Publications

The application of the limit state design (LSD) in the geotechnical area has increased over the last two decades, but this approach is not yet widely used in dam safety evaluation. This study aims to widen the use of the LSD application for large dams, in particular concrete gravity dam foundations. This paper starts with a brief reference to the LSD approach in recently published guidelines for dam design, followed by a detailed description of the LSD formulation when applied to the foundation of concrete dams. The relevance of the joint application of the concepts of ultimate limit states and of numerical methods is highlighted. Comments are made regarding the criteria adopted in order to determine the characteristic values of the material mechanical properties, with an emphasis on discontinuities, taking into account the spatial variability. The sliding safety assessment of the foundation of a concrete gravity dam using the LSD and a discrete element model, both in persistent and in an accidental design situation, is presented. Results led to the conclusion that the LSD methodology may be followed for dam foundation design with the partial factor values prescribed in Eurocode 7.

To improve the effectiveness of concrete dam safety control in real time, a method is presented for theconstruction of decision rules for the early detection of developing failure scenarios. The decision rulesare based on the use of linear discriminant models developed with data obtained through mathematicalmodels of the dam

In its lifetime, a dam can be exposed to significant water level variations and seasonal environmental temperature changes. The structural safety control of a concrete dam is supported by monitoring activities and is based on models.In practice, the interpretation of recorded concrete dam displacements is usually based on HST (hydrostatic, seasonal, time) statistical models. These models are widely used and consider that the thermal effect can be represented by a seasonal function. The main purpose of this paper is to present an HTT (hydrostatic, thermal, time) statistical model to interpret recorded concrete dam displacements. The idea is to replace the seasonal function with the use of recorded temperatures that better represent the thermal effect on dam behavior.Two new methodologies are presented for constructing HTT statistical models, both based on principal component analysis applied to recorded temperatures in the concrete dam body. In the first method, principal component analysis is used to choose the thermometers for the construction of the HTT model. In the second method, the thermal effect is represented by the principal components of temperature of selected thermometers.The advantage of these methods is that the thermal effect is represented by real temperature measured in the concrete dam body. The HTT statistical models proposed are applied to the 110m high Alto Lindoso arch dam, and the results are compared with the HST displacement model.

The purpose of this research work is to identify the effect of the daily variation of the air temperature on the structural response of a concrete dam. It is intended to obtain a better knowledge about structuralbehaviour of concrete dams. In current day to day activities, quantitative interpretation models are used for the assessment of structural dam behaviour of concrete dams. Most models ignore the temperature effect of a wave with a daily variation. However, in dams with automated data acquisition systems this daily effect can be used to anticipate the detection of abnormal behaviour.In this paper, the Short Time Fourier Transform analysis of the residuals is used, obtained by the quantitative interpretation models and measurement data, to identify the signature that the daily variation of the air temperature has on the structural behaviour of a concrete dam. A case study is presented based on the analysis of a horizontal displacement measured on a pendulum, in the Alto Lindoso concrete dam. As a result, the relation between magnitudes of daily variations of the horizontal displacement analysed and the air temperature was defined. The relation obtained can be used to assess if there is alterations or not in the dam response to short period loads corresponding to the daily variations analysed.

This paper presents the application of a methodology which can be used to assess arch dam foundation stability, using the discrete element method (DEM) and the code 3DEC. A global three-dimensional model of a dam foundation was developed, in which some discontinuities were simulated and both the grout and drainage curtains were represented. The model, calibrated taking into account recorded data, was used to carry out non-linear mechanical analysis. The same model was employed to perform a hydraulic analysis, based on equivalent continuum concepts, which allowed the water pressure pattern within the foundation to be obtained. These water pressures were applied on discontinuities involved in the possible sliding mechanism along the dam/foundation interface, and the safety of the dam/foundation system was evaluated using a process of reduction of strength characteristics, with the aim of calculating the minimum safety factors that ensure stability. Results were compared with those obtained with the usual bi-linear uplift pressure distribution at the base of the dam, commonly used in concrete dam design. The relevance of carrying out hydraulic analysis in arch dam foundation failure studies is highlighted.

Neste trabalho apresenta-se a aplicação de uma metodologia que pode ser usada para avaliar a segurança de barragens abóbada relativamente a estados limites últimos envolvendo a fundação. É usado o método dos elementos discretos e o programa 3DEC. Apresenta-se um modelo global da barragem e fundação, com o qual é possível efetuar análises mecânicas e análises hidráulicas. No modelo são representadas três das cinco principais famílias de descontinuidades do maciço e outras superfícies de descontinuidade, tais como a superfície de fundação e as juntas de contração da barragem. A influência da pressão da água na fundação na estabilidade de uma cunha do maciço a jusante da obra é analisada comparando os resultados obtidos sem subpressões, com os obtidos aplicando as pressões calculadas com o modelo hidráulico ou aplicando campos de pressões simplificados, definidos a partir de uma superfície freática compatível com as condições de fronteira.

One of the most important phenomena of the delayed behaviour of mass concrete used in dams is creep, i.e., the increase in deformation over time when subjected to constant stress. Although several studies concerning concrete creep were carried out throughout the last decades in a structural and material level, the physical and chemical phenomena are yet to be fully understood. This paper presents a study on the Alqueva dam

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Borehole water-inflow tests allow measurement of discharges and water pressures in isolated sections of drains and piezometric boreholes. A series of water-inflow tests and water electrical conductivity analysis were carried out in an area of the foundation of an arch dam. Detailed three-dimensional numerical models developed for the analysis of the tests data in two foundation areas are presented. Results of rock mass permeability tests and areas where seepage paths cross each drain, identified with both water-inflow tests and water electrical conductivity analysis, were taken into account. Models were validated against flow rates and water pressures recorded in situ. By examining water-inflow tests using numerical models, the main flow processes are identified and quantified. Test results and conclusions drawn from the detailed 3D models were used to elaborate a global model of the foundation. The present study shows that borehole water-inflow tests add valuable information to the usual monitoring data, which improves our ability to analyse the behaviour of concrete dam foundations. It is also concluded that although discontinuum models provide a more natural representation of flow in jointed rock masses, equivalent continuum models can still be used successfully to study both global and local hydraulic behaviour of dam foundations.

Recycled aggregates may make an important contribution toward decreasing the adverse consequences of the production and the dumping of construction and demolition waste CDW on the environment. The results of the experimental research work carried outat Lisbon

Monitoring is a key activity to ensure the structural safety of dams and is used for detection of deterioration, including local degradation issues and more extensive deterioration scenarios, such as the development of internal expansion reactions which, in the worst case scenario, can lead to severe cracking and even to the abandonment of the dam.This paper presents an overview of an information system that includes a monitoring database, which includes the records of the main actions (water level, air and water temperatures and temperature inside the concrete) and of the main structural responses (radial and tangential displacements measured in inverted plumb-lines and using geodetic techniques, displacements measured in rod extensometers and by precision levellings in target points, joint displacements measured in joint meters, bi- and tridimensional strain fields measured in sets of strainmeters). The hydraulic behaviour of the foundation is also monitored, including the measurement of water discharges along the drainage gallery and the water pressure in the foundation (uplift). The database has monitoring data since the construction period of each dam until this date through periodic readings over the years.Different measurements in some dams, with and without identified deterioration processes, are presented and compared in order to showcase the importance of monitoring activities over the structures lifetime.

This paper presents a methodology for the prediction of dam concrete instantaneous and long-term deformability properties using discrete element method (DEM) based on particle models (PM). The concrete mix, namely the content, size and distribution of the aggregates is explicitly taken into account. This type of concrete has large aggregate size and fraction volume. Due to the computational cost of the analysis of a large number of particles, dam concrete specimen is represented by an arrangement of mortar particles and of coarse aggregates particles. The overall behaviour is determined by the micro properties at each contact type, i.e., mortar-mortar, aggregate-aggregate, and aggregate-mortar which defines the interfacial transition zone (ITZ).The proposed approach is to characterize and model both the mortar and the coarse aggregates separately and study their interaction in the heterogeneous model of concrete. For the mortar, a long-term analysis is required for modelling the aging viscoelastic properties. For the aggregates, an elastic analysis defines the contact micro properties in order to obtain the macro properties of the intact rock.The numerical results obtained from the dam concrete particle model using DEM show a good agreement with the available experimental results for several loading ages.

The Ribeiradio-Ermida multipurpose hydro scheme, built between July 2010 and the end of 2015, is the first major project in the Vouga River basin and is located in the centre of Portugal. Its main purposes are power generation, water supply and flood control. The Ribeiradio dam is a 83 m high concrete gravity dam, with a controlled gated spillway over the dam structure. This project encompasses a second lower dam, Ermida, located 5 km downstream, to regulate Ribeiradio flows. Both schemes are under operation since the first quarter of 2016.This paper presents the main features and results obtained during the first filling of the Ribeiradio dam reservoir and during the subsequent period of exploitation until the end of 2017. In accordance with the Portuguese legislation, the results of the detailed inspections of the dam and its foundation, as well as the integrated analysis of all results provided by the monitoring system, which are presented in the paper, have shown both the dam and its foundation present a satisfactory behaviour.

The failure of dams with large reservoirs can be the cause of catastrophic accidents with very important losses of human lives, material and environmental assets. For these reasons, the safety control of these constructions is regulated and followed by national authorities, considering the structural, hydraulic-operational and environmental aspects. In Portugal, the national authority is technically assisted, for dams that involve major risks, by the National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC).The structural safety control of dams is based on regular inspection and on the interpretation of data collected from the monitoring system, obtained from different measurement instruments installed according to the dam safety monitoring plan, and taking into account the results of numerical models, considering the material properties and the loads.Baixo Sabor dam, which is owned and was engineered and constructed by EDP-Energias de Portugal, is a good example of the technology and experience in the field of monitoring and instrumentation available in LNEC and in the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (FEUP), able to analyze the behavior of the structure in all phases, namely during the first filling of the reservoir and exploitation period. Some results collected from different measurement instruments are presented, showing the proper functioning of the monitoring system.

To show how quality control of data, statistics, Machine Learning, and Artificial Intelligence will change Infrastructure Safety and Risk Management and Public Safety Forever is expected with the RESTATE project. This work aims to develop methodologies and procedures to support decision-making for the timely safety control of large infrastructures under operating conditions. This project aims to address new methodologies based on Deep Learning to create value in three main activities: quality control of monitoring data, analysis and interpretation of the structural behaviour, and safety assessment.

This paper presents the main characteristics of the automated monitoring system of Feiticeiro damand addresses a proposal for the definition of thresholds for the physical quantities measured throughthe use of an automated data acquisition systems (ADAS) for concrete dams.Feiticeiro is 45m high concrete gravity dam, designed, constructed and explored by EDP, located inPortugal in Sabor river (a tributary of Douro river).The defined thresholds for the physical quantities will be linked to an Internal Early Warning ControlSystem (IEWCS) of the dam, allowing the early identification and notification of potential abnormalsituations to the entities responsible for the dam safety.In operation since August 2016, the ADAS of the Feiticeiro dam defined by EDP allows themeasurement of several quantities used for the safety control, analysis and interpretation of the dambehaviour, such as: horizontal and vertical displacements, movements of joints, strain, uplift pressure,foundation displacements, seepage, concrete and air temperatures, and reservoir water level, amongothers.The measurements, obtained through the use of the ADAS developed and installed by ProintegaIngeneria, are sent to the gestBarragens system

The Fagilde dam is affected by concrete swelling reactions, of the ISR type, which induced serious damage in the dam

The concrete arch dam proposed for the 14th International Benchmark Workshop on Numerical Analysis (theme A) was numerically studied using computational codes purposely developed by the authors for dam analysis. Given that the codes use 2nd order 20-node brick elements, the concrete arch dam finite element mesh given as input by the organizing committee had to be adapted. The arch dam geometry follows closely the given input node coordinates. In order to ease the generation process, the foundation finite element mesh was totally redefined. The thermal analysis was done using a transient analysis model. A linear mechanical analysis including the gravity load, the hydrostatic pressure and the extreme temperature variations resulting from the thermal analysis was carried out. Then, a nonlinear model was considered at the dam/foundation interface in order to better simulate its behaviour, given that the arch dam is excavated into the rock where the support is made to act like a hinge. Finally, a nonlinear finite element analysis was carried out with a two scalar damage model at the brick finite elements representing the arch dam body. In this latter nonlinear analysis, a smeared reinforcement model was adopted at the upstream and downstream arch dam faces, following a linear elastic model. A discrete crack model was also analysed. Results of both thermal and mechanical analyses are presented and discussed.

Neste trabalho apresenta-se a aplicação de um modelo hidromecânico em pequenos deslocamentos desenvolvido para análise de fundações de barragens de betão. O modelo baseia-se numa formulação de elementos finitos de interface e requer um esquema de pré-processamento robusto, de modo a garantir que os contactos entre os diversos blocos que representam o maciço rochoso de fundação e a barragem são somente aresta/aresta. A parte mecânica do modelo permite uma representação rigorosa da distribuição de tensões ao longo das juntas, representadas por elementos de interface, e é perfeitamente compatível com a parte hidráulica. Apresentam-se os resultados da análise de estabilidade de um perfil gravidade sob ações estáticas e dinâmicas. Os resultados são comparados com os obtidos com um modelo em grandes deslocamentos. Conclui-se que é possível avaliar a segurança ao deslizamento de barragens gravidade recorrendo a modelos de interação em pequenos deslocamentos.

The safety control of large concrete dams, involving monitoring data and numerical modelling, is an important challenge being faced by all stakeholders involved in the exploration and safety of these structures with high social and economic value. In this context, the main concern is the detection of possible malfunctions as early as possible so as to ensure the real-time assessment of the structural behaviour under operation conditions. The structural response observed in large concrete dams is generated by the combination of the effects imposed mainly by the hydrostatic loading and by the temperature variations. Theassessment of the observed structural responses, like displacements, is usually performed through its comparison with values obtained by statistical models, also known as quantitative interpretation models, or by numerical models, composed of finite elements or other. The purpose of the research work presented herein is the development of a new methodology, coupled with a computational application, capable of properly assessing the structural behaviour of large concrete dams. This methodology is based on computing quantitative interpretation models and wavelet transforms from monitoring data obtained on site and in relating this type of information, extracted from variables related to the actions

As inspeções visuais constituem uma atividade importante do controlo de segurança de barragens. O registo continuado de anomalias e ocorrências permite ao dono de obra acompanhar e manter o estado da obra e do sistema de observação e planear eventuais reparações e processos de reabilitação.Atualmente, é prática corrente recorrer a fichas de inspeção visual para o registo das ocorrências em cada elemento estrutural da obra e elaborar relatórios técnicos em que se descreve a evolução do estado de conservação desde a última inspeção.Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta para a implementação BIM a inspeções visuais de barragens de betão com o objetivo de sistematizar e digitalizar a informação proveniente das fichas de inspeção para um modelo BIM tridimensional. Pretende-se que o modelo BIM seja utiliza-do para melhorar a visualização das ocorrências ao longo do tempo.Este trabalho constitui o primeiro passo com vista à criação do sistema integrado BIM de análise de dados gerados automaticamente e de inspeções visuais.Apresenta-se uma proposta de utilização de formulários digitais pré-definidos para o registo das ocorrências e para exportação sistematizada da informação para o modelo BIM tridimensional. Propõem-se as regras de modelação da barragem para a fase de exploração da obra e a definição e classificação de objetos BIM para a estrutura, para as ocorrências e para os instrumentos, incluindo a definição das propriedades para o registo da informação.

Nowadays, organizations are embracing digital transformation, investingin the integration of information and communication technology (ICT) toolsand solutions. Advanced ICT technologies converge with operations technologies(OT), allowing machines, processes, employees, and products to be part ofa single data framework, from data collection to analysis, interpretation, and assessment,which are the foundation for informed decision-making. Industry 4.0takes advantage of emergent ICT to make the right decisions, at the right time,optimizing processes, minimizing risks and improving value chains. The mainaim of the structural safety assessment and control of critical infrastructures, suchas dams and bridges, is to protect people, property and the environment fromharmful effects of failure or misoperation of infrastructures. This goal is achievedthrough Structural Health Monitoring and Control (SHMC) activities to monitorand track the life-cycle of critical infrastructures in such a way that it can providesufficient information for long- and short-term decisions regarding structuralsafety assessment. The objective of this work is to present a reflection of the impactof the industry 4.0 trends on the structural safety assessment of critical infrastructuresand, more specifically, to understand the level of maturity and toshow how the leveraging of enabling technologies such as augmented reality,Internet of Things (IoT), additive manufacturing, cloud computing, big data andanalytics are impacting the SHMC activities on critical infrastructures, which aretraditional cyber-physical systems with complex sensor networks used to assessand control structural safety and health.

As atividades de controlo de segurança de barragens de betão têm um caráter preventivo, com o intuito de facilitar a tomada de decisões de forma atempada para evitar ou minimizar as consequências resultantes de um acidente ou incidente de uma barragem. No controlo de segurança de barragens com sistemas de monitorização automática, a análise de uma grande quantidade de dados ainda pode tornar-se uma tarefa difícil. Por um lado, pretende-se garantir o controlo de segurança, em tempo real, mas, por outro lado, a capacidade humana de processar a informação de dados é limitado. No entanto, os desenvolvimentos tecnológicos em termos de capacidade de processamento de informação têm permitido o desenvolvimento de ferramentas para a análise de grandes quantidades de dados. A necessidade de rever os procedimentos de análise de dados adequados para a extração de informação tornou-se um aspeto importante para a tomada de decisão em tempo útil. Por estas razões, é fundamental proporcionar às entidades responsáveis pela segurança das barragens um sistema de apoio à gestão da informação que facilite o acesso aos dados, a interpretação da informação e a tomada de decisão, de forma atempada. Neste contexto, o principal objetivo desta dissertação é a definição de metodologias para: i) melhorar a qualidade das grandezas medidas pelo sistema recolha automática de dados, através da implementação de procedimentos para o controlo da sua qualidade e para a validação dos resultados, tendo em conta a incerteza de medição dos sistemas de medição; ii) melhorar os procedimentos relacionadas com a análise de dados e a sua interpretação, através de uma abordagem baseada nos dados da observação, a fim de apoiar a decisão de quais as grandezas que devem ser incluídas na sistemas de recolha automática de dados, quantificar o efeito da onda térmica diária na resposta da estrutura e reconhecer padrões de comportamento da barragem; iii) a definição de avisos relacionados com a identificação de comportamento anómalo, e de potenciais cenários de rotura. A aplicação das metodologias propostas num sistema de apoio à gestão da informação será um passo sólido para a melhoria dos processos de controlo de segurança em tempo real.

Apresenta-se um estudo sobre o comportamento de fundações de barragens de betão na fase de exploração normal das obras desenvolvido com o objectivo de validar e fundamentar a aplicação de modelos numéricos de análise do comportamento hidromecânico de maciços rochosos, tendo em vista generalizar a sua utilização e tornar mais eficaz a observação e controlo de segurança destas obras. Foi estudada a representação em modelos numéricos da cortina de impermeabilização e do sistema de drenagem e das condições geológico-geotécnicas concretas das zonas de fundação analisadas, tendo em conta, nomeadamente, os problemas computacionais associados a modelos tridimensionais. Foram realizados ensaios de afluência de água em duas grandes barragens portuguesas, uma gravidade e uma abóbada, que se verificou serem fundamentais para caracterizar o escoamento no maciço, complementando a informação obtida com o sistema de observação. Desenvolveram-se modelos hidráulicos e hidromecânicos do comportamento das fundações destas barragens, que no caso da barragem gravidade foram utilizados no estudo de cenários de rotura. Apresentam-se conclusões sobre a adequação e limitação dos modelos numéricos utilizados, sobre os parâmetros essenciais para calibrar e aplicar esses modelos, e propõem-se métodos de planeamento e utilização dos sistemas de observação de fundações de barragens, de modo a melhorar o controlo de segurança.

O presente trabalho pretende contribuir para o aperfeiçoamento dos modelospara análise do comportamento de barragens de betão ao longo do tempo, submetidasa processos expansivos devidos a reacções químicas de origem interna. Odesenvolvimento destas reacções expansivas, determinado pela composição do betãoe influenciado pelos campos térmico, higrométrico e de tensões, pode provocarfissuração e contribuir para a deterioração precoce das obras.O trabalho aborda, na parte inicial, a fenomenologia dos processos expansivos,salientando-se os factores de natureza física e química que mais os influenciam. Deseguida apresentam-se os aspectos relacionados com a identificação e acaracterização das reacções expansivas, no que respeita às evidências físicas e aosseus efeitos estruturais. Analisam-se, entre outras obras, as barragens portuguesasafectadas por esta patologia.A influência dos factores que regulam o desenvolvimento do processoexpansivo (composição do betão, temperatura, humidade e estado de tensão) équantificada com base num modelo de interacção químico-mecânico, permitindo umaestimativa das expansões à escala das obras de engenharia. Este modelo foiintegrado num código computacional de elementos finitos que considera ocomportamento diferido do betão, através de um modelo viscoelástico com maturação,e o surgimento e propagação da fendilhação, por meio de uma formulação de dano.Utiliza-se uma técnica incremental na discretização das acções que permite simular aevolução do comportamento ao longo do tempo, tendo em conta os fenómenosdiferidos e o progressivo desenvolvimento da fissuração.Apresentam-se dois estudos de aplicação a barragens portuguesas afectadaspor processos expansivos. O primeiro estudo refere-se à barragem de Santa Luzia,uma abóbada construída entre 1939 e 1943, em que a magnitude das expansões émoderada. O segundo estudo reporta-se à barragem de Pracana, uma obra decontrafortes cuja albufeira foi mantida vazia durante mais de uma década após trintaanos de exploração, devido à fendilhação generalizada da sua estrutura provocada porgrandes expansões diferenciais, que depois foi reabilitada, encontrando-se desdeentão em exploração normal há cerca de quinze anos. Os resultados destes estudosdemonstram o interesse e as potencialidades das metodologias desenvolvidas naquantificação do processo expansivo, na interpretação do comportamento observado ena avaliação das condições de segurança das obras.

This work deals with the estimation of the parameters of mixtures of beta variables. The work is organized in four main sections preceded by an introduction and succeeded by conclusions. The second section summarizes the properties of the beta distribution and describes two methods to estimate its parameters from observed samples, the method of moments and the maximum likelihood method. The third section presents the general concept of a mixture of random variables, presents the likelihood function of a sample of a beta mixture, finally, describes the EMA