Publications

This paper presents the analysis of the probability of occurrence of wave overtopping events as well as its consequences at the Port of Las Nieves in Agaete, Gran Canaria Island, with the evaluation of the resulting level of flood risk. The study has been conducted using a third-generation spectral wave model to reproduce wave propagation from deep to shallow water depths considering the associated mean sea level, and a neural network-based model, for estimating mean wave overtopping discharges. Results reveal that overtopping in the initial sections of the port, located in the port access area, is substantially higher than that associated with the cross-sections of the main body of the breakwater, so that control actions to reduce overtopping are required due to the important socioeconomic implications regarding the infrastructure inoperability.

Neste trabalho, descreve-se a aplicação ao porto e baía da Praia da Vitória, na ilha Terceira, Açores, Portugal, da metodologia de avaliação do risco de galgamentos em estruturas marítimas em desenvolvimento no LNEC, considerando duas ferramentas neuronais para cálculo dos galgamentos baseadas em resultados da aplicação de redes neuronais artificiais, nomeadamente a ferramenta NN_Overtopping2 e a Overtopping Predictor v1.1. Em particular, avalia-se comparativamente quais as implicações que a utilização de cada uma destas ferramentas tem em termos de número de eventos de galgamento e magnitude dos caudais médios galgados, bem como consequente grau de risco, para as 9 secções-tipo de estruturas marítimas estudadas no porto e baía da Praia da Vitória. O período de estudo é de 5 anos (2008 a 2012).

O galgamento de estruturas portuárias consiste na passagem de água sobre o coroamento da estrutura pela ação da agitação marítima e é um dos fenómenos com maior impacto na integridade da estrutura e na segurança da zona por ela protegida. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é estudar o galgamento num quebra-mar de taludes, com um importante muro cortina, protegido por um quebra-mar submerso. Em particular, pretende-se otimizar a geometria do quebra-mar submerso situado a barlamar do quebra-mar de taludes, no qual se pretende diminuir o galgamento.A estrutura marítima em estudo é o molhe norte do Porto de Leixões, em frente ao qual já existe um quebra-mar submerso na zona da cabeça. Pretende-se estender a zona do molhe protegida pelo quebra-mar submerso e, para tal, é necessário estudar qual a melhor geometria e posição a adotar para este quebra-mar.Para estudar a influência da geometria e da posição do quebra-mar submerso no galgamento do molhe norte, utilizou-se o modelo numérico IH2VOF. Simularam-se três condições de agitação regular, que diferem somente na altura de onda, e sete geometrias do quebra-mar submerso, que diferem da configuração original (a existente atualmente) em três características: a distância entre o quebra-mar submerso e o molhe, a cota de coroamento do quebra-mar submerso e a sua largura de coroamento.Com a realização deste estudo, para as condições de agitação consideradas, verificou-se que as características com maior impacto na redução do galgamento no molhe norte do Porto de Leixões são: o aumento da distância entre o quebra-mar submerso e o molhe e o aumento da cota de coroamento do quebra-mar submerso. O caudal médio de galgamento para as condições de agitação em estudo reduziu-se de um valor máximo de 0,71 l/s/m para a configuração original para 0,02 l/s/m em duas das novas configurações analisadas, ou seja, uma redução de 97% face à configuração original.

The susceptibility of bridge decks to vortex induced oscillations can b eaddressed through wind-tunnel testing. This paper considers the case of the Vila-Real Bridge, in the north of Portugal, which has the highest deck above ground (230m), among concrete-deck bridges cable-stayed in the central plane. It has a single-cell rectangular box girder with a wide top flange supported by regularly spaced inclined struts. Aeroelastic studies of this precise type of deck seem nonexistent in the literature.Results of sectional model tests are presented for a selection of three distinct angles of attack and three deck configurations, including a solution, alternative to the usual mitigation measures, that solved the susceptibility to vortex induced vibration of the deck and that has no relevant additional design or building costs.With the proposed approach, bridge designers may be able to relegate the use of sections with high aerodynamic performance

Wave-induced flow velocity and turbulence may cause scouring in the seabed around coastal structures depending on the wave climate and tidal water depth. A 3-D physical modelling study was conducted to investigate the possible causes of the sinking of two submerged coastal structures on the Santa Maria del Mar (SMM) beach, Spain. The experimental investigation was conducted by employing a Froude similarity law with a geometric scale of 1:20, and the submerged modular structure was subjected to different wave climates and tidal water levels. The combinations of the significant wave height and peak period were chosen from in-situ real wave conditions thatwere monitored during the sinking of the prototype structures. Linking and unlinking conditions for the modules in the structure were investigated in this study. The results show that the modules sank to approximately 48% of their height at the end of the tests with storm waves and semi-linking conditions of low water depth. Most of the experimental results were compatible with the prototype monitoring results. Tests with proper linking among themodules and testswith an appropriate gravel foundation resulted in a sustainable solution because they presented much less or almost no scouring and sinking.

Despite the simplicity of the geometry of the circular cylinders, the uniform flow around them is complex,since it may induce unsteady forces on structures associated with vortex shedding. This paper describes the study of two circular cylinders (the downstream one is elastically mounted in transversal direction) in tandem arrangement subject to bi-dimensional uniform laminar flows at low Reynolds numbers. The academic numerical model Ifeinco, which is based on the finite element method and uses a partitioned scheme that considers two-way interaction of fluid flow and structure, has been employed to the analysis.Firstly, both stationary cylinders in tandem arrangement for Re = 100 are analysed for center to center distance between the cylinders, L/D, from 1.5 to 6.0. Results of lift and drag coefficients and Strouhal number are compared with other numerical results and good agreement is found. Secondly, numerical results for L/D = 5.25, considering downstream elastically mounted cylinder, are analysed for Reynolds numbers ranging from 100 to 140. It shows that the resonance occurs for Reynolds numbers between 115 and 120 and the maximum dimensionless amplitude of oscillation is 0.721 for Re = 118.

Techniques based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been increasingly applied to predict emergency situations, such as extreme wave conditions, wave overtopping or flooding, and damage to maritime structures, in coastal and port areas. In this work, a fuzzy adaptive resonance theory with mapping (FAM) ANN was trained to predict the wave regime both inside and at the entrance to the Port of Sines, one of the major trade and economic gateways of the Iberian Peninsula, located on the Portuguese west coast. In situ measurements using pressure sensors, wave buoy data, and results from two numerical wave propagation models

The main goal of this paper is to develop a photogrammetric method in order to obtain arobust tool for damage assessment and quantification of rubble-mound armour layers during physicalscale model tests. With the present work, an innovative approach based on a reduced number ofdigital photos is proposed to support the identification of affected areas. This work considers twosimple digital photographs recording the instants before and after the completion of the physicaltest. Mathematical techniques were considered in the development of the procedures, enabling thetracking of image differences between photos. The procedures were developed using an open-sourceapplication, Scilab, nevertheless they are not platform dependent. The procedures developed enablethe location and identity of eroded areas in the breakwater armour layer, as well as the possibilityof quantifying them. This ability is confirmed through the calculation of correlation coefficients ineach step of the search for the more damaged area. It is also possible to make an assessment of themovement of armour layer units.

Nesta comunicação, descreve-se um sistema de previsão e alerta baseado na avaliação do risco associado e ao comportamento de navios em manobra ou amarrados em zonas portuárias. Trata-se de uma extensão do HIDRALERTA (associado aos fenómenos de galgamentos oceânicos e inundações em zonas costeiras e portuárias), e tal como este, tem como ideia-base a utilização de previsões da agitação marítima (a 72 horas) para calcular os seus efeitos, neste caso, sobre os navios, quer nas manobras de aproximação ao porto quer quando se encontram acostados no interior deste. O sistema está a ser implementado numa plataforma Web e é constituído por 4 módulos: Características da Agitação Marítima; Navegação em zonas portuárias; Avaliação do risco e Sistema de Alerta. O porto da Praia da Vitória constitui a primeira aplicação prática do sistema e ilustra as suas potencialidades.

Nesta comunicação, descreve-se o sistema SWAMS_ALERTA que é um sistema deprevisão e alerta baseado na avaliação do risco associado à navegação em zonas portuáriase ao comportamento de navios amarrados em zonas portuárias. O sistema baseia-se nosistema HIDRALERTA (associado aos fenómenos de galgamentos oceânicos e inundaçõesem zonas costeiras e portuárias), e tal como este, tem como ideia-base a utilização deprevisões da agitação marítima (a 72 horas) para calcular os seus efeitos, neste caso, sobreos navios, quer nas manobras de aproximação ao porto quer quando se encontra acostado nointerior deste.O sistema modular é constituído por 4 módulos: I

O objectivo principal deste artigo é implementar condições de fronteiras específicas num modelo URANS-VOF 3D (Unsteady Reynolds-Average-Navier-Stokes

This paper focuses the toe berm damage progression analysis using image processing tools, in order to test their applicability to scale model tests. Damage can be characterized either by counting the number of displaced units or by measuring the eroded profile of the armor slope. Nevertheless, qualitative and quantitative damage assessment is not always easy. In order to ease and speed up those tasks, some image processing tools are applied in this study. In this work, damage was accessed using the displaced armor units counting method. A stereophotogrammetric method for profile survey was used to analyze profile eroded areas during test series. An image compare tool was alsp implemented and advantages and limitations of these techniques were evaluated. These techniques were applied ia scale model tests of Praia da Vitória harbor South breakwater, aiming to quantify the cross-section damage progression.

The evaluation of the travel distance of wave overtopping behind coastal structures is very important for estimating the damaging impacts. Usually, these calculations can be performed by applying empirical formulas but they are limited to the wave/water level conditions and structure characteristics for which they were developed.This paper describes the application of existing formulas to a cross-section of the south breakwater of Praia da Vitória port (Terceira island, Azores, Portugal), which is protected by a recurved wave return wall.Results from physical model tests performed at LNEC are used to test, validate and calibrate those formulas. The formula that provided the best fit to the measured travel distances was developed by Besley (1999) but discrepancies were still considerable. Following a sensitivity analysis on the empirical parameters, new parameter values were suggested, as well as adjusted Besley (1999) and Lykke Andersen et al. (2009) formulas, which improved significantly the agreement with the new physical model data.

This paper describes the SWAMS ALERT system, a forecast, warning and risk assessment system associated with navigation and mooring of ships in port areas. This system is based on HYDRALERTA, a previously developed system for overtopping and flooding in coastal and port areas. The basic idea is to use 72-hour sea waves

This paper focus on the sea wave characterization (significant wave height, peak wave period, mean wave period, mean wave direction) at the Azores archipelago and the evaluation of the wave energy source. For the sea wave characterization, the numerical mode! SWAN, is applied for a period of 10 years in several points around each of the nine islands of Azores, at the 100 m CD bathymetric. Based on those results, average wave power maps considering whole 10 year period or the winter and the summer periods are constructed. An average sea wave climate is also presented. Moreover, sea wave characterization is also made for Porto Cachorro at Pico island, where a power pIant is constructed since 1990.

A avaliação quantitativa do risco de galgamentos, e correspondente inundação, em termos de custos associados aos danos causados por estes fenómenos é de grande relevância. Com efeito, tal dotará as autoridades competentes de uma informação fulcral para o planeamento a médio e longo prazo de intervenções mitigadoras do risco.Nesta comunicação, apresenta-se a aplicação da simulação de Monte Carlo ao porto da Praia da Vitória para a análise da incerteza das variáveis que influenciam o valor dos prejuízos causados pela ocorrência de galgamentos e inundação nesta zona portuária.A metodologia consiste na definição de um conjunto de variáveis aleatórias, tais como: o caudal médio galgado, a área atingida pelo galgamento, o valor e o número de bens em risco e o dano causado nos bens. A cada uma destas variáveis faz-se corresponder uma distribuição de probabilidade, procede-se à geração de uma amostra de valores aleatórios, aplica-se o modelo para cálculo do prejuízo associado ao galgamento utilizando as combinações geradas pelas variáveis aleatórias e, por fim, analisam-se os resultados para avaliação da incerteza nos mesmos. Com vista a simplificar a aplicação do modelo, esta foi dividida em 3 estágios, sendo o primeiro apenas para a geração da distribuição do caudal médio galgado condicionado ao nível da altura significativa do estado de agitação incidente na estrutura, o segundo para a determinação da distribuição correspondente ao custo condicionado ao mesmo nível e o terceiro para a obtenção da distribuição para o risco. A probabilidade de excedência de cada um dos níveis referidos é determinada, com base nos últimos 30 anos de previsões da agitação marítima obtidas nesta zona. Os caudais médios galgados sobre uma estrutura portuária são obtidos com recurso à ferramenta neuronal NN_OVERTOPPING2. Os restantes parâmetros foram definidos empiricamente apenas com o intuito de demonstrar o modelo.

Runnup and overtopping are the two main sea wave originated events that threat coastal structures. Theseevents may cause destruction of property and the environment, and endanger people. To build early warning forecast systems, we must take into account the consequence and risk characterization of the events in the affected area, and understand how these two types of spatial information integrate with sensor data sources and the risk determination methodology. In this paper we present the description and relationship between consequence and risk maps, their role on the risk calculation, and how the HIDRALERTA project integrates both aspects into its risk methodology. We present a case study for Praia da Vitória port, in Azores Portugal.

This paper describes the advances on the research project DITOWEC

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A major objective of TRA LISBON 2022 Conference is to boost research and innovation capacity for the transport sector, throughout a full innovation cycle, from idea to market. Having this in view, the project

The demonstration area will be one of the main focus points of TRA LISBON 2022, presenting multifunctional spaces and being prepared to receive a large number of different types of on-site demonstrations (indoor and outdoor). On-line demonstrations will also be an option, allowing for the widest possible coverage of access for all the participants.The dedicated areas will allow for interactive demonstrations of technological innovations to be carried out by and for industry partners, researchers, and other stakeholders. Demonstrations are an excellent opportunity to introduce conference attendees in an engaging way, as well as to promote new contacts and promising business.

According to the CSA project plan, WP5.2 task objective is to organize technical tours that feature attractive and interactive showcases aiming at engaging participants into novel technologies for all transport modes and enabling stakeholders and their companies to disseminate and even sell their products and applications to all interested parties.

This report is part of HYDRALAB+ Work Package 10, which seeks to strengthen the coherence of experimental hydraulic and hydrodynamic research undertaken by the HYDRALAB+ partner organisations. It outlines the work carried out by Samui Design & Management Ltd, supported by HR Wallingford, in relation to the development of a data repository structure that can be adopted by participants of the HYDRALAB+ project.

Reliable prediction of wave run-up/overtopping and structure damage is a key task in the design and safety assessment of coastal and harbor structures. Run-up/overtopping and damage must be below acceptable limits, both in extreme and in normal operating conditions, to guarantee the stability of the structure and the safety of people and assets on and behind the structure. The mean-sea-level rise caused by climate change and its effects on wave climate may increase the number and intensity of run-up/overtopping events and make the existing coastal/harbor structures more vulnerable to damage.Accurate estimates, through physical modelling, of the statistics of overtopping waves for a set of climate change conditions, are needed. The research project HYDRALAB+ (H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015) gathers an advanced network of environmental hydraulic institutes in Europe, which provides access to a suite of environmental hydraulic facilities. They play a vital role in the development of climate change adaptation strategies, by allowing the direct testing of adaptation measures and by providing data for numerical model calibration and validation. The use of physical (scale) models allows the simulation of extreme events as they are now, and as they are projected to be under different climate change scenarios.The enclosed dataset refers to the experimental work developed at LNEC within HYDRALAB+ and considers 2D damage and overtopping tests for a rock armor slope, with four different approaches to represent storms. Data of free surface elevation, overtopping and damage is presented.

The HYDRALAB+ project is aimed at strengthening the coherence of experimental hydraulic and hydrodynamic research undertaken across its partner organisations. This report is D10.2 of the HYDRALAB+ project, entitled

The HYDRALAB+ project is aimed at strengthening the coherence of experimental hydraulic and hydrodynamic research undertaken across its partner organisations. This report is D10.3 of the HYDRALAB+ project, entitled

This deliverable is related to task 8.2

Neste relatório inicial são apresentadas a arquitetura e as caraterísticas gerais dos protótipos do sistema de previsão, alerta e gestão de riscos causados pela agitação marítima para os portos de Madalena do Pico, São Roque do Pico e Praia da Vitória. Os três protótipos em desenvolvimento têm por base uma arquitetura semelhante, com características distintas, nomeadamente no que respeita à localização dos dados de base, às malhas computacionais utilizadas e às características físicas das fronteiras, tanto no plano horizontal (interface terra-mar), como no vertical (batimetria dos fundos). Caracteriza-se o layout geral dos portos, bem como a sua morfologia e operabilidade.

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