Papers
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Solar Light-Induced Methylene Blue Removal over TiO2/AC Composites and Photocatalytic Regeneration
TiO2-containing photocatalysts, which combine TiO2 with carbon-based materials, are promising materials for wastewater treatment due to synergistic photodegradation and adsorption phenomena. In this work, TiO2/AC composites were produced by the in situ immobilization of TiO2 nanoparticles over activated carbon (AC) derived from spent coffee grains, using different TiO2/AC proportions. The TiO2/AC composites were tested as adsorbents (dark) and as photocatalysts in a combined adsorption+photocatalytic process (solar irradiation) for methylene blue (MB) removal from ultrapure water, and from a secondary effluent (SecEf) of an urban wastewater treatment plant. All the materials were characterized by XRD (X-ray powder diffraction), N2 adsorption
Year: 2021
Number Pages:
24 pp..
Author(s): Dalto, F.; Kuzniarska-Biernacka, I.; Pereira, C.; Mesquita, E.; Soares, O.S.; Pereira, M.F.; Rosa, M. J.; Mestre, A.S.; Carvalho, A. P.; Freire, A. C.
: nanomaterials
Editor: MDPI
Volume:
Volume11, Issue 11.
Keywords: Secondary effluent; Wastewater; Photoregeneration; Solar-light induced photocatalysis; Adsorption; Methylene blue; Nanocomposite; Activated carbon; Titanium dioxide
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Water Mixing and Renewal in Circular Cross-Section Storage Tanks as Influenced by Configuration and Operational Conditions
Storage tanks are essential components of water supply systems to store water to face normal and emergency conditions and to level off required pressures. However, tanks can also be the source of water quality deterioration due to poor mixing and long residence times. In this paper, the effect of the tank configuration and of the operating mode on water mixing and renewal in cylindrical small-scale tanks of typical configurations is assessed. Results show that nearly complete mixing conditions can be attained in the tanks with inlet and outlet pipes located at opposite walls. Short-circuiting and the formation of dead zones is demonstrated in tanks with inlet and outlet pipes located close together. In fill-and-draw mode, water mixing is enhanced by a wide water-level variation, but renewal takes longer than in steady-state conditions. In addition, an empirical formula is proposed for estimating the turnover time in cylindrical tanks operated at a constant level. By identifying the configurations and operating conditions that promote mixing, this paper contributes to better water quality management in existing and new storage tanks in distribution systems.
Year: 2021
Author(s): Pinheiro, A.; Monteiro, L.; Carneiro, J.; Almeida, M. C.; Covas, D.
: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Editor: ASCE
Volume:
Volume147, Issue 12.
Keywords: Storage Tanks; Circular Cross-Section; Water Mixing
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1D/2D stormwater modelling to support urban flood risk management in estuarine areas: hazard assessment in the Dafundo case study
Flood risk management in urban areas adjacent to the coast is essential to increase their resilience. This study aims at improving scientific knowledge of flood risk alongside estuaries, considering different hazards and integrating estuestuarine and urban drainage modelling. Mathematical modelling of stormwater systems is a useful tool to evaluate the susceptibility to flooding and identify potential measures to reduce flood risk.
Year: 2020
Number Pages:
15 pp..
Author(s): Cardoso, M. A.; Almeida, M. C.; Brito, R.; Gomes, J. L.; Beceiro, P.; Oliveira, A.
: Journal of Flood Risk Management
Editor: CIWEM
Keywords: Urban drainage; Integrated platform; Flood risk assessment; Flood modelling; Estuary
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Análise de sensibilidade às componentes do balanço hídrico para suporte a uma melhor gestão de perdas em sistemas de abastecimento de água
Apesar da qualidade de serviço assegurada atualmente pelos sistemas de abastecimento de água (SAA) em Portugal, o valor de água não faturada nos sistemas em
Year: 2020
Number Pages:
16 pp..
Author(s): Loureiro, D.
: Revista Águas & Resíduos
Editor: APESB
Volume:
série IV n.º 8.
Keywords: Indicadores de desempenho; Gestão de perdas de água; Diagnóstico; Balanço hídrico
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Approach to develop a climate change resilience assessment framework.
Urban areas are complex, vulnerable and continuously evolving, with interacting strategic services, assets and stakeholders. Potential effects of climate dynamics on urban areas may include the aggravation of current conditions, with identification of new hazards or risk drivers. These challenges require an integrated and forward-looking approach to sustainable urban development.
Year: 2020
Number Pages:
77-88 pp..
Author(s): Cardoso, M. A.; Brito, R.; Almeida, M. C.
: H2Open Journal
Editor: IWA Publishing
Volume:
Volume 3, Issue 1.
Keywords: Urban resilience; Performance metrics; Development approach; Climate change; Assessment framework
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Assessing the applicability of a new carob waste-derived powdered activated carbon to control pharmaceutical compounds in wastewater treatment.
This paper assesses the applicability of a new carob waste-derived powdered activated carbon (PAC) obtained by steam activation for pharmaceutical compounds (PhCs) removal in urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with activated sludge (AS) secondary treatment. The new carob-derived PAC presents chemical and textural properties similar to a high-performing commercial PAC produced from vegetable source by physical activation. The adsorption isotherms of three target PhCs, carbamazepine, diclofenac and sulfamethoxazole, spiked (at around 100
Year: 2020
Number Pages:
10 pp..
Author(s): Viegas, R.M. C.; Mestre, A.S.; Mesquita, E.; Campinas, M.; Andrade, M. A.; Carvalho, A. P.; Rosa, M. J.
: Science of The Total Environment
Editor: Elsevier
Volume:
Volume 743.
Keywords: Modelling; Pharmaceutical compounds; Adsorption; Steam activation; Waste-derived activated carbons
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Assessing urban resilience in complex and dynamic systems: the RESCCUE project approach in Lisbon research site
Urban environments are challenged with unprecedented anthropogenic and natural pressures, the latter being accelerated by the growing awareness of the consequences of climate change. The concept of urban resilience has been growing in response, since it allows us to understand city behaviour as a system of systems, improving its response to extreme climate-related events. This paper presents the EU H2020 Resilience to Cope with Climate Change in Urban Areas (RESCCUE) project approach in Lisbon
Year: 2020
Number Pages:
15 pp..
Author(s): Barreiro, J.; Lopes, R.; Ferreira, F.; Brito, R.; Telhado, M.; Matos, J. S.; Matos, R. S.
: Sustainability
Editor: MDPI
Volume:
Volume 12, Issue 21.
Keywords: Urban services; Urban resilience; Urban flooding; Climate change; Cascading effects
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Atenolol removal by nanofiltration: a case-specific mass transfer correlation
Concentration polarization is a phenomenon inherent to membrane separation operations and as a precursor of membrane fouling is frequently related to the decrease in the performance of these operations. In the present work, a case-specific mass transfer correlation was developed to assess the concentration polarization when nanofiltration, in different operating conditions, was applied to treat a pharmaceutical wastewater containing atenolol. NF runs with two membranes, two atenolol concentrations and three feed circulating velocities were conducted, and the corresponding experimental mass transfer coefficients were determined using film theory to describe the concentration polarization phenomenon. Higher velocities led to higher mass transfer coefficients and, consequently, lower concentration polarization. These mass transfer coefficients were correlated with the circulating velocity (Re), the solute diffusivity (Sc) and the membrane permeability (LPþ) (the membrane is a permeable interface with effect on the concentration profiles developed from the interface towards the bulk feed), yielding the following correlation Sh ¼ 1.98 × 104Re0.5Sc0.33LP þ0.32. The good agreement between the calculated and the experimental results makes this correlation a valuable tool for water practitioners to predict and control the concentration polarization during atenolol-rich wastewater treatment by nanofiltration, thereby increasing its productivity and selectivity.
Year: 2020
Number Pages:
7 pp..
Author(s): Giacobbo, A.; Fernandes, E.; Bernardes, A.M.; Rosa, M. J.; Pinho, M.N.
: Water Science & Technology
Editor: IWA Publishing
Volume:
Vol. 81.2.
Keywords: Nanofiltration; Mass transfer; Concentration polarization; Atenolol
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Atenolol removal by nanofiltration: a case-specific mass transfer correlation.
Concentration polarization is a phenomenon inherent to membrane separation operations and as a precursor of membrane fouling is frequently related to the decrease in the performance of these operations. In the present work, a case-specific mass transfer correlation was developed to assess the concentration polarization when nanofiltration, in different operating conditions, was applied to treat a pharmaceutical wastewater containing atenolol. NF runs with two membranes, two atenolol concentrations and three feed circulating velocities were conducted, and the corresponding experimental mass transfer coefficients were determined using film theory to describe the concentration polarization phenomenon. Higher velocities led to higher mass transfer coefficients and, consequently, lower concentration polarization. These mass transfer coefficients were correlated with the circulating velocity (Re), the solute diffusivity (Sc) and the membrane permeability (LP+) (the membrane is a permeable interface with effect on the concentration profiles developed from the interface towards the bulk feed), yielding the following correlation Sh = 1.98 × 104Re0.5Sc0.33LP+0.32. The good agreement between the calculated and the experimental results makes this correlation a valuable tool for water practitioners to predict and control the concentration polarization during atenolol-rich wastewater treatment by nanofiltration, thereby increasing its productivity and selectivity.
Year: 2020
Number Pages:
7 pp..
Author(s): Giacobbo, A.; Bernardes, A.M.; Rosa, M. J.; Pinho, M.N.
: WATER SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Editor: IWA Publishing
Volume:
Volume 81, Issue 2.
Keywords: Nanofiltration; Mass transfer; Concentration polarization; Atenolol
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Avaliação da resiliência dos serviços urbanos de águas face às alterações climáticas.
As áreas urbanas constituem sistemas dinâmicos, complexos e vulneráveis envolvendo múltiplos serviços urbanos estratégicos, como os serviços de águas e resíduos. As pressões e impactos causados por eventos climáticos, como chuvas fortes, efeitos de maré ou secas, podem ter impactos significativos nestes serviços causando efeitos em cascata, com graves consequências para pessoas, ambiente natural e economia.
Year: 2020
Number Pages:
63-67 pp..
Author(s): Cardoso, M. A.; Brito, R.; Pereira, C.; David, L. M.
: Revista Águas & Resíduos
Editor: APESB
Volume:
série IV n.º 6.
Keywords: Alterações climáticas.; Resiliência; Serviços urbanos de água
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Comunicação
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Pine nut shell-derived carbons for improved drinking water treatment technologies
Water treatment improvement is mandatory to face current water quality challenges, being a focus of EU societal challenges. While the presence of micropollutants in natural waters, e.g. pharmaceutical compounds (PhCs) that resist to conventional treatments, constitutes an increasingly addressed issue, activated carbon (AC) adsorption is considered one of the best available technologies to control them during conventional [1] and advanced [2] drinking water treatment. The main objective of this work was the development of high-performing PACs prepared by steam activation of pine nut shells, conducted within EMPOWER+ project (https://empower.rd.ciencias.ulisboa.pt/).
Year: 2022
Number Pages:
3p..
Author(s): Andrade, M. A.; Mesquita, E.; Viegas, R.M. C.; Carvalho, A. P.; Rosa, M. J.; Mestre, A.S.
Editor: RIA
Keywords: Water treatment; Pharmaceutical compounds; Adsorption; Novel activated carbons
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Protocol for water reclamation by ozone/reverse osmosis for safe direct potable reuse in beer production
Water scarcity and the increasing contamination of water resources are driving the use of alternative sources, such as the use of treated effluents. This study aims to demonstrate the combination of ozonation and reverse osmosis, at pilot scale, in batch and in continuous operation, to produce water to be used in the brewing industry. This solution sets a new paradigm of water use by testing a sound technology for water supply from treated wastewater. This pilot study aims to assess the impact of different operating conditions on the final water quality, checked against drinking water quality standards and for contaminants of emerging concern (e.g., pharmaceutical compounds, and multiple pathogens). To this end, 3000 L of water have been produced and used for craft beer production and a 24/7 study will be conducted until July 2022.
Year: 2022
Number Pages:
4p..
Author(s): Galego, J.; Lourinho, R,; Figueiredo, D.; Costa, C.; Viegas, R.M. C.; Rosa, M. J.
Editor: IWA Publishing
Keywords: Contaminants of emerging concern; Water quality; Direct potable reuse
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SINERGEA - Energy: Modelling energy consumption in wastewater systems during rainfall events
The urban water cycle infrastructures are important consumers of electricity. Thus several efforts have been made recently to increase their energy efficiency. During rainfall events, the increase in flows pumped by interceptor sewers and treated in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) can lead to significant increases in energy consumption. These flow increases occur not only in the combined sewer systems, but also in separate wastewater systems, due to water infiltration into the sewers, the rainfall-derived infiltration and inflow (RDII) component, and illicit misconnections between stormwater and sewage systems. Controlling rainfall-derived inflows into wastewater systems is a difficult challenge that has received increasing attention
Year: 2022
Number Pages:
2p..
Author(s): David, L.; Pinto, A.; Oliveira, A.; Martins, A.; Ataíde, A.; Silva, O.
Editor: IAHR
Keywords: Energy modelling; Sinergia
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SINERGEA - Real-time forecasting system for managing floods, bathing water quality and wastewater energy consumption
Coastal cities face growing challenges from flooding, sea water quality and energy sustainability, which increasingly require an intelligent, real-time management. Urban drainage infrastructures often require pumping stations (PS) in low-lying areas, which transport to the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) all waters likely to pollute downstream beaches, including rainfall-derived infiltration inflows and stormwater from small rain events. During the bathing season, decentralized management measures, including naturebased solutions, can be used to retain stormwater and promote its transport to the WWTP after the rainy event. However, the growth in pumped and treated flows increases energy consumption. In addition, realtime tools are required to support the assessment and prediction of the quality of bathing waters, to assess the possible need to prohibit beach water usage. During heavy rainfall events, decentralized management systems can also contribute to mitigate downstream flooding. Nevertheless, this requires the operation of the entire system to be different from that used to protect bathing water.
Year: 2022
Number Pages:
2p..
Author(s): David, L.; Oliveira, A.; Rodrigues, M.; Fortunato, A. B.; Rogeiro, J.; Barreiro, J.; Ferreira, F.; Matos, J. S.; Santos, F.; Neves, R.; Martins, A.; Silva, O.; Ataíde, A.; Silva, N.; Freire, J.; Cravo
Editor: IAHR
Keywords: Real-time forcasting; Sinergia
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Sistemas prediais de distribuição de água não potável: quão útil pode ser a normalização europeia?
Associado ao crescimento populacional, as alterações climáticas e a progressiva urbanização da sociedade têm aumentado a pressão sobre os recursos hídricos. A par de mudanças comportamentais no uso da água e da utilização de dispositivos mais eficientes, a utilização de origens alternativas permite reduzir a pressão na captação de água no meio natural para a produção de água potável. As normas EN 16941-1:2018 e EN 16941-2:2021 têm como propósito o estabelecimento de requisitos para os sistemas de aproveitamento de águas pluviais (SAAP) e os sistemas de utilização de águas cinzentas tratadas (SUACT), respetivamente. Estas normas fornecem recomendações para o projeto, dimensionamento, instalação, identificação, comissionamento e manutenção dos referidos sistemas. Na EN 16941-2:2021, pelas características físico-químicas e microbiológicas das águas cinzentas, estão incluídos ainda aspetos relacionados com a monitorização da qualidade da água, algo que não acontece na EN 16941-1:2018. Ambas as normas fazem referência à abordagem fit-for-purpose, estabelecendo, assim, que o tratamento da água deve ter por objetivo a obtenção de características adequadas ao(s) uso(s) selecionado(s).
Year: 2022
Number Pages:
6p.
Author(s): Ribeiro, R.; Poças, A.
Editor: APESB
Keywords: Utilização de águas cinzentas tratadas.; Uso eficiente da água; Reutilização de água; Normalização técnica; Aproveitamento de águas pluviais
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Solar Light-Induced Methylene Blue Removal by spent coffee grains derived activated carbons and TiO2 composites and their phoregeneration
Advanced technologies have the potential to ensure safe and sustainable water supply, a major global challenge of the near future. TiO2-containing photocatalyst, wich combine TiO2 with carbon-based materials, are promising materials for wastewater treatment due to synergistic photodegradation and adsorption phenomena. The purpose of this study was to develop TiO2/AC composites and test fresh and photo-regenetared materials for the removal of methylene blue in aqueous solutiopns prepared in ultrapure water or in wastewater effluent.
Year: 2022
Number Pages:
2p..
Author(s): Carvalho, A. P.; Dalto, F.; Kuzniarska-Biernacka, I.; Pereira, C.; Mesquita, E.; Soares, O.S.; Pereira, M.F.; Rosa, M. J.; Mestre, A.S.; Freire, C.
Editor: Carbon
Keywords: Water treatment; UV regenerations; TiO2/AC composites
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Um método expedito para avaliar o cumprimento de critérios de segurança de pessoas em ruas inundadas
O produto da altura e da velocidade da inundação (h.V) é o critério mais utilizado para definir os limiares da estabilidade e segurança de pessoas e viaturas face à ação dos caudais de inundação. Na maioria dos casos, os critérios de segurança têm limitado h.V a valores entre 0,4 e 0,5 m2/s, embora estudos recentes proponham a redução até 0,22 m2/s em áreas urbanas. Neste artigo apresenta-se um método expedito que permite aferir o cumprimento de limites pré-estabelecidos do produto de
Year: 2022
Number Pages:
5p.
Author(s): David, L.; Carvalho, R.
Editor: APESB
Keywords: Método expedito.; Incerteza; Drenagem urbana; Critérios de segurança; Inundações
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Uma abordagem integrada para gerir o uso de energia em sistemas de águas residuais
Neste artigo descreve-se uma abordagem que permite avaliar o uso de energia em sistemas de águas residuais, que inclui um sistema de avaliação de desempenho (SAD) centrado na eficiência energética, um balanço energético e um portfólio de medidas de melhoria do uso de energia, especificamente focados para sistemas de águas residuais. Esta abordagem enquadra-se no nível de planeamento tático, estando alinhada com os princípios de melhoria contínua nas organizações, como a gestão patrimonial de infraestruturas (GPI). A abordagem proposta permite a aplicação de um balanço energético específico em três níveis de avaliação e de um SAD que segue uma estrutura completa de objetivos, critérios e métricas para avaliar o desempenho ao nível da eficiência energética em sistemas de águas residuais. Estas ferramentas suportam a seleção de medidas de melhoria do uso de energia atendendo às especificidades de cada sistema, por exemplo, o controlo de afluências indevidas, as limitações de dados de cadastro, a medição de caudais, ou ferramentas de modelação. A metodologia orientada para objetivos foca-se no sistema como um todo, permitindo que as entidades gestoras de águas residuais desenvolvam uma avaliação estruturada a médio e longo prazo.
Year: 2022
Number Pages:
5p..
Author(s): Jorge, C.; Almeida, M. C.; Covas, D.
Editor: ENASB
Keywords: Sistemas de águas residuais.; Avaliação de desempenho; Medidas de melhoria; Eficiência energética; Balanço energético
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Urban drainage asset management
Urban drainage systems have developed way beyond the traditional piped combined or separate sewer systems. Many
Year: 2022
Number Pages:
4p..
Author(s): Langeveld, J.G.; Cherqui, N.; Gratl, F.; Muthanna, T.M.; Werey, C.; Rulleau, B.; Roghani, B.; Kerres, K.; Almeida, M. C.
Editor: LESAM
Keywords: Urban water infrastructure; Blue-green; Asset management
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Urban drainage asset management
Urban drainage asset management gained momentum and importance in recent years because of economic considerations, low levels of services and evidence of the poor condition of many infrastructure components. Maintenance and rehabilitation activities are capital intensive and resources are limited. Physical urban water infrastructure has life expectancies of up to 100 years, while decisions taken in sewer asset management will have long-lasting impact on the functionality and quality of future services provided. These decisions can be supported by different approaches based on multiple sources of information, from various inspection techniques, deterioration models to assess the probability of failure, or technical service life, to sophisticated decision support systems crossing boundaries to other urban infrastructure. This abstract briefly presents sewer asset management in its manifold facets spanning a wide field of research and highlights existing research gaps while giving an outlook on future developments and research areas.
Year: 2022
Number Pages:
4p..
Author(s): Gratl, F.; Caradot, N.; Cherqui, N.; Leitão, J. P.; Ahmadi, M.; Langeveld, J.G.; Le Gath,Y.; Scholten, L.; Roghani, B.; Rodriguez, J.P.; Lepot, M.; Stegeman, B.; Heinrichsen, A.; Kropp, l.; Kerres, K.
Editor: LESAM
Keywords: Sewer inspection; Deterioration modelling; Decision support; Data management; Condition assessment
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Books
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Uso eficiente da água no sector urbano
O IRAR, enquanto regulador das entidades gestoras concessionárias deserviços de águas e resíduos em Portugal, tem seguido uma estratégia depermanente procura de sinergias através de parcerias com entidades daadministração e com instituições técnicas e científicas relevantes dosector, nomeadamente nos aspectos associados à temática do usoeficiente da água. De acordo com o disposto na alínea l) do artigo 11.º doDecreto-Lei n.º 362/98, de 18 de Novembro, com as alteraçõesintroduzidas pelo Decreto-Lei n.º 151/2002, de 23 de Maio, o IRAR temresponsabilidades na sensibilização das entidades gestoras e dosautarcas em geral para as questões da qualidade na concepção,execução, gestão e exploração dos sistemas multimunicipais emunicipais.O Instituto da Água (INAG), como organismo responsável pelodesenvolvimento e aplicação das políticas nacionais no domínio da água,promove a implementação do Programa Nacional para o Uso Eficiente daÁgua (PNUEA). Este Programa, cujas bases e linhas orientadoras foramaprovadas pela Resolução do Conselho de Ministros n.º 113/2005, de 30de Junho, constitui um instrumento de planeamento estratégico, no qualsão definidas as orientações de âmbito nacional para a promoção do usoeficiente da água nos sectores urbano, agrícola e industrial, contribuindopara minimizar os riscos de stress hídrico, quer em situação hídricanormal, quer durante períodos de escassez.O Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC) é uma instituição decarácter técnico e científico, competente e credenciada para a realizaçãode estudos em vários ramos da engenharia, nomeadamente nos domíniosda engenharia sanitária. Tem vindo a desenvolver estudos deinvestigação em áreas prioritárias, nomeadamente projectos para o INAGde definição e apoio à implementação do PNUEA, incluindo manuais paraa promoção do uso eficiente da água.Nesse âmbito, foi assinado em Março de 2005 um protocolo decooperação técnica e científica formalizando a colaboração entre estastrês entidades. Esse protocolo prevê a edição conjunta de um manual (ouguia técnico) dirigido, entre outras, às entidades gestoras de sistemas deabastecimento de água e de águas residuais, contendo orientaçõestécnicas para a implementação de medidas e de mecanismos promotoresdo uso eficiente da água no sector urbano.O objectivo é promover um uso mais eficiente da água, ou seja, optimizara utilização desse recurso - eficiência de utilização -, sem pôr em causaos objectivos pretendidos - eficácia de utilização - ao nível dasnecessidades vitais da sociedade, da qualidade de vida da população edo desenvolvimento sócio-económico do País. Pretende-se utilizar a quantidade óptima de água para conseguir os objectivos pretendidos, permitindo também, como benefícios indirectos, a redução da poluição dos meios aquáticos e a redução do consumo de energia, aspectos dependentes do consumo de água. Esta iniciativa integra-se no esforço de planeamento da água que o País tem vindo a efectuar, estando prevista não apenas no Plano Nacional da Água e nos Planos de BaciaHidrográfica, mas também no Plano Estratégico de Abastecimento deÁgua e de Saneamento de Águas Residuais 2000-2006.O resultado é a presente publicação, intitulada
Year: 2006
Number Pages:
203p.
Author(s): Almeida, M. C.; Vieira, P.; Ribeiro, R.
Editor: IRAR / INAG / LNEC
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Controlo de perdas de água em sistemas públicos de adução e distribuição
O presente guia resulta de um protocolo estabelecido entre o LaboratórioNacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC), o Instituto Regulador de Águas eResíduos (IRAR) e o Instituto da Água (INAG).O LNEC, na sua função de Laboratório de Estado, tem vindo adesenvolver, desde há mais de duas décadas, estudos de investigaçãoaplicada e de consultoria especializada no domínio da gestão técnica dossistemas de abastecimento de água, alguns dos quais no domínio docontrolo de perdas de água. Destaca-se um estudo de identificação, análisecrítica e sistematização das melhores práticas de controlo de perdas deágua realizado para a EPAL, S.A. em 1994 (Coelho et al., 1994) e aprodução de terminologia portuguesa (Hirner et al., 1999), estudos essesque se reflectem no conteúdo do presente manual.O IRAR tem como um dos seus objectivos estratégicos contribuir para amaior eficiência dos operadores, tanto regulados como não regulados,através de parcerias com as instituições técnicas e científicas maisrelevantes do sector. As perdas de água são, sem dúvida, uma dasimportantes causas de ineficiência dos operadores de sistemas deabastecimento, razão pela qual o IRAR tomou a iniciativa da elaboraçãodeste guia em colaboração com o LNEC e o INAG.O INAG é o organismo responsável pela implementação do ProgramaNacional para o Uso Eficiente da Água (PNUEA). Este programa preconizaa redução de perdas de água nos sistemas públicos de abastecimentocomo uma medida prioritária na melhoria da utilização do recurso água nosector urbano. O presente guia integra-se nos documentos de apoio emdesenvolvimento no âmbito da estratégia de implementação do referidoprograma.Este manual vem ajudar a colmatar uma lacuna que havia em termos debibliografia especializada adaptada às condições existentes em Portugal eescrita em português no domínio das perdas de água. Não constitui um fimem si mesmo, mas apenas o ponto de partida para uma abordagemprogressivamente mais universal e mais consolidada no domínio docontrolo das perdas de água nos serviços de abastecimento de água.Trata-se de um instrumento de trabalho para as entidades gestoras, aquem cabe a tarefa principal que é de o pôr em prática.
Year: 2005
Number Pages:
306p.
Author(s): Alegre, H.; Coelho, S. T.; Almeida, M. C.; Vieira, P.
Editor: IRAR / Inst. Água / LNEC
Volume:
Série Guias Técnicos nº 3.
Keywords: Água
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Indicadores de desempenho para serviços de abastecimento de água
O LNEC tem vindo a apostar, há mais de uma década, na actividadeestratégica de I&D associada à temática da avaliação de desempenho desistemas de águas de abastecimento e águas residuais. Maisrecentemente, esta actividade expandiu-se também à área dos resíduossólidos. Consolidou-se, assim, a importância da qualidade do serviço nassuas várias vertentes, e conquistou-se uma importante dimensão deinternacionalização, nomeadamente com a publicação, pela InternationalWater Association (IWA), de Manuais de Boa Prática no âmbito dossistemas de abastecimento de água e de águas residuais publicados,respectivamente, em 2000 e 2003.Os trabalhos desenvolvidos tiveram como principais finalidades definir umametodologia de avaliação da qualidade do serviço prestado através de umconjunto de indicadores de desempenho e delinear alguns princípiosfundamentais para a sua implementação. A abordagem pretendeu serabrangente, visando cobrir as necessidades de diversos tipos deutilizadores tais como entidades gestoras dos sistemas, entidadesreguladoras, entidades financiadoras, organizações ambientais ou dedefesa do consumidor. Pretendeu-se igualmente que os resultados fossemaplicáveis a entidades de diferente dimensão, nível de desenvolvimento,clima, demografia e características sócio-culturais. É pois com grandesatisfação que vemos concretizada, no âmbito da colaboração protocoladacom o IRAR, a edição e adaptação para português da publicaçãoPerformance Indicators for Water Supply Services
Year: 2004
Number Pages:
277p.
Author(s): Alegre, H.; Hirner, W.; Baptista, J. M.; Parena, R.
Editor: IRAR / LNEC
Volume:
Série Guias Técnicos.
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Performance Indicators for Wastewaters Services. Manual of Best Practice
N/A
Year: 2003
Number Pages:
192.
Author(s): Matos, R. S.; Cardoso, M. A.; Ashley, R.; Duarte, P.; Molinari, A.; Shulz, A.
Editor: ******
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Capítulo de Livro
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Controlling organic micropollutants in urban (waste) water treatment by activated carbon adsorption and membrane technology.
The number of climate-related disasters has progressively increased in the last two decades and this trend will drastically exacerbate in the medium- and long-term horizons according to climate change projections. In this framework, through a multi-disciplinary team and a strong background acquired in recent projects, ICARIA aims to promote the use of asset-level modeling to achieve a better understanding of climate related tangible direct and indirect impacts on critical assets due to complex, cascading, and compound disasters. Furthermore, it takes into account the related risk reduction provided by suitable, sustainable, and cost-effective adaptation solutions. ICARIA focuses on both (i) critical assets and services that were not designed for potential climate change-related impacts that can increase the unplanned outages and failures, and (ii) on housing, natural areas, and population. Cutting edge methods regarding climate scenario building, asset-level-coupled models, and multi-risk assessment approaches will be implemented and replicated in three EU regions to understand how future climate scenarios might affect critical assets and to provide decision-making support tools to private and public risk owners to assess the costs and benefits of various adaptation solutions.
Year: 2023
Number Pages:
141-180pp,.
Author(s): Rosa, M. J.; Campinas, M.; Silva, C.; Mesquita, E.; Viegas, R.M. C.
Editor: IWA
Keywords: Compound events; Asset modeling; Cascading effects; Climate resilience; Critical assets
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Activated carbons in full-scale advanced wastewater treatment
Activated carbons are versatile adsorbents that can play a crucial role in the enhancement of wastewater treatment, namely by controlling organic microcontaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and organic matter. These materials have a 100-year market availability, large scientific testing at lab-scale and applicability in consolidated technologies. However, the use of activated carbons at full-scale wastewater treatment is still emerging, driven by the increasing awareness on environmental and human threats mainly resulting from CECs. The present chapter reviews the literature on the application of activated carbons in full- or large pilot-scale plants, highlighting the state-of-art knowledge on practical issues on operational set-ups, improvements on water overall quality, and costs. The selection criteria and properties of the powdered and granular (PAC and GAC) materials used, and the pros and critical aspects of their application, relevant for product development and process optimisation, are also analysed and determine the research needs proposed for a technical, economic, and environmentally sustainable application of activated carbon in full-scale advanced wastewater treatment.
Year: 2022
Number Pages:
44 pp..
Author(s): Mestre, A.S.; Campinas, M.; Viegas, R.M. C.; Mesquita, E.; Carvalho, A.; Rosa, M. J.
: Advanced Materials for Sustainable Environmental Remediation: Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments
Keywords: Cost analysis; Contaminants of emerging concern; Wastewater treatment; GAC; PAC
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Assessing urban resilience to cope with climate change (Cap. 7)
Urban areas are dynamic, complex, and vulnerable systems involving multiple strategic services such as water supply, wastewater, and stormwater and waste management. Climate-change trends may directly affect the urban water cycle, through heavy rainfall, tides, and droughts, potentially causing cascading impacts with serious consequences for people, the natural and built environments, and the economy. These challenges to urban areas require an integrated and sustainable approach to increase their resilience, with the allocation of the needed resources, including the development and implementation of disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies, plans, and regulations in all relevant sectors. This chapter describes a resilience-assessment framework to be used by cities and urban-service managers. It considers a structured and objective-driven assessment aiming at supporting the development and monitoring of cities' and urban services' resilience action plans, thus contributing to appropriate DRR investments. Our approach considers four resilience dimensions: organizational, spatial, functional, and physical. It is aligned with the UNDRR's Disaster Resilience Scorecard for Cities and addresses the priorities of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. In this chapter, we apply the resilience-assessment framework to the waste and mobility sectors in Lisbon (Portugal), identifying main opportunities to enhance their resilience and supporting the development of resilience and DRR strategies.
Year: 2022
Number Pages:
163-188pp..
Author(s): Cardoso, M. A.; Almeida, M. C.; Telhado, M.; Morais, M.; Brito, R.
: Investing in Disaster Risk Reduction for Resilience. Design, methods and knowledge in face of climate change
Editor: Elsevier
Keywords: Urban-resilience assessment; Multisectoral approach; Lisbon; Disaster risk reduction; Climate change; Adaptation strategies and measures
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Capítulo 11.4 - A avaliação da condição física de ativos verticais de sistemas urbanos de águas para apoio às operações de manutenção
Atualmente os sistemas urbanos de água são reconhecidos como infraestruturas indispensáveis de suporte para a prestação de serviços públicos de primeira necessidade à saúde e bem-estar das populações e à economia das sociedades
Year: 2022
Number Pages:
15 pp..
Author(s): Cabral, M.; Loureiro, D.; Flores-Colen, I.; Covas, D.
: Manual sobre Manutenção em edificações: estudos, técnicas e aplicações
Editor: Editora Universitária de Direito
Keywords: Manutenção; Sistemas urbanos de águas; Reabilitação; Avaliação da condição; Ativos verticais
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Investing in Disaster Risk Reduction for Resilience. Design, methods and Knowledge in the face of climate change.
Urban areas are dynamic, complex, and vulnerable systems involving multiple strategic urban services, stakeholders, and citizens. Strategic services essential to society include water and sewerage (water supply, and wastewater and stormwater management), waste management, energy supply, public lighting, transport, and public security. The potential effects of climate dynamics on the urban areas might lead to the aggravation of existing fragile conditions and the emergence of new hazards or risk factors, with major impacts on strategic urban services, people, the natural and built environment, and the economy. Climate change challenges to urban areas thus require an integrated and sustainable approach to increase their resilience, with the allocation of the needed resources at all administrative levels. These include the development and implementation of disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies, policies, plans, laws, and regulations in all relevant sectors (UNISDR, 2015). This chapter describes a resilience assessment framework to be used by cities and urban-service managers. The framework considers a structured and objective-driven assessment aiming at supporting the development and monitoring of cities
Year: 2022
Author(s): Cardoso, M. A.; Brito, R.; Almeida, M. C.; Telhado, M.; Morais, M.
: Investing in Disaster Risk Reduction for Resilience. Design, methods and Knowledge in the face of climate change.
Editor: Elsevier
Keywords: Lisbon; Urban resilience assessment; Multisector approach; Disaster risk reduction; Climate change; Adaptation strategies and measures
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Management of Urban Drainage Infrastructure
This chapter briefly presents concepts and methodologies to support the management of urban drainage infrastructure. After the introduction, data requirements for assessing the condition of urban drainage systems are presented. Data can be collected in different ways. Data analysis allows for determining structural and functional issues and system performance. The causes and consequences of failures are required for condition assessment and are the subject of the risk section. Any intervention in the urban drainage system has a cost that must be assessed. Mathematical modelling of the urban drainage systems has an advantage for evaluating the hydraulic and structural performance. Decisions on the management of urban drainage rehabilitation need to be addressed considering the different points of view or aspects that are often contradictory. This may be addressed by using multi-criteria decision analysis methodologies.
Year: 2022
Number Pages:
7p..
Author(s): Carriço, N.; Almeida, M. C.; Leitão, J. P.
: Routledge Handbook of urban water governance
Editor: Routledge
Keywords: Multi-criteria decision; Mathematical modelling; Urban drainage infrastructure
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Quality of measurement in urban water services: a metrological perspective
Urban water services make use of extensive networked infrastructures - water supply and drainage systems. Efficient management of these services relies on the quality of measurements of hydraulic variables in pipes and sewers to support robust analysis of systems
Year: 2022
Number Pages:
351 - 375.
Author(s): Almeida, M. C.; Ribeiro, A.; Brito, R.
: Advances on Testing and Experimentation in Civil Engineering
Editor: Springer Nature
Volume:
capitulo 15.
Keywords: Urban water systems; Uncertainty; Quality; Measurement; Accuracy
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Quality of measurement in urban water services: A metrological perspective
Urban water services make use of extensive networked infrastructures
Year: 2022
Author(s): Almeida, M. C.; Ribeiro, A.; Brito, R.
: Advances on Testing and Experimentation in Civil Engineering
Editor: Springer Nature
Volume:
Cap. 15.
Keywords: Urban water systems; Uncertainty; Quality; ·Measurement
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Risk Analysis of Water Harvesting Systems
Rainwater harvesting systems (RWHS) can result in important benefits, but there are a number of potential negative risks. The risks associated with RWHS depend on several factors and duly consideration is required to ensure that risks associated with this type of solutions are low. Therefore, a generic and systematic approach to manage risk is required. This chapter introduces a brief overview of concepts and terminology adopted. Subsequently, an overview of common approaches to risk management is presented. The chapter focuses on specific aspects for the application of these approaches to RWHS, with emphasis on risk identification, specific risk treatment action, and monitoring. Different approaches on how to determine risks such as water safety plan (WSP), risk management process (RMP), and hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) can be used, but all of them have some common steps.
Year: 2021
Number Pages:
pp.179-192.
Author(s): Almeida, M. C.; Santos, J.; Santos, J.; Eslamian, S.
: Handbook of Water Harvesting and Conservation
Editor: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Volume:
Capitulo 12.
Keywords: Water safety plan; Risk management process; Risk analysis; Rainwater harvesting systems; Critical control point; Hazard analysis
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Removal of Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins by Conventional Physical-chemical Treatment
Conventional treatment processes for the removal of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins are thoroughly described in this chapter, including chemical treatment (heavy metals, herbicides, and photosensitizers), coagulation/flocculation combined with air flotation, and various adsorption processes.
Year: 2020
Number Pages:
pp. 69-98.
Author(s): Ribau, M. T.; Rosa, M. J.; Sorlini, S.; Biasibetti , M.; Christophoridis, C.; Edwards, C.
: Water Treatment for Purification from Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins
Volume:
Chap. 3.
Keywords: Filtration; Activated carbon; Air flotation; Flocculation; Coagulation; Algicide; Chemical treatment; Adsorption
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Tese de Doutoramento
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Gestão patrimonial de infra-estruturas de abastecimento de água e de drenagem e tratamento de águas residuais
Esta publicação corresponde ao Programa de Investigação e ao Programa de Pós-Graduaçãoelaborados pela autora nos termos estabelecidos no artigo 30.º do Decreto-lei n.º 124/99, de20 de Abril, com vista à prestação de provas de habilitação para o exercício de funções decoordenação de investigação científica, realizadas em 31 de Janeiro e 1 de Fevereiro de 2008.Com o Programa de Investigação pretende-se contribuir para o estabelecimento de umaestratégia de desenvolvimento técnico e científico no âmbito da gestão patrimonial deinfra-estruturas de abastecimento de água e de drenagem de águas residuais. Trata-se de umprograma dirigido de forma privilegiada para as necessidades nacionais, mas que atende aocontexto internacional, tendo em vista o papel que o País pode desempenhar nodesenvolvimento do conhecimento nesta matéria, em sentido lato. Propõe-se uma estratégiaassente no estabelecimento de parcerias interdepartamentais e interinstitucionais, ancorada noNúcleo de Engenharia Sanitária do Departamento de Hidráulica e Ambiente do LNEC.Neste documento começa-se por fazer uma apresentação geral do programa, especificando osobjectivos e expondo as razões para a escolha do tema. Propõe-se a seguir uma visita guiadasobre o tema, que permite a um leitor menos familiarizado obter uma panorâmica geral.A sequência de capítulos seguinte é dedicada à apresentação e discussão do estado actual deconhecimentos. Inicia-se pelas abordagens integradas para apoio à GPI, seguindo-se depoispara as principais vertentes de análise na GPI: desempenho, custo e risco.Faz-se seguidamente uma análise de lacunas e prioridades de investigação. Termina-se com aapresentação de um programa de estudos, estruturados em quatro linhas de investigação:Linha 1: GPI
Year: 2009
Author(s): Alegre, H.
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Pollutant Transformation Processes in Sewers under Aerobic Dry Weather Flow Conditions
N/A
Year: 2000
Author(s): Almeida, M. C.
Editor: ******
Quebramares não-convencionais
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Relatório Científico
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2.4 Lisbon. In Second intermediate synthesized report of technology progress and state of play across all the LLs.
This internal report of Work Package 2
Year: 2023
Author(s): Rosa, M. J.; Figueiredo, D.; Lourinho, R,; Mendes, R.; Ribeiro, R.; Oliveira, M. M.; Viegas, R.M. C.; Cardoso, P.; Teixeira, P.
Keywords: Water management; Water reuse; KW - technological solutions
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Dedicated project page on the beneficiaries
This document presents the links to and the contents of the
Year: 2023
Author(s): Silva, C.; Jorge, C.; Rosa, M. J.
Keywords: Contact; Results; Pages; Structure
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Drivers and barriers: proposal a new governance model
This report offers an overview of key present challenges for water governance across the 6 Living Labs of B-WaterSmart: Alicante (Spain), Bodø (Norway), East Frisia (Germany), Flanders (Belgium), Lisbon (Portugal) and Venice (Italy), according to the 12 OECD Principles for Water Governance (2015). It includes a set of recommendations for the LLs of the project and beyond, with a view to a more adaptive, fair and resilient water governance, along the lines of the circular economy and a fuller integration into the nexus of water, energy and waste
Year: 2023
Author(s): Schmidt, L.; Gomes, C.; Martin, J.; Quina, A.; Santos, E.; Casals, I.; Damman, S.; Lund, H.; Glotzbach, R.; van Dam, A.; Paepe, S.; Boeckaert, C.; Ribeiro, R.; Rosa, M. J.; Schwesig, D.; Hein, A.; Obe
Keywords: Circular economy; KW - water governance
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Engineered and reusable nanoporous carbons for advanced water treatment.
This document reports the activity developed in the second year of the EMPOWER+ project including the progress and results of the Task 1 & 2 - PACs, GACs and magnetic PAC synthesis and characterization, Task 3 - Batch adsorption studies with the produced PACs and GACs, Task 4 - Rapid small colunm tests and Task 7 - GAC regeneration assays.
Year: 2023
Author(s): Mestre, A.S.; Mesquita, E.; Duque, L.P.; Rosa, M. J.; Viegas, R.M. C.; Betz, W.; Carvalho, A. P.
Keywords: Pharmaceutical compounds; Column and hybrid adsorption processes; Drinking water treatment; Novel activated carbons; Activated carbon adsorption
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Final version of the water-smartness assessment framework
The B-WaterSmart project, and specifically through WP6, aims at providing an assessment framework to support multi-stakeholder and strategic decision-making towards the transition to a water-smart society that recognizes multiple values and facilitates the active participation of a varied set of actors.
Year: 2023
Author(s): Silva, C.; Cardoso, M. A.; Rosa, M. J.; Alegre, H.; Ugarelli, R.; Bosco, C.; Raspati, G.; Azrague, K.; Bruaset, S.; Damman, S.; Koop , S.; Munaretto, S.; Melo, M.; Gomes, C.; Rosell, L. F.; Schmuck, A
Keywords: International Water Association; European Commission; Biological Oxygen Demand; Assessment Criteria; B_watersmart
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Management Plan with green management principles
This document is the Management Plan for the LIFE Fitting project. Its purpose is to establish the project management composition, responsibilities, and processes to be followed throughout the project duration regarding project management. This project management plan is a deliverable of task 1.1 and is expected to be updated whenever a change in project requirements occurs or a risk or unexpected deviation from the planned course of action is encountered.
Year: 2023
Author(s): Campinas, M.; Silva, C.; Rosa, M. J.
Keywords: Reporting; Monitoring; Work plan; Roles; Management
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MS22: Final version of strategic agendas agreed by CoPs
Milestone (MS) 22 contains the Living Lab (LL) strategic agendas (SA) as agreed with stakeholders in the Communities of Practice (CoPs). MS22 builds upon MS6 and MS12 and illustrates the changes to the SAs that occurred as result of the discussion with stakeholders. An overview of discussions held during the CoP meetings concerning the SAs is provided. The next steps with the SAs are also discussed.
Year: 2023
Author(s): Glotzbach, R.; Munaretto, S.; Mateo, M.R.; Casals, I.; Collette, R.A.; Lyngstad, S.U.; Elveos, M.; Muthanna, T.M.; Oberdörffer, J.; Krömer, K.; Tieman, Y.; Hesse, K; Wencki, K.; Paepe, S.; Freitas, C.
Keywords: Communities of practice; Performance assessment; Strategic objectives; Strategic agendas
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Quarterly specification exchange T2.4 to T3.5 completed
In this document, the Lisbon Living Lab presents the sequence of quarterly exchanges of specification between Task (T) 2.4 and T3.5 that occurred from March 2021 (M7) until February 2023 (M30). The output of subtasks 2.4.2, 2.4.3 and 2.4.4 fed the development of the software tools in T3.5 and its outputs. A short and concrete description of the exchange of specification is provided.
Year: 2023
Author(s): Ribeiro, R.; Mendes, R.; Cardoso, P.; Rosa, M. J.
Keywords: Living Lab; Water-smart solutions; B_watersmart
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The monitoring, negotiation and decision support solutions toolkit
This report documents the final release of the water cycle modelling and assessment solutions toolkit, which is comprised of the following ten tools: the water reuse strategic platform (#16), the environment for decision support and alternative course selection (#17), Re-Actor (#18), the sludge management platform (#19), the UWC observatory (#20), the stormwater reuse management system (#21), the Nessie System (#29), the Environmental Dashboard (#30), the Digital Enabler (#32) and the climate-readiness certification tool (#33) . It includes the following aspects: tool description, attributes and information around pre-existing background, developments and advancements within the project, navigation and primary functionalities, interoperability, indicative applications and synergistic benefits and how to access each tool and test data. It presents the use of the tools in the LLs by explaining the tools' integrative use, conceptual links, data flows and pilot interactions.
Year: 2023
Author(s): Santos, E.; Sarrias, M.; Casals, I.; Kossieris, P.; Pantazis, C.; Spartalis, I.; Kristiansen, V.; Lyngstad, S.U.; Collette, R.A.; Gratl, F.; Muthanna, T. M.; Bosco, C.; Ugarelli, R.; Vennesland, A; Ma
Keywords: Urban water cycle; KW - digital solutions
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The water cycle modelling and assessment solutions toolkit
This report documents the final release of the water cycle modelling and assessment solutions toolkit, which is comprised of the following eight tools: UWOT #22, regional demand-supply matching GIS tool #23, reclaimed water distribution network water quality model #24, water-energy-phosphorous balance planning module #25, QMRA+ #26, risk assessment for urban water reuse module #27, short-term demand forecasting tool #28 and SuTRa #31 and complements the other toolkit. It includes the following aspects: tool description, attributes and information around pre-existing background, developments and advancements within the project, navigation and primary functionalities, interoperability, indicative applications and synergistic benefits and how to access each tool and test data. It presents the use of the tools in the LLs by explaining the tools' integrative use, conceptual links, data flows and pilot interactions.
Year: 2023
Author(s): Lykou, A.; Storelli, D.; Makropoulos, C; Manouri, S.; Pronk, G.; Bousiotas, D.; Stofberg, S.; Van Huijgevoort, M.H.J.; Smeets, P.; van der Schans, M.; Kroll, S.; Raes, S.; Joris, I.; Van Bauwel, F.; G
Keywords: Urban water cycle; KW - digital solutions
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Outro
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AWARE-P vence prémio alemão e conquista novo reconhecimento internacional
EXCLUSIVO: AWARE-P vence prémio alemão e conquista novo reconhecimento internacional: É a primeira vez que é distinguido um projecto de um país que não fala alemão, entrevista de Ana Santiago (Jornalista do Jornal Água & Ambiente - Portal Ambiente Online) a Helena Alegre, 19 de Agosto de 2014
Year: 2014
Number Pages:
1.
Author(s): Alegre, H.
Info
Processos de pré oxidação e de desinfeção
N/A
Year: 2014
Number Pages:
36 slides.
Author(s): Rosa, M. J.
Editor: APDA
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Vamos premiar quem aproveitou melhor a tecnologia
N/A
Year: 2014
Number Pages:
1p.
Author(s): Alegre, H.
Editor: Ambiente on-line
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Ciência e inovação
N/A
Year: 2012
Number Pages:
1p.
Author(s): Alegre, H.
Editor: About Media
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A engenharia sanitária no DHA em 2023
N/A
Year: 2009
Author(s): Alegre, H.
Info
Aplicações do modelo SWMM a casos de Estudo.
N/A
Year: 2009
Author(s): Brito, R. S.; David, L. M.
Info
Modelação dinâmica de sistemas de drenagem: Casos de estudo nacionais
N/A
Year: 2009
Author(s): Ferreira, F.; David, L. M.; Brito, R. S.
Info
Modelação dinâmica de sistemas de drenagem: Princípios de modelação e principais modelos existentes
N/A
Year: 2009
Author(s): Ferreira, F.; David, L. M.; Matos, J. S.
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Modelação estatística do consumo nocturno doméstico de água
N/A
Year: 2009
Author(s): Borba, R.; Amado, C.; Pacheco, A.; Loureiro, D.; Rebelo, M.; Alegre, H.; Coelho, S. T.; Covas, D.; Pina, A.
Info
O tratamento de água para consumo humano face à qualidade da água de origem
N/A
Year: 2009
Author(s): Rosa, M. J.; Vieira, P.; Menaia, J.
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