Publications

Knowledge of forces due to the action of waves on submarine outfalls composed by a pipe and stabilizing concrete weights, considering the wave propagation direction to the outfalls, is essential to their design. 3D numerical models based on RANS-VoF (Reynolds-Average-Navier-Stokes Volume-of-Fluid) are able to estimate forces on the pipe and weights. The present study aims to simulate a submarine outfall with stabilizing concrete weights at 1:15 scale which was previously tested in the 3D Shallow Water Basin at the Danish Hydraulics Institute (DHI) to analyse the influence of the direction of the incident wave and the distance from the pipe to the bottom on the outfall forces. In this study, numerical results are compared with experimental ones for waves with four different amplitudes and with wave incidence perpendicular to the outfall. The use of k-

The aim of this paper is the experimental characterization of the capture width ratio (CWR) and response amplitude operator (RAO) of a 1:10 physical model of an oscillating wave surge converter (OWSC), under unidirectional regular and irregular waves. The effects of hydraulic power take-off (PTO) system are explicitly taken in consideration. A mathematical model is proposed to describe the PTO damping as a function of the angular velocity of the flap. The harmonic decomposition of free-surface elevation, angular velocity of the flap and pressure in the PTO system demonstrates that these signals are dominated by their linear component. However, the signals also present some important higher-order frequency components. To predict the CWR of the OWSC under irregular waves the nonlinear output frequency response functions are considered as the extension of the RAO to the nonlinear case. It is shown and discussed that the PTO system, wave frequency and height have a significant influence on the CWR and RAO. The RAO curve for irregular waves does not exhibit a well-defined peak, showing a limited variation in a broadband. A weak correlation between CWR and RAO was found, i.e., the maximum CWR does not occur for the maximum value of RAO.

Fluid-dynamic interference among cylindrical structures in arrays, frequently used in engineering, is of fundamental and practical interests since it may considerably change fluid-structure interactions and produce large fluctuating forces on structures that cause vibrations, lock-in and important motions. This paper aims to study the mutual interference between two circular cylinders in tandem arrangement, which is considered the simplest configuration of one array cylinders, elastically mounted in transversal direction and subject to a bi-dimensional uniform laminar flow at low Reynolds numbers. Both cylinders have the same diameter D and the center-to-center spacing is equal to L = 5.25D which corresponds to co-shedding regime. The academic numerical model Ifeinco, which is based on the finite element method and uses a partitioned scheme that considers two-way interaction of fluid flow and structure, has been employed to the analysis. Combinations of upstream and downstream stationary and elastically mounted cylinders are investigated for Reynolds number range from 90 to 140. Differences of flow behaviors drag and lift forces and resonance between single cylinder and cylinders in tandem arrangement were found. Mutual and respective influence of upstream cylinder motion on the downstream cylinder and vice-versa are analyzed. Results show that, in some engineering studies, the consideration of the flexibility of cylindrical structures in arrays is fundamental since it influences significantly the interference between cylinders, mainly the magnitude and direction of forces and characteristics of the resonance range, and, consequently, structural and dynamical behaviors.

This paper describes a programme under the responsibility of the National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC), Portugal for the systematic observation and monitoring of maritime works, termed OSOM+, which has been applied to an extensive number of maritime structures on the Portuguese mainland coast and abroad. The OSOM+ programme comprises the following four main components for each structure: a) Periodic visual inspections by a trained technician; b) Periodic aerial inspections using a UAV/drone; c) The ANOSOM-GIS database, to store and/or query obtained information, as well as to diagnose present, evolution and risk conditions; and d) A mobile, portable, application, for real-time input and visualization of the ANOSOM-GIS database information.This recently updated methodology encompasses a number of tools whose functionalities are illustrated in this paper with an application to a case study: the Ericeira

This paper describes a methodology to determine the optimal size of a Wells turbine to be used in an OWC device taking into account hydro-aerodynamic coupling, performance curves of the turbine and air pressure control by a relief valve. The proposed model, named turbine diameter optimization (TDO) model, considers the movement of the water surface inside the OWC chamber as a piston movement in response to the hydrodynamic forces from the incoming waves. The aerodynamic is based on the first law of thermodynamics applied to the air column of the chamber. The power-pressure curve of the turbine and the air pressure control by relief valve are implemented in the model to determine the turbine power output for several regular incident waves. The TDO model is initially calibrated by a numerical model based on Reynolds-Average-Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations for each wave component of an expected sea state distribution. Thereafter, the power output generated by turbines of several sizes is calculated with lower computational cost (few minutes) in comparison with RANS based models (thousands of hours) in a personal computer. This developed methodology is an important support to the process of turbine sizing for an OWC device for an expected sea state distribution.

This paper describes the preliminary developments of an innovative integrated tool for the numerical modelling of oscillating water column (OWC) wave energy converters (WEC) integrated in vertical breakwaters. The main purpose of the tool is the numerical modelling of wave propagation from offshore to nearshore, wave-structure interaction, and the complex nonlinear hydrodynamic and aerodynamic phenomena that occur in OWC-WECs.The tool development and validation were supported by experimental data from physical model tests carried out in a wave flume at the Portuguese National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC). Prototype data were also available for the Pico OWC-WEC in the Azores, Portugal, monitored by the Portuguese Wave Energy Centre since 2005. Application of the tool for sea-wave characterization at the Azores archipelago and calculation of the corresponding wave power for a period of 10 years at various points around each island show that, in winter, there is good availability of wave energy in most quadrants of each island. In summer, the resource exploitation is only worthwhile on the north-west coasts of the islands. Physical and numerical modelling results for an OWC with a fully open chamber show good agreement between experimental data and numerical values for several incident wave conditions. The analysed results include the time series of the free-surface elevation at different locations, the time series of the mean free surface inside the water chamber, the amplification factors, the phase angles and the velocity vectors at the highest and the lowest positions of the mean free surface inside the chamber. The tool showed its potential to be useful in supporting ocean and coastal engineering projects due to its capacity to effectively reproduce the main phenomena involved in these types of studies.

Joint statistical models for long-term wave climate are a key aspect of offshore wind engineering design. However, to find a joint model for sea-state characteristics is often difficult due to the complex nature of the wave climate and the physical constraints of seastates phenomena. The available records of wave heights and periods are often very asymmetric in their nature. This article presents a copula-based approach to obtain the joint cumulative distribution function of the significant wave heights and the up-crossing mean period. This study is based on 124-month hindcast data concerning Horns Rev 3 offshore wind farm. The extra-parametrization technique of symmetric copulas is implemented to account for the asymmetry present in the data. The analysis of the total sea, the wind-sea and primary swell components is performed separately. The results show that the extra-parametrization technique with pairwise copulas consistently provided a better goodness-of-fit when compared to symmetric copulas. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the separation of the total sea into its components does not always improve the extra-parametrized copula

This paper analyses the hydrodynamic interaction between two ships, one stationary and the other navigating nearby, using physical and numerical modelling. The passing ship is a self-propelled scale model of the

O conhecimento das forças devido à acção das ondas que atuam nos emissários submarinos, compostos por uma conduta e anéis de estabilização de betão, para agitação com direcção de propagação próxima da direcção do emissário, é essencial para o seu dimensionamento. Esta é uma configuração complexa, para a qual a modelação numérica, utilizando modelos 3D de tipo RANSVoF (Reynolds-Average-Navier-Stokes Volume-of-Fluid), é especialmente adequada para obter uma estimativa das forças na conduta e nos anéis. O presente estudo consiste na simulação de um emissário submarino com anéis de estabilização à escala 1:15 que foi ensaiado num tanque de ondas tridimensional, nas instalações do Danish Hydraulics Institute, para estudar a influência da direcção da agitação incidente e da distância da conduta ao fundo nas forças que atuam no emissário. Os resultados numéricos são comparados aos experimentais: obtém-se uma boa concordância nas forças de arrasto, mas as forças de sustentação são subestimadas numericamente.

Os quebra-mares de talude estão entre as obras de proteção marítimo-portuárias mais frequentes em Portugal. Devido ao ambiente marítimo agressivo a que estão sujeitos, requerem obras de manutenção periódicas que garantam o seu funcionamento adequado.O elevado valor associado às reparações e/ou reabilitações e às grandes dimensões dos quebra-mares, muitas vezes inviabilizam que intervenções em estruturas desta natureza sejam realizadas de forma completa.Realizou-se um estudo de análise multicritério, com objetivo de propor critérios a serem utilizados na metodologia Measuring Attractiveness by a Category Based Evaluation Technique (MACBETH), acrescida de informações técnicas da base de dados da aplicação de Análise de Observação Sistemática de Obras Marítimas (ANOSOM), com a intenção de otimizar o impacto dos investimentos e auxiliar a tomada de decisões quanto a priorização de intervenções diretamente relacionadas com a maximização da vida útil dos quebra-mares e o seu correto funcionamento. Os casos de estudo são os quebra-mares de Vilamoura, Quarteira e Faro-Olhão.

A geografia marítima nem sempre proporciona à costa um ambiente seguro para a instalação e manutenção de portos. Com este propósito, constroem-se obstáculos estruturais capazes de proteger o porto contra a agitação marítima, permitindo que as embarcações executem com segurança e eficiência as operações portuárias.Os quebra-mares de talude são as estruturas de proteção marítimo-portuárias mais frequentes em Portugal e estão sujeitos à ação de intempéries e agitação marítima intensa, requerendo obras de manutenção periódicas que garantam o seu funcionamento adequado. No entanto, devido ao elevado valor associado às reparações e/ou reabilitações e à envergadura deste tipo de obras, nem sempre é possível que as intervenções sejam realizadas de forma completa.As informações técnicas, relativas às intervenções em quebra-mares de talude, estão registadas na base de dados de Análise de Observação Sistemática de Obras Marítimas (ANOSOM), uma ferramenta de diagnóstico de estruturas marítimas de proteção portuária e de embocaduras, desenvolvida em MS ACESS pelo Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC), a qual mantém uma ampla biblioteca de registos originados em observações regulares de obras marítimas portuguesas, desde o ano de 1995 até à atualidade.As metodologias de análise de multicritério contribuem de forma significativa para a maximização do impacto dos investimentos, proporcionando a tomada de decisões de forma eficiente, no que tange a priorização das intervenções diretamente relacionadas com a vida útil da estrutura e com o seu correto funcionamento.O estudo contido na presente comunicação tem por objetivo propor a utilização de metodologias de análise multicritério para apoio à decisão, através do levantamento de diversos critérios, submetidos a avaliação de especialistas neste tipo de infraestruturas.

Damage evolution in rubble mound breakwaters is one of the key issues in coastal engineering, in particular their design, linked to maintenance and preventive strategies. One of the major challenges is to determine how the lower parts of the breakwaters evolve under sea states. The settlements and movements in this area are responsible of the evolution in the medium and upper parts, in particular the active zone, that are finally the areas where the initial damage and destruction are produced. To analyze these zones, scanning methodologies are increasing their application, specially to determine more precisely the initial movements of the pieces, porosity evolution and damage.This paper presents the application of a scanning device, a Kinect® system, both to analyze a rock armour and Antifer protection in 2D tests conducted in two facilities: LNEC (Portugal) and CITEEC (University of A Coruña, Spain). The analysis presents the initial approach to the validation process and calibration errors, and comparison with existing formulae. The comparison was done only in the initial and final steps, so no water was present in the flume when scanning. Further work is actually developed with intermediate steps (and water), and 3D tests including a roundhead (RODBreak project, Hydralab+, H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015. Project ID: 654110).

Esta comunicação apresenta uma avaliação do risco de galgamento das estruturas de defesa marítima do Porto de Leixões, nomeadamente o quebra-mar norte e o quebra-mar sul.Recorrendo a previsões de agitação marítima em águas profundas fornecidas pelo modelo WAM, é feita a sua propagação com os modelos numéricos SWAN e DREAMS de modo a obter-se a caracterização da agitação marítima incidente nestas estruturas. Este trabalho assenta na utilização de dados de agitação marítima que cobrem um período de 38 anos (1979

Nesta comunicação descreve uma aplicação do modelo numérico XBEACH no cálculo do espraiamento, galgamento e consequente inundação de sete praias da zona da Costa da Caparica, concelho de Almada, recorrendo à metodologia desenvolvida no âmbito do projeto de investigação HIDRALERTA.Com base nos dados de 2007 a 2016 de agitação marítima ao largo, fornecidos pelo modelo de previsão da agitação marítima WAVEWATCH III, procede-se à transferência destes dados para locais em frente a cada uma das praias da Costa da Caparica, utilizando o modelo numérico SWAN, de modo a caraterizar o regime de agitação marítima nesses locais. De seguida, para o cálculo do espraiamento, galgamento e inundação, recorre-se ao modelo XBEACH, de previsão do efeito de tempestades marítimas na erosão e inundação de zonas costeiras. Os resultados numéricos obtidos para um conjunto de 4 tempestades e para as várias praias são comparados com valores calculados com base em fórmulas empíricas.Os resultados numéricos e das fórmulas empíricas apresentam uma concordância razoável em termos do nível máximo de inundação para a zona norte da Praia de São João da Caparica, o mesmo não se verificando nas zonas também protegidas por estruturas de defesa costeira.

This paper describes the 2D physical model tests performed for a rock armour breakwater at LNEC´s facilities, under the framework of the HYDRALAB+ project. The aim of the present work was to evaluate damage evolution under different approaches of storm sequences, corresponding to different climate change scenarios. The tested wave conditions intended to simulate different sequences of water levels (low water and high water), significant wave heights and peak periods. Damage evaluation was based on the traditional visual method and on stereo-photogrammetric techniques. Results in terms of the non-dimensional damage parameter, the non-dimensional damage depth and the percentage of displaced armour units are compared for the different storm sequences.

This paper describes the 2D physical model tests performed for a rock armour breakwater at LNEC´s facilities, under the framework of the HYDRALAB+ project. The aim of the present work was to evaluate damage evolution under different approaches of storm sequences, corresponding to different climate change scenarios. The tested wave conditions intended to simulate different sequences of water levels (low water and high water), significant wave heights and peak periods. Damage evaluation was based on the traditional visual method and on stereo-photogrammetric techniques. Results in terms of the non-dimensional damage parameter, the non-dimensional damage depth and the percentage of displaced armour units are compared for the different storm sequences.

Understanding damage progression under future climate changes is of utmost importance for effective management of coastal defenses. Significant wave height, wave period, storm direction and water level have been considered the main design variables for coastal structures. Usually, physical model tests support the design of breakwaters considering different incident wave conditions that include also extreme events.This paper describes the two-dimensional (2D) physical model tests of a rock armor breakwater, performed at LNEC´s experimental facilities, under the framework of the HYDRALAB+ project. The aim of the present work was to evaluate damage evolution under future climate change scenarios, by using different damage evaluation techniques. The tested wave conditions simulated a storm sequence where two water levels (low water and high water) were considered, as well as an increase of the wave height. The water levels and the wave heights were chosen to simulate extreme events forecasted on climate change scenarios.Damage evaluation was based on the traditional counting method and on stereophotogrammetric techniques. Test results are presented in terms of the damage parameter S (Broderick & Ahrens, 1982) and in terms of the percentage of removed armor units. The analysis is focused on the damage progression during the scale model tests, for the imposed storm sequence.The damage presents an oscillating behavior with two main damage areas corresponding to the active zones for each level, due to the variation of the water level between low-water and highwater. This behavior differs significantly from that found for the common storm sequences usually tested, where the water level does not change.Both measuring techniques lead to an intermediate damage of the cross-section breakwater. However, the damage parameter assessment with the stereo-photogrammetric technique allows a more versatile evaluation, since it is possible to characterize damage in representative zones of the cross-section.

This paper analyses the influence of water depth and speed variation in the hydrodynamic interaction between a navigating ship and a stationary one, using physical and numerical modelling. The passing ship is a self-propelled scale model of the

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Realização de ensaios em modelo físico reduzido 3D para a avaliação da estabilidade do quebra-mar destacado do Porto Inlgês, Maio, Cabo-Verde

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Adverse sea conditions can cause emergency situations associated to wave overtopping, which endanger the safety of people and goods, with negative impacts for society, the economy and the environment. Therefore, a methodology to assess the overtopping risk in port and coastal areas is essential for a proper planning and management of these areas.The Portuguese National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC) has been developing the HIDRALERTA system, an integrated decision-support tool for port and coastal management, which focus in preventing and supporting the management of emergency situations and the long-term planning of interventions in the study areas. It enables the user to calculate the risk for various port and coastal activities, starting with the characterization of sea-waves, wind field and tide levels at the study regions.HIDRALERTA was already tested at different places in Portugal: Costa da Caparica beach, in Almada, and port of Praia da Vitória, in the Azores. However, in both cases, the evaluation of wave overtopping / flooding consequences was carried out using a quite simple approach. In fact, such consequences were assessed only at a global and qualitative level, based on information provided by the responsible authorities.This paper aims at testing a quantitative methodology to evaluate overtopping consequences: the Analytic Network Process (ANP). This methodology was proposed to solve complex decision-making problems and its objective is to calculate the priorities among decision elements which will define their final weights on the consequences. The ANP approach can produce interdependencies between criteria and compute the respective weight of each criterion. Such a network model with dependence and feedback improves the priorities derived from judgements and makes prediction more accurate. So, the ANP allows comparison among clusters of elements. Furthermore, in this methodology we take into account the impacts of alternatives on the importance of criteria, by normalizing the comparison matrix. Thus, the given alternatives can influence the ranking of criteria.Application of the ANP methodology to the case study of Praia da Vitória port is presented and a consequences level map is obtained.

Apresenta-se um novo sistema de alerta para navios amarrados em portos que se encontra em desenvolvimento no Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil. O sistema SWAMS_ALERTA é um sistema de previsão e alerta baseado na avaliação do risco associado ao comportamento de navios amarrados em zonas portuárias.Os riscos associados a navios amarrados decorrem de movimentos excessivos, quer no plano horizontal, quer no plano vertical. Estes movimentos podem condicionar as atividades portuárias, nomeadamente cargas e descargas, mas em casos extremos podem levar à ocorrência de situações de emergência, tais como rotura de cabos, rotura de cabeços de amarração ou até colisões com o cais. As consequências deste tipo de situações envolvem sempre grandes prejuízos materiais e por vezes humanos.O sistema SWAMS_ALERTA utiliza as medições e previsões de agitação marítima para a determinação dos seus efeitos em termos de movimentos nos seis graus de liberdade e forças nas amarras e defensas quando o navio se encontra estacionado no cais. Para tal, o sistema recorre a uma série de modelos numéricos, interligados entre si. A comparação destes valores com valores máximos admissíveis pré-estabelecidos permite a avaliação, em tempo real, de situações de emergência e a emissão de alertas dirigidos às entidades portuárias.O sistema é constituído por 4 módulos:I

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