. No controlo de segurança de barragens com sistemas de monitorização automática, a análise de uma grande quantidade de dados ainda pode tornar-se uma tarefa difícil. Por um lado, pretende-se garantir o controlo de segurança, em tempo real, mas, por outro lado, a capacidade humana de processar a informação de dados é limitado. No entanto, os desenvolvimentos tecnológicos em termos de capacidade de processamento de informação têm permitido o desenvolvimento de ferramentas para a análise de grandes quantidades de dados. A necessidade de rever os procedimentos de análise de dados adequados para a extração de informação tornou-se um aspeto importante para a tomada de decisão em tempo útil. Por estas razões, é fundamental proporcionar às entidades responsáveis pela segurança das barragens um sistema de apoio à gestão da informação que facilite o acesso aos dados, a interpretação da informação e a tomada de decisão, de forma atempada. Neste contexto, o principal objetivo desta dissertação é a definição de metodologias para: i) melhorar a qualidade das grandezas medidas pelo sistema recolha automática de dados, através da implementação de procedimentos para o controlo da sua qualidade e para a validação dos resultados, tendo em conta a incerteza de medição dos sistemas de medição; ii) melhorar os procedimentos relacionadas com a análise de dados e a sua interpretação, através de uma abordagem baseada nos dados da observação, a fim de apoiar a decisão de quais as grandezas que devem ser incluídas na sistemas de recolha automática de dados, quantificar o efeito da onda térmica diária na resposta da estrutura e reconhecer padrões de comportamento da barragem; iii) a definição de avisos relacionados com a identificação de comportamento anómalo, e de potenciais cenários de rotura. A aplicação das metodologias propostas num sistema de apoio à gestão da informação será um passo sólido para a melhoria dos processos de controlo de segurança em tempo real.
Year: 2013
Author(s): Mata, J.
Keywords: Barragens de betão; Sistema de apoio à decisão; Sistema de recolha automática de dados; Controlo de segurança estrutural; Monitorização
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Hydromechanical behaviour of concrete dam foundations. In situ tests and numerical modelling
Apresenta-se um estudo sobre o comportamento de fundações de barragens de betão na fase de exploração normal das obras desenvolvido com o objectivo de validar e fundamentar a aplicação de modelos numéricos de análise do comportamento hidromecânico de maciços rochosos, tendo em vista generalizar a sua utilização e tornar mais eficaz a observação e controlo de segurança destas obras. Foi estudada a representação em modelos numéricos da cortina de impermeabilização e do sistema de drenagem e das condições geológico-geotécnicas concretas das zonas de fundação analisadas, tendo em conta, nomeadamente, os problemas computacionais associados a modelos tridimensionais. Foram realizados ensaios de afluência de água em duas grandes barragens portuguesas, uma gravidade e uma abóbada, que se verificou serem fundamentais para caracterizar o escoamento no maciço, complementando a informação obtida com o sistema de observação. Desenvolveram-se modelos hidráulicos e hidromecânicos do comportamento das fundações destas barragens, que no caso da barragem gravidade foram utilizados no estudo de cenários de rotura. Apresentam-se conclusões sobre a adequação e limitação dos modelos numéricos utilizados, sobre os parâmetros essenciais para calibrar e aplicar esses modelos, e propõem-se métodos de planeamento e utilização dos sistemas de observação de fundações de barragens, de modo a melhorar o controlo de segurança.
Year: 2010
Number Pages:
475p.
Author(s): Braga Farinha, M. L.
Keywords: Controlo/avaliação da segurança; Comportamento hidromecânico; Modelação numérica; Ensaios de afluência de água; Fundações rochosas; Barragens de betão
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Modelação do comportamento estrutural de barragens de betão sujeitas a reacções expansivas
O presente trabalho pretende contribuir para o aperfeiçoamento dos modelospara análise do comportamento de barragens de betão ao longo do tempo, submetidasa processos expansivos devidos a reacções químicas de origem interna. Odesenvolvimento destas reacções expansivas, determinado pela composição do betãoe influenciado pelos campos térmico, higrométrico e de tensões, pode provocarfissuração e contribuir para a deterioração precoce das obras.O trabalho aborda, na parte inicial, a fenomenologia dos processos expansivos,salientando-se os factores de natureza física e química que mais os influenciam. Deseguida apresentam-se os aspectos relacionados com a identificação e acaracterização das reacções expansivas, no que respeita às evidências físicas e aosseus efeitos estruturais. Analisam-se, entre outras obras, as barragens portuguesasafectadas por esta patologia.A influência dos factores que regulam o desenvolvimento do processoexpansivo (composição do betão, temperatura, humidade e estado de tensão) équantificada com base num modelo de interacção químico-mecânico, permitindo umaestimativa das expansões à escala das obras de engenharia. Este modelo foiintegrado num código computacional de elementos finitos que considera ocomportamento diferido do betão, através de um modelo viscoelástico com maturação,e o surgimento e propagação da fendilhação, por meio de uma formulação de dano.Utiliza-se uma técnica incremental na discretização das acções que permite simular aevolução do comportamento ao longo do tempo, tendo em conta os fenómenosdiferidos e o progressivo desenvolvimento da fissuração.Apresentam-se dois estudos de aplicação a barragens portuguesas afectadaspor processos expansivos. O primeiro estudo refere-se à barragem de Santa Luzia,uma abóbada construída entre 1939 e 1943, em que a magnitude das expansões émoderada. O segundo estudo reporta-se à barragem de Pracana, uma obra decontrafortes cuja albufeira foi mantida vazia durante mais de uma década após trintaanos de exploração, devido à fendilhação generalizada da sua estrutura provocada porgrandes expansões diferenciais, que depois foi reabilitada, encontrando-se desdeentão em exploração normal há cerca de quinze anos. Os resultados destes estudosdemonstram o interesse e as potencialidades das metodologias desenvolvidas naquantificação do processo expansivo, na interpretação do comportamento observado ena avaliação das condições de segurança das obras.
Year: 2008
Author(s): Piteira Gomes, J.
Keywords: Agregados reactivos; Microestrutura do betão; Avaliação das condições de funcionalidade; Controlo da segurança; Mitigação; Reacções álcalis-agregado
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ICT
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Parametric inference in the context of beta mixtures
This work deals with the estimation of the parameters of mixtures of beta variables. The work is organized in four main sections preceded by an introduction and succeeded by conclusions. The second section summarizes the properties of the beta distribution and describes two methods to estimate its parameters from observed samples, the method of moments and the maximum likelihood method. The third section presents the general concept of a mixture of random variables, presents the likelihood function of a sample of a beta mixture, finally, describes the EMA
Year: 2017
Author(s): Casaca, J. M.; Pereira, R.
Keywords: Likelihood; Statistical inference; Statistical distribution
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