Publications

Knowledge of forces due to the action of waves on submarine outfalls composed by a pipe and stabilizing concrete weights, considering the wave propagation direction to the outfalls, is essential to their design. 3D numerical models based on RANS-VoF (Reynolds-Average-Navier-Stokes Volume-of-Fluid) are able to estimate forces on the pipe and weights. The present study aims to simulate a submarine outfall with stabilizing concrete weights at 1:15 scale which was previously tested in the 3D Shallow Water Basin at the Danish Hydraulics Institute (DHI) to analyse the influence of the direction of the incident wave and the distance from the pipe to the bottom on the outfall forces. In this study, numerical results are compared with experimental ones for waves with four different amplitudes and with wave incidence perpendicular to the outfall. The use of k-

The aim of this paper is the experimental characterization of the capture width ratio (CWR) and response amplitude operator (RAO) of a 1:10 physical model of an oscillating wave surge converter (OWSC), under unidirectional regular and irregular waves. The effects of hydraulic power take-off (PTO) system are explicitly taken in consideration. A mathematical model is proposed to describe the PTO damping as a function of the angular velocity of the flap. The harmonic decomposition of free-surface elevation, angular velocity of the flap and pressure in the PTO system demonstrates that these signals are dominated by their linear component. However, the signals also present some important higher-order frequency components. To predict the CWR of the OWSC under irregular waves the nonlinear output frequency response functions are considered as the extension of the RAO to the nonlinear case. It is shown and discussed that the PTO system, wave frequency and height have a significant influence on the CWR and RAO. The RAO curve for irregular waves does not exhibit a well-defined peak, showing a limited variation in a broadband. A weak correlation between CWR and RAO was found, i.e., the maximum CWR does not occur for the maximum value of RAO.

Fluid-dynamic interference among cylindrical structures in arrays, frequently used in engineering, is of fundamental and practical interests since it may considerably change fluid-structure interactions and produce large fluctuating forces on structures that cause vibrations, lock-in and important motions. This paper aims to study the mutual interference between two circular cylinders in tandem arrangement, which is considered the simplest configuration of one array cylinders, elastically mounted in transversal direction and subject to a bi-dimensional uniform laminar flow at low Reynolds numbers. Both cylinders have the same diameter D and the center-to-center spacing is equal to L = 5.25D which corresponds to co-shedding regime. The academic numerical model Ifeinco, which is based on the finite element method and uses a partitioned scheme that considers two-way interaction of fluid flow and structure, has been employed to the analysis. Combinations of upstream and downstream stationary and elastically mounted cylinders are investigated for Reynolds number range from 90 to 140. Differences of flow behaviors drag and lift forces and resonance between single cylinder and cylinders in tandem arrangement were found. Mutual and respective influence of upstream cylinder motion on the downstream cylinder and vice-versa are analyzed. Results show that, in some engineering studies, the consideration of the flexibility of cylindrical structures in arrays is fundamental since it influences significantly the interference between cylinders, mainly the magnitude and direction of forces and characteristics of the resonance range, and, consequently, structural and dynamical behaviors.

This paper describes a programme under the responsibility of the National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC), Portugal for the systematic observation and monitoring of maritime works, termed OSOM+, which has been applied to an extensive number of maritime structures on the Portuguese mainland coast and abroad. The OSOM+ programme comprises the following four main components for each structure: a) Periodic visual inspections by a trained technician; b) Periodic aerial inspections using a UAV/drone; c) The ANOSOM-GIS database, to store and/or query obtained information, as well as to diagnose present, evolution and risk conditions; and d) A mobile, portable, application, for real-time input and visualization of the ANOSOM-GIS database information.This recently updated methodology encompasses a number of tools whose functionalities are illustrated in this paper with an application to a case study: the Ericeira

This paper describes a methodology to determine the optimal size of a Wells turbine to be used in an OWC device taking into account hydro-aerodynamic coupling, performance curves of the turbine and air pressure control by a relief valve. The proposed model, named turbine diameter optimization (TDO) model, considers the movement of the water surface inside the OWC chamber as a piston movement in response to the hydrodynamic forces from the incoming waves. The aerodynamic is based on the first law of thermodynamics applied to the air column of the chamber. The power-pressure curve of the turbine and the air pressure control by relief valve are implemented in the model to determine the turbine power output for several regular incident waves. The TDO model is initially calibrated by a numerical model based on Reynolds-Average-Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations for each wave component of an expected sea state distribution. Thereafter, the power output generated by turbines of several sizes is calculated with lower computational cost (few minutes) in comparison with RANS based models (thousands of hours) in a personal computer. This developed methodology is an important support to the process of turbine sizing for an OWC device for an expected sea state distribution.

This paper describes the preliminary developments of an innovative integrated tool for the numerical modelling of oscillating water column (OWC) wave energy converters (WEC) integrated in vertical breakwaters. The main purpose of the tool is the numerical modelling of wave propagation from offshore to nearshore, wave-structure interaction, and the complex nonlinear hydrodynamic and aerodynamic phenomena that occur in OWC-WECs.The tool development and validation were supported by experimental data from physical model tests carried out in a wave flume at the Portuguese National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC). Prototype data were also available for the Pico OWC-WEC in the Azores, Portugal, monitored by the Portuguese Wave Energy Centre since 2005. Application of the tool for sea-wave characterization at the Azores archipelago and calculation of the corresponding wave power for a period of 10 years at various points around each island show that, in winter, there is good availability of wave energy in most quadrants of each island. In summer, the resource exploitation is only worthwhile on the north-west coasts of the islands. Physical and numerical modelling results for an OWC with a fully open chamber show good agreement between experimental data and numerical values for several incident wave conditions. The analysed results include the time series of the free-surface elevation at different locations, the time series of the mean free surface inside the water chamber, the amplification factors, the phase angles and the velocity vectors at the highest and the lowest positions of the mean free surface inside the chamber. The tool showed its potential to be useful in supporting ocean and coastal engineering projects due to its capacity to effectively reproduce the main phenomena involved in these types of studies.

Joint statistical models for long-term wave climate are a key aspect of offshore wind engineering design. However, to find a joint model for sea-state characteristics is often difficult due to the complex nature of the wave climate and the physical constraints of seastates phenomena. The available records of wave heights and periods are often very asymmetric in their nature. This article presents a copula-based approach to obtain the joint cumulative distribution function of the significant wave heights and the up-crossing mean period. This study is based on 124-month hindcast data concerning Horns Rev 3 offshore wind farm. The extra-parametrization technique of symmetric copulas is implemented to account for the asymmetry present in the data. The analysis of the total sea, the wind-sea and primary swell components is performed separately. The results show that the extra-parametrization technique with pairwise copulas consistently provided a better goodness-of-fit when compared to symmetric copulas. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the separation of the total sea into its components does not always improve the extra-parametrized copula

This paper analyses the hydrodynamic interaction between two ships, one stationary and the other navigating nearby, using physical and numerical modelling. The passing ship is a self-propelled scale model of the

The To-SEAlert project has the aim of increasing the efficiency, robustness and reliability of the HIDRALERTA system.

Communities can be vulnerable to wave-induced flooding and risk is expected with rising sea levels and population growth.

The assessment of damage evolution in scale model tests of rubble-mound breakwaters can be achieved by comparing eroded depths and volumes between consecutive surveys. Aiming to evaluate damage evolution on rubble-mound breakwater, scale model tests were recently conducted on the maritime hydraulic facilities of the National Laboratory for Civil Engineering. This paper focuses on the use of novel, non-intrusive survey methodologies such as the Time of Flight (ToF) principle technique. Damage evaluation is based on the comparison of point clouds obtained before and after each test series, enabling the extraction of profiles, the calculation of eroded depths and eroded volumes and the estimation of displaced units.

Neste estudo recorre-se à modelação numérica para a simulação de eventos de galgamento, inundação e erosão costeira em zonas costeiras devido a ocorrência de tempestades. Esta metodologia está a ser estudada para o troço costeiro da Costa da Caparica, na área que compreende toda a extensão da estrutura de defesa aderente, para a tempestade Hércules/Christine. Nesta modelação numérica recorreram-se aos modelos numéricos SWAN e XBeach. Estes modelos foram utilizados para simular 96 h de forçamentos oceanográficos sobre a área de estudo, representando assim a tempestade entre os dias 3 e 7 de janeiro de 2014. Os resultados preliminares apontam para um subestima dos run-up consequência da parametrização do modelo e das características da batimetria considerada.

This work aims to determine the exploitable wave energy resource at six potential sites, located in the Azores, Madeira and Sines. For that purpose, the third-generation wave model SWAN is used to estimate the sea-wave conditions over the last 40 years. Boundary conditions of the sea states and wind fields are provided by the climate reanalysis datasets ERA5. Using those results as inputs to the SWAN model, the sea-states were propagated shoreward, in order to estimate and analyse the wave conditions in the regions of interest. By combining the average energy flux per unit-length of wave front and the probability of occurrence of each sea state, the average exploitable annual energy per unit length of wave crest can be computed. The variability of this energy flux is analysed since it is of fundamental importance for the efficiency of the Wave Energy Converters (WEC).

A avaliação do espraiamento e do galgamento em estruturas de proteção costeira e portuária é fundamental para o projeto de novas estruturas e na verificação da segurança de estruturas já existentes. A sua determinação tem como objetivos principais a definição da cota de coroamento da estrutura e o estabelecimento das condições de serviço dessa estrutura. Uma das metodologias mais utilizadas para a avaliação do espraiamento e do galgamento em estruturas marítimas é a modelação física. Nessa metodologia, são várias as técnicas que podem ser usadas para a avaliação desses fenómenos físicos. Neste âmbito, salientam-se o uso de sondas resistivas, de balança ou de imagens vídeo. Neste trabalho são apresentados os resultados de um estudo em modelo físico do espraiamento e galgamento da estrutura de proteção portuária do Porto da Ericeira para diferentes condições de agitação marítima. Comparam-se ainda várias técnicas de avaliação do espraiamento e do galgamento que foram utilizadas nesses ensaios em modelo físico para avaliar o seu desempenho.

Neste trabalho apresentam-se os resultados de simulações numéricas do comportamento de um navio ferry amarrado nos dois portos da ilha do Pico, São Roque e Madalena, durante a passagem recente de duas grandes tempestades, nomeadamente o furacão Lorenzo entre 2 e 5 de outubro de 2019 e a depressão Elsa entre 19 e 22 de dezembro de 2019. No âmbito do projeto ECOMARPORT encontra-se em desenvolvimento um sistema de alerta para os riscos de navios amarrados nos referidos portos. Este sistema permite prever com 72 horas de antecedência os efeitos da agitação marítima em navios amarrados, mais concretamente, os seus movimentos e forças no sistema e amarração. A comparação destes resultados com os limites de segurança e de operacionalidade do terminal portuário permite avaliar o risco e tomar medidas preventivas. Os resultados obtidos em cada um dos portos permite comparar a eficácia da amarração proposta.

Para caracterizar a resposta de um trecho do quebra-mar de taludes do porto da Ericeira à agitação marítima nele incidente, realizaram-se no canal de ondas irregulares do LNEC um conjunto de ensaios em modelo físico bidimensional (2D) desse mesmo trecho. Nesta comunicação descreve-se a instalação experimental, bem como a metodologia utilizada no levantamento da envolvente do quebra-mar com vista à caracterização da evolução do dano. Esta metodologia baseou-se na avaliação da erosão do manto resistente utilizando o sensor de posição Kinect na obtenção de modelos tridimensionais de superfície. Apresentam-se ainda, alguns resultados relativos aos danos ocorridos início e no final de uma das três séries de ensaios realizadas.

Esta comunicação apresenta uma análise dos coeficientes de segurança ao derrubamento e ao deslizamento na superestrutura do quebra-mar do Porto da Ericeira quando sujeito à acção de temporais, calculados com base nas forças obtidas por aplicação das fórmulas aplicáveis a este caso de estudo. Dada a previsão de subida do nível do mar na costa oeste portuguesa, é importante analisar a sua influência no agravamento das forças nas superestruturas destas estruturas e, consequentemente, na estabilidade da superestrutura. Para tal, foram calculadas as forças horizontais e verticais e respetivos coeficientes de segurança que se exercem na superestrutura do quebra-mar utilizando as condições de agitação no pé da estrutura obtidas de modelos de hindcast considerando os níveis de maré atuais e para uma projeção de subida do nível do mar de 5 mm/ano. A análise de resultados permitiu concluir que o efeito da subida do nível do mar reduz ligeiramente a segurança desta superestrutura para o cenário considerado, não sendo a alteração significativa.

Para caracterizar a resposta de um trecho do quebra-mar de taludes do porto da Ericeira à agitação marítima nele incidente, realizaram-se no canal de ondas irregulares do LNEC um conjunto de ensaios com um modelo reduzido desse mesmo trecho. Nesta comunicação descreve-se a instalação experimental, incluindo os diversos instrumentos utilizados para medir as séries temporais das várias grandezas de interesse e o programa de ensaios, apresentando-se as grandezas medidas num subconjunto dos ensaios considerado mais interessante. Nestas grandezas incluem-se a elevação da superfície livre associada à agitação incidente, o espraiamento ao longo do talude, o volume de água de água galgado, a pressão em vários pontos da superestrutura e a erosão do manto protetor.

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Realização de ensaios em modelo físico reduzido 3D para a avaliação da estabilidade do quebra-mar destacado do Porto Inlgês, Maio, Cabo-Verde

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Adverse sea conditions can cause emergency situations associated to wave overtopping, which endanger the safety of people and goods, with negative impacts for society, the economy and the environment. Therefore, a methodology to assess the overtopping risk in port and coastal areas is essential for a proper planning and management of these areas.The Portuguese National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC) has been developing the HIDRALERTA system, an integrated decision-support tool for port and coastal management, which focus in preventing and supporting the management of emergency situations and the long-term planning of interventions in the study areas. It enables the user to calculate the risk for various port and coastal activities, starting with the characterization of sea-waves, wind field and tide levels at the study regions.HIDRALERTA was already tested at different places in Portugal: Costa da Caparica beach, in Almada, and port of Praia da Vitória, in the Azores. However, in both cases, the evaluation of wave overtopping / flooding consequences was carried out using a quite simple approach. In fact, such consequences were assessed only at a global and qualitative level, based on information provided by the responsible authorities.This paper aims at testing a quantitative methodology to evaluate overtopping consequences: the Analytic Network Process (ANP). This methodology was proposed to solve complex decision-making problems and its objective is to calculate the priorities among decision elements which will define their final weights on the consequences. The ANP approach can produce interdependencies between criteria and compute the respective weight of each criterion. Such a network model with dependence and feedback improves the priorities derived from judgements and makes prediction more accurate. So, the ANP allows comparison among clusters of elements. Furthermore, in this methodology we take into account the impacts of alternatives on the importance of criteria, by normalizing the comparison matrix. Thus, the given alternatives can influence the ranking of criteria.Application of the ANP methodology to the case study of Praia da Vitória port is presented and a consequences level map is obtained.

Apresenta-se um novo sistema de alerta para navios amarrados em portos que se encontra em desenvolvimento no Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil. O sistema SWAMS_ALERTA é um sistema de previsão e alerta baseado na avaliação do risco associado ao comportamento de navios amarrados em zonas portuárias.Os riscos associados a navios amarrados decorrem de movimentos excessivos, quer no plano horizontal, quer no plano vertical. Estes movimentos podem condicionar as atividades portuárias, nomeadamente cargas e descargas, mas em casos extremos podem levar à ocorrência de situações de emergência, tais como rotura de cabos, rotura de cabeços de amarração ou até colisões com o cais. As consequências deste tipo de situações envolvem sempre grandes prejuízos materiais e por vezes humanos.O sistema SWAMS_ALERTA utiliza as medições e previsões de agitação marítima para a determinação dos seus efeitos em termos de movimentos nos seis graus de liberdade e forças nas amarras e defensas quando o navio se encontra estacionado no cais. Para tal, o sistema recorre a uma série de modelos numéricos, interligados entre si. A comparação destes valores com valores máximos admissíveis pré-estabelecidos permite a avaliação, em tempo real, de situações de emergência e a emissão de alertas dirigidos às entidades portuárias.O sistema é constituído por 4 módulos:I

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