Publications

The Ria de Aveiro, a mesotidal lagoon located on the Northwestern Portuguese coast, is characterized by large areas of intertidal flats and a web of narrow channels. The lagoon has a large area of mostly abandoned salt pans, whose progressive degradation is caused by the lack of maintenance and by the strong currents which erode their protective walls. The shallow water model ELCIRC was implemented and calibrated for the Ria de Aveiro in order to study its hydrodynamics, with special emphasis on the effect of the destruction of the salt pans protective walls. The calibration was performed by adjusting the bottom friction coefficient, through the comparison between measured and computed time series of surface water elevations at several stations within thelagoon. Harmonic analyses of these data were performed in order to evaluate the models accuracy. An assessment of root mean square errors and skill showed that a good calibration was achieved.Once calibrated, ELCIRC was used to characterize the hydrodynamics of the entire lagoon and the channels around the salt pans under different scenarios (present athymetry and a projection of the bathymetry resultingfrom the walls destruction). An extreme destruction of the salt pan walls would result in a significant increase of the inundation area in Ria de Aveiro, as well as in changes of the global and local hydrodynamic regimes. In summary, this study reveals how the increase of the flooded area in estuarine lagoons can affect tidalpropagation, including the increase of tidal currents, tidal prism and tidal asymmetry. The long-term implications of the salt pans inundation are discussed based on the results.

Due to the increasing sand demand for construction and beach nourishment, offshore extraction is being considered as an alternative source. Long term morphological changes caused by such an extraction must be predicted because they can affect the sediments budget and potentially promote coastal erosion. Numerical models are powerful tools that can help in the evaluation of environmental impacts induced by this activity. They should, however, be used with caution, the validation of a particular model being an important task. The objective of this study is to describe the hydrodynamics in the area surrounding a sandpit through the use of numerical models, namely ELCIRC for the tidal flow and SWAN for the waves. The sandpit under study is located offshore Vale do Lobo, an important beach and golf resort located on the Southern Portuguese coast. A wave climate analysis was done in order to assess mean wave conditions and to choose extreme events to propagate with SWAN. Four wave conditions were identified as representative. The numerical results obtained show that the tidal flow and the orbital wave velocities within the pit and neighbouring areas are modified by the presence of the pit. The excavation influences the tidal flow in an area of approximately 3000 * 3000 m2 around it. In this area the maximum velocity increase is of 2%, occurring in the nearby surroundings of the pit, and the maximum decrease is of 16%, in the pit deepest zone. The orbital velocities for the storm wave conditions show a decrease of 15% within the pit and its influence extends up to the 4 m contour, not reaching the shore.

The 2D horizontal morphodynamic modeling system MORSYS2D simulates bottom topography evolution in coastal zones. Sand fluxes are computed with different practical formulas, either for current dominated (e.g, Ackers & White, van Rijn) or combined wave-current flows (e.g., Soulsby van Rijn). Although sensitivity analyses of bottom topography changes in terms of the transport formulas used have already been done, a comparison of the sediment fluxes computed with the different formulations, considering the same flow conditions and using the parameterizations considered in the model (e.g, bottom roughness, bottom stress) is lacking. With that purpose, we have conceptualized a suitable range of wave and current conditions above a sand bed composed of uniform sediment that is characteristic of the conditions encountered in estuaries, tidal inlets and continental shelves, and applied the several flux formulations. To assess the differences obtained, the average value and the standard deviation were computed for each flow condition. This exercise enabled us to identify, for different parameter ranges, the transport formulations which are consistent with one another and those that deviate the most from the mean. This information is useful in practical applications by defining conditions for optimal formula performance.

Morphodynamic modeling systems increasingly appear as valuable tools to understand the dynamics of coastal systems, including mixed-energy tidal inlets, driven by the combined action of tides and waves. This study aims at: 1) applying and validating a morphodynamic modeling system to a rapidly evolving tidal inlet and 2) verifying both qualitatively and quantitavely the ability of the morphodynamic modeling system to simulate the development of the inlet's main features. The MORSYS2D morphodynamic modeling system is applied to the Ancão Inlet (South Portugal), just after its relocation in August 1997. The relocation and the first stages of the inlet development were monitored in the scope of the EU project INDIA, which provided a large database of tidal, wave and bathymetric data. The first step of the present study consists on a fine calibration of the morphodynamic modeling system using the INDIA data. The model/data comparison shows that the modeling system was able to reproduce well wave heights, elevations and current velocities, with root mean square errors of 0.25 m, 0.065 m and 0.12 m/s, respectively. The morphological evolution of Ancão Inlet is then simulated over the period August 1997-January 1999, starting at the inlet relocation. Model predictions were compared to the bathymetric surveys available over the simulated period. Model/data comparison demonstrates that the model is able to reproduce the development of the main features of the Ancão Inlet. From a quantitative viewpoint, the model was also able to reproduce the development of the inlet's cross-section, characterized by faster growths during fair weather conditions. Finally, this study also provides additional insight regarding on the dynamics of mixed-energy (tide, waves) tidal inlets.

Sandy beaches can be found in fetch-limited environments that are protected from ocean generated waves, as estuaries, lagoons, and backbarriers, and where fetch characteristics allow local wind-generated waves to develop and maintain a beach. The morphodynamics of these low-energy beaches present a peculiar behaviour and general open-ocean models are inappropriate for their study. The main objective of this work is the development of a fetch-limited beach classification scheme based on the relative importance of wave, tidal and river flow forcing. This objective was pursue through the study of the evolutionary pattern of two fetch-limited beaches located in two different Portuguese systems, Alfeite (in Tagus Estuary) and Ancão backbarrier (in RiaFormosa barrier system). Results show that both beaches display a typical fetch-limited profile, with a narrow reflective beach face and a wide dissipative tidal flat, and that profile shape exhibits small changes without a seasonal pattern typical of ocean beaches. At Alfeite, profile changes are restricted to the beach face and result from low-frequency extreme events (strong wind generated waves, Hs>0.5m). At Ancão, although major morphologic changes are also related to the beach face, which is typical behaviour of wave dominated beaches,sediment transport, mainly driven by tidal currents, extends through the entire profile. A tentative fetch-limited beach classification, based on the relative importance of wave and tide effects, is presented.

Profile characteristics of low energy sandy beaches include narrow foreshores that are often steep, with reflective swash zones. Seaward of the foreshore a low gradient terrace is generally present, acting as a wave energy filter. Low magnitude changes are usually associated to this type of environments, either cross- or longshore. To examine the short- (between months) and medium-term (from months to years) morphological changes at Ancão backbarrier (Ria Formosa), data from monthly cross-shore surveys was used. The degree of morphological mobility was given by the volumetric variability within specific morphologic units (foreshore, tidal flat and sand spit) and through the analysis of three cross-shore sections. Results show low medium-term variability, not seasonally distributed, and without a direct connection to changes on average wind intensity. The three morphologies are not interdependent and do not show a clear relation on sediment exchanges between them. Low intensity short-term changes are however present, which seem to be related with net sediment adjustments. Although the morphology and beach slope changes do not indicate a linear pattern of sediment exchange across the profile, cross-shore transport seems to dominate the small scale short-term process, mainly at the foreshore, being related with changes in wind direction (erosion associated to S-SE directions). At the medium- to long-term scale of evolution (years to decades) beach morphodynamics is probably more related with other forcing factors (e.g. inlet position, currents intensity and direction) rather than wind conditions.

This work describes the application of hydrodynamic (ELCIRC) and transport (VELA and VELApart) models to the Ria Formosa lagoon (Portugal) to study the impact of the relocation of the Ancão Inlet. Located in the south of Portugal, this lagoon is a mesotidal barrier island system that communicates with the sea through 6 inlets. The Old Ancão Inlet was artificially closed and the New Ancão Inlet was relocated into a westward position. This work investigates the hydrodynamic patterns and the potential pathways of tracers in Ria Formosa in two distinct configurations: before and after the Ancão Inlet relocation. The hydrodynamic model was successfully calibrated and validated against elevation, velocity and inlet discharges data, accurately reproducing the tidal propagation. The inlet relocation increases the magnitude of tidal currents, residual velocities and the tidal prism across the bar, suggesting a better stability. The tracers transport simulations suggest enhanced water exchanges through the Ancão Inlet and smaller residence times in the western part of Ria Formosa with the present configuration. Overall, it is concluded that the Ancão Inlet relocation had a positive contribution towards increasing the water renewal of the western part of the lagoon, thus decreasing its vulnerability to pollution

Estuaries are unique systems with an unquestionable economical, ecological and recreational value which has motivated a large amount of research work. Out of the research focus emerge the estuarine margins and more particularly the estuarine beaches, especially in what concerns their macro-scale evolution. This work aims tounderstand the origin and evolution of Tagus estuary beaches. To meet this objective, a detailed geomorphological characterization of peri-estuarine margins, complemented with geological and sedimentological data, was performed. This study was coupled with the analysis of meteorological andhydrodynamic processes that control the estuarine sedimentary dynamics; particular attention was given to local waves through the application of a wind-wave generated model calibrated with field data.The origin of Tagus estuarine beaches is related with the Holocene transgression, which promoted the drowning of the present-day upper estuarine depression and generated a wide and shallow fetch-limited basin. From the transgressive maximum onwards the estuary initiated an infilling process dominated by fluvial fine-graineddeposition within the estuarine basin, whereas sand input was retained in a bay-head delta. At the same time,fetch-limited waves promoted the erosion of estuarine margins, initiating beach development, related to the growth of sand spits anchored in Plio-Pleistocene reliefs. This process depended on wave energy and also on mean wave power direction, which controlled the spit growing pattern. At present, beach evolution reflects thedisturbance of sediment budget due to the increase of human intervention in estuarine margins.

A one-dimensional vertical (1-DV) numerical model that predicts mean sediment transport rates has been recently updated with state-of-the-art methods and tested against available field observations. Model calibration has been done through a comparison analysis between formulations regarding three main parameters: bed roughness, reference concentration and sediment vertical mixing coefficient. The objective was to find the optimal combination of formulae based on the agreement of the model results with field data. Though important discrepancies were found between different predictors, with differences reaching, in some cases, two orders of magnitude, the best combinations of predictors allowed a very good agreement between model predictions and observations.

Ecological models can be useful tools for understanding the dynamics of the estuarine and coastal ecosystems. However, the application of these models in real systems requires the specification of many empirical input parameters, which are in general difficult to quantify for a specific site. This study presents a sensitivity analysis on the input parameters of the model ECO-SELFE applied to the Ria de Aveiro. ECO-SELFE is a threedimensional, unstructured grid, fully-coupled hydrodynamic-ecological model. The sensitivity analysis is based on a previous analysis using the zero-dimensional ecological model, where one parameter was varied with the others being held constant. Results show that phytoplankton growth rate and zooplankton excretion and mortality rates are the parameters that influence the results the most. The degree of influence of these parameters depends on the local concentrations of zooplankton and phytoplankton. These two ecological variables are also most affected by the variations in the input parameters.

The Barbarie spit (Langue de Barbarie) is a 100

ShorelineS is a recent coastline evolution model allowing for extreme coastline curvatures and spit formation at high-angle wave incidence. This paper investigates ShorelineS

The XBeach modelling system was used to hindcast the morphological evolution of an ephemeral tidal inlet during Hurricane Leslie (2018). Simulations of morphological evolution were compared against daily observations from topographic surveys conducted at the Albufeira Lagoon during this event. On the one hand, numerical simulations successfully reproduced the observed accumulation pattern at the flood delta. On the other hand, numerical simulations displayed a slight tendency to overestimate the sediment erosion that took place at the transitional channel.

During storm conditions, infragravity (IG) waves with periods between 25 s and 300 s can dominate the seasurfaceoscillations near the shoreline. Through processes like wave run-up, overwash and wave overtopping,IG waves can hence become major drivers of coastal hazards. Although IG dynamics are relatively wellunderstood in open beaches, their contribution of the hydro-sedimentary dynamics of more complex coastalsettings, such as tidal inlets characterized by their ebb and flood deltas connected through a transitional channel, is not well understood. Here, we assess the performance of the widely used XBeach numerical model to predict IG wave dynamics through a comparison against field observations collected on an ephemeral tidal inlet (Albufeira Lagoon) during storm Leslie (2018). XBeach accurately predicted the observed IG significant wave heights reaching up to 1 m over a 2-day period. This performance is assessed at both the nearby beaches and the flood-delta.

The inlet of the Óbidos Lagoon is a wave-dominated tidal inlet located on the Portuguese coast. It is known for its unstable behaviour, which often leads to erosion issues on its margin or to its complete closure. Over twenty years of satellite data were compiled to document this behaviour. The reconstructed behaviour was compared to the contemporary offshore wave climate. The comparison showed that the inlet

The geometric characteristics of sand waves in the main channel of the outer Tagus estuary are investigated, using high-resolution surveys conducted in 2019 and 2020. The relationship between bedform height and spacing over a 1400 m transect, at ca. 20 m depth, is in good agreement with the global mean trend equation proposed by Flemming (1988). The consistent ebb-oriented asymmetry suggests that the direction of net sediment transport is seaward. The apparent direction of sand wave migration obtained from the comparison between surveys is more variable, but on average also ebb-oriented.

O aprofundamento dos canais de acesso por dragagem, associado ou não à construção de molhes e quebra-mares, tem sido uma característica da evolução dos portos nacionais nos últimos 100 anos. Nesta comunicação, analisa-se a evolução da cota de dragagem dos acessos marítimos aos portos do Continente com base em fontes documentais e levantamentos hidrográficos. No início do século XX verificava-se uma diferença apreciável entre as condições oferecidas pelos portos situados em estuários de maiores dimensões (Lisboa e Setúbal) e artificiais (Leixões), por um lado, e os portos situados em estuários e sistemas lagunares com menor prisma de maré, por outro. Entre 1920 e a atualidade, principalmente desde 1950, todos os portos comerciais em atividade (excetuando Sines) registaram um aumento da profundidade dos canais de acesso entre cerca de 5,5 m e 11,2 m. Considerando os portos no seu conjunto, estima-se que em média, entre 1950 e 2020, se tenha verificado um aumento da profundidade de dragagem na zona da barra de 1,0 m por década.

As inundações costeiras afetam anualmente milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo, com grandes perdas socioeconómicas que irão aumentar face à subida do nível médio do mar e ao aumento dos níveis extremos de água. A extensa linha de costa continental portuguesa, caracterizada por grande diversidade natural e de ocupação, apresenta elevada exposição a fenómenos de galgamento e inundação costeira. Estima-se que o impacto da tempestade Hércules, no início do ano 2014, tenha sido cerca de 16 milhões de euros (Santos et al., 2015). As consequências do impacto de níveis extremos na zona costeira dependem das características do território, pelo que a capacidade de obter e integrar esse conhecimento em ferramentas de previsão que suportem adequadamente as necessidades da gestão do risco deve ser uma prioridade. No âmbito do projeto Mosaic.pt (http://mosaic.lnec.pt) desenvolveram-se ferramentas de avaliação do risco de inundação costeira, integrando a dimensão territorial. A complexidade e a diversidade da costa continental recomendam uma abordagem holística na identificação e diferenciação das características territoriais, que dependem da escala espacial considerada. Assim, a abordagem metodológica do projeto seguiu duas escalas espaciais de análise: a costa continental portuguesa e três observatórios representativos do trecho costeiro Ovar - Marinha Grande, onde se concentra o maior número de ocorrências de inundação costeira (Tavares et al., 2021). Estes observatórios são o setor Barra

The continental coastal zone of Portugal is characterized by its morpho-sedimentary diversity. The high population density and range of land uses, occupation and activities make it an area of great national strategic value, and a multi-hazard zone. In this study, a multidimensional methodology to analyse, evaluate and interpret local vulnerability (Coastal Territorial Vulnerability Index - CTVI) has been developed and applied in three study areas.

Continental Portugal presents an extensive and diversified coastal zone. This diversity gives rise to the existence of different coastal typologies such as sand beaches, rocky, cliffed and artificialized coasts, which support distinct levels of human occupancy. To identify and distinguish the different coastal typologies, cluster analysis was used based on a set of variables, expressing the territorial complexity, as well as the occurrences and impacts resulting from coastal flooding.

N/A

The hydrodynamics and sediment dynamics of a low energy estuarine beach was analysed. The beach is subjected to local wind waves generated in an area of restricted fetch, wake waves generated by catamarans and a semi diurnal meso-tidal regime. Only storm events of short duration modify the beach profile, which, once the normal hydrodynamic conditions are restored, naturally recovers its initial shape. The beach is characterised by having a steep upper slope until mean sea level, followed, seaward, by a low gradient terrace, and a bimodal sediment distribution. To investigate the hydro sedimentologic beach behaviour, wind, topo-hydrographic and sedimentologic data were used as input and validation of process based numerical modelling. Wave generation and transformation in an area of restricted fetch, nearshore circulation, sediment transport and morphological evolution were simulated for average annual conditions and storm conditions. The statistical analysis of a six-year wind data series allowed to derive the average wind regime, based on which, the average annual wave regime and the average annual longshore sediment budget, 14.5x103 m3year-1, were calculated. The contribution of the individual components of the representative wave regime, discretised by directional sector and height class of incidence, was evaluated as well as the spatial distribution of the longshore sediment transport in the active part of the beach profile. The characteristics of the wave groups generated by the passage of catamarans at different speeds were estimated and their action on the beach morphology was simulated. Although when the catamarans travel at 20 knots speed the average annual wake wave energy dissipated at the beach is 2.5 times higher than the average annual wind wave energy, the erosion effect on the beach profile is still not relevant for the present traffic. In opposition, short duration storm events generate the formation of an erosion scarp at the upper part of the beach face. The numerical modelling of this phenomenon allowed to acknowledge on the protective effect that the low gradient terrace has on the beach face.

O objectivo do presente trabalho foi o estabelecimento de um modelo matemático do fenómeno da refracção das ondas de gravidade, apoiado num pro¬grama cálculo automático bastante aperfeiçoado e enquadrado por uma técnica de utilização prática que permitisse a resolução rápida dos problemasinerentes ao cálculo de um conjunto de diagramas de refracção, independentemente do número de ondas monocromáticas a analisar.Numa primeira parte, apresentam-se algumas considerações sumárias so¬bre o método de estabelecimento do programa de cálculo e sobre a necessidade de se dispor de um modelo matemático de refracção. A segunda parte é dedicada ao estudo do fenómeno da refracção das on¬das de gravidade e seu tratamento numérico. No Cap.3 indicam-se, de forma Muito sintética, os fundamentos da teoria das ondas de pequena amplitude sendo deduzidas as principais expressões utilizadas no estudo da refracção. É apresentada a teoria da refracção de uma onda sinusoidal, sendo abordado um vasto leque de problemas tais como os aspectos energético e geométrico da refracção, as soluções analíticas para fundos algébricos, as zonas de convergência e cáusticas, a refracção por efeito de correntes, e as aproximações da teoria da refracção. Por último criticam-se os métodos gráficos habituais de cálculo de planos de ondulação. No Cap. 4 são deduzidas as equações de base do tratamento numérico da refracção das ondas sinusoidais como um problema de valores iniciais. No Cap. 5 são apresentadas as dife¬rentes técnicas de cálculo e de interpolação das principais grandezas di¬rectamente ligadas a obtenção de uma ortogonal e dos sucessivos valores da amplitude relativa da onda. São indicados os métodos numéricos de integração das equações diferenciais do raio de onda e do coeficiente de afasta¬mento de ortogonais. E feita referencia a técnicas de alisamento da batimetria. Em todos os casos são apresentados os métodos utilizados no LNEC as¬sim como outros referidos na bibliografia. No Cap. 6 são indicadas, para os vários programas preparados no LNEC, as técnicas de cálculo e de inter¬polação e os métodos numéricos de integração usados. São apresentadas, de uma forma exaustiva, todas as verificações dos programas levadas a cabo após o seu estabelecimento, designadamente a verificação analítica e a comparação dos resultados obtidos com os métodos numéricos e gráficos para fundos ir¬regulares. No âmbito da verificação dos programas é ainda feita referência a resultados obtidos por outros autores e a ensaios em modelo reduzido. Por último tiram-se conclusões sobre a escolha dos programas a lançar em exploração.A terceira e última parte é consagrada à análise do actual programa de cálculo de diagramas de refracção. Assim, no Cap. 7 indicam-se, em li¬nhas muito gerais, o tipo de dados a fornecer, as hipóteses de exploração do programa e o seu modo de funcionamento; é ainda feita uma análise da estrutura do programa, relativamente pormenorizada. 0 Cap. 8 é consagrado à discrição da forma de utilização prática do programa, sendo discutidas as perspectivas de custo da sua utilização cobrindo todas as hipóteses de exploração do programa, ilustrados com os dados e resultados respectivos. No Cap. 9 apresentam-se as conclusões do trabalho e indicam-se as linhas de orientação a seguir no que respeita ao aperfeiçoamento do modelo matemático da refracção e ao estabelecimento de outros modelos matemáticos dependentes ou não daquele.0 texto principal de dissertação encerra-se com 96 referencias bibliográficas, correspondentes aos principais trabalhos consultados pelo autor, na realização do presente estudo; esta bibliografia refere-se a Abril de 1975. Em Anexo no Apêndice I, apresentam-se os elementos referentes aos programas inicialmente estabelecidos no LNEC e cujo aperfeiçoamento posterior conduziu ao programa actualmente em exploração. São indicados, em linhas gerais, as formas possíveis de exploração daqueles programas, o seu modo de funcionamento e os dados a fornecer. É feita uma análise de pormenor da es¬trutura dos programas, sendo descrita a sua forma de utilização prática, e apresentados vários exemplos de aplicação ilustrados com os dados e resul¬tados respectivos. São indicadas algumas verificações efectuadas a estes programas.

0 caminhamento das areias ao longo das costas marítimas é regulado por leis ainda incompletamente apreendidas, mas cujo conhecimento cada vez mais perfeito se torna indispensável no projecto e ensaio em modelo reduzido de grande parte das obras destinadas a solucionar problemas de hidráulica marítima.Começa-se neste trabalho por caracterizar, sob os pontos de vista hidrodinâmico e de movimentação aluvionar, a orla costeira, zona em que o transporte litoral se processa, abordando-se a seguir o aspecto prático mais importante do fenómeno, ou seja, a previsão dos caudais sólidos a partir das características das ondas e do material móvel que forma a praia.Com este último objectivo analisa-se o conjunto dos dados experimentais disponíveis, segundo uma perspectiva baseada na análise dimensional do fenómeno, para a seguir se proceder a um estudo experimental focado sobre a influência do peso específico e do diâmetro do material móvel.Apresentam-se ainda, em anexo, os conceitos básicos respeitantes às correntes longitudinais, fenómeno que teve também de ser objecto de um estudo aprofundado, por estar intimamente relacionado com o transporte sólido litoral.

Este trabalho constitui um estudo em extensão sobre as característi¬cas mais importantes dos perfis transversais das praias e sobre a evolução resultante da actuação da ondulação. Pretendeu-se assim obter um conhecimento geral sobre este assunto, de modo a permitir, por um lado, o melhor planeamento dos trabalhos marítimos e, por outro, uma melhor interpretação dos modelos reduzidos de fundo móvel.Utiliza-se neste trabalho uma nomenclatura original em língua portuguesa, na tentativa de estabelecer uma equivalência com os termos consagrados na literatura siglo-saxónica.Dentro do esquema geral acima enunciado, são estudadas com maior atenção: o mecanismo da movimentação dos materiais nos fundos; a evolução so¬frida pelos perfis em resultado da actuação das ondas e destas em conjugação com as marés; as características da faixa de rebentação das praias; e as variações da granulometria do material móvel.Quanto à movimentação dos materiais em fundos de maior profundidade, apresenta-se uma interpretação sobre as profundidades a que se inicia o transporte dos sedimentos e o sentido desse transporte.Em relação à evolução dos perfis descrevem-se as suas fases mais significativas, quer para o caso de ondas de período e altura crescentes como decrescentes. Introduzem-se os conceitos de perfis de máxima erosão e máximo enchimento.

O presente trabalho baseia-se num estudo experimental sobre o funcionamento hidráulico de esporões marítimos no caso em que estes limitam troços de praia que se comportam, na sua evolução, como unidades fisiográficamente independentes. Pretende-se, com este estudo, contribuir para o conhecimento do mecanismo de evolução de praias em que são construídos campos de esporões, com vista ao projecto de dispositivos funcionais deste tipo de defesa costeira. Acessoriamente, tirando partido dos esporões como meio de medição do caudal sólido litoral, fa¬zem-se algumas considerações sobre as relações existentes entre o transporte litoral e as características da onda actuante.O relatório é constituído pelas seguintes partes : a Introdução, em que se define o objectivo do estudo e as suas características; o capítulo I, em que se apresentam noções gerais sobre esporões; o Capi¬tulo II, em que se dá conhecimento do estudo experimental realizado, definindo o seu planeamento, a tecnologia experimental, as características dos ensaios realizados, a interpretarão dos resultados obtidos e as conclusões; o Capitulo III, que diz respeito a casos reais de emprego de esporões, em que, após umas generalidades, se apresentam as principais características das obras de defesa da Cova do Vapor - Costa da Caparica, do campo de esporões da praia de Espinho e do esporão da praia do Estoril, finalizando com algumas conclusões; o Capítulo IV em que se apresentam considerações sumárias sobre caudal sólido litoral, as quais compreendem algumas generalidades, considerações teóricas, resultados experimen¬tais, observações na natureza e conclusões; finalmente, as Conclusões Finais, onde se agrupam todas as considerações do estudo que se julgam de primordial interesse.

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A