Publications

An innovative higher-order beam theory, capable of accurately taking into account flexural

The specific features of the proposed force-based formulation derived in the companion paper, which is applied for the first time to higher-order beam theories, are herein thoroughly validated. Introductory numerical examples illustrate the influence of mesh refinement, boundary conditions, and slenderness ratios for isotropic linear elastic response. Specific higher-order effects

An accurate assessment of the airflow in naturally ventilated double skin facades (DSF) is crucial for a correct design and performance evaluation. Measuring and predicting DSF airflow is not a straightforward task, given the stochastic nature of the wind, which can assist or oppose the buoyancy force. The present paper resumes the results of airflow measurements inside a naturally ventilated double skin facade using a tracer gas technique. The tests were performed on an outdoor air curtain (OAC) DSF test cell with a movable slat venetian blind. Measurements with no active shading and at night were also performed. Outdoor and test cell air gap temperatures were continuously measured and wind pressure coefficients were determined from wind tunnel tests. Experimental results were then compared to those obtained by a simple model taking into account both thermal and wind effects on the facade. From this comparison discharge coefficients were estimated, which can be used for characterizing the DSF behaviour.

The existing building stock in Azores islands (Portugal) was severely damaged during 1980and 1998 earthquakes. Structural failure was probably caused by a combination of factorsthat are not yet well understood. Earthquake source characteristics, site effects and structuralvulnerability may be some of those factors. However, it is very difficult to assess theinfluence of each factor on structural failure, mainly because recorded accelerograms usedin nonlinear structural analysis are influenced by both source characteristics and site conditions.The only way to overcome this problem is to control each factor individually whichcan be done by using simulated accelerograms. In our previous work, stochastic groundmotion simulations results were compared with earthquake records. Results seem to indicatethat simulated accelerograms can match recorded accelerograms if proper sourcecharacteristics and geological site conditions are selected. In this work, simulated accelerogramswere used for seismic nonlinear structural analysis. Simulations were carried outconsidering several 1980 Azores earthquake possible sources and for different geologicalsite conditions. Simulated accelerograms were then used to evaluate the structural nonlinearbehaviour of a reinforced concrete structure and of two masonry structures. The resultsof this work highlight the importance of site conditions and earthquake source characteristicsto the determination of the design seismic actions of Azores islands. This work wasperformed in the scope of

O Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil tem uma longa experiência na área da Engenharia Sísmica, sendo uma das instituições de referência, a nível europeu, em todos os campos desta área das Ciências da Engenharia. A investigação europeia em Engenharia Sísmica teve início no final da década de 50, tendo sido o LNEC, na pessoa do Engenheiro Júlio Ferry Borges, o seu principal impulsionador. Desde então, assistiu-se ao estudo dos diferentes aspetos da fenomenologia ligada à caraterização da ação sísmica e ao comportamento das estruturas sujeitas à ação dos sismos, como ilustrado pelas cerca de 50 teses de mestrado e doutoramento nos diferentes domínios da Engenharia Sísmica, desenvolvidas no Núcleo de Engenharia Sísmica e Dinâmica de Estruturas (NESDE), nas duas ultimas décadas, e por mais de uma centena de investigadores visitantes, nacionais e estrangeiros. No âmbito da avaliação do risco sísmico, o LNEC tem tido um papel fundamental a nível nacional, assumindo a liderança da investigação científica nas matérias relacionadas com a perigosidade sísmica, a caraterização da ação sísmica, a avaliação do risco, e o desenvolvimento de estratégias para redução da vulnerabilidade sísmica...

This paper aims to assess and improve the seismic performance of an existing masonry building withflexible floors, representative of a Portuguese building typology

The energy dissipation capacity of the NiTi alloy was evaluated as part of a series of shake table tests. A superelastic damper was developed to take advantage of the hysteretic energy dissipation associated with this type of shape memory alloy. Each device was tested at different intensity levels. A vertical steel cantilever with 600 kg mass on top was subjected to a series of ground motions with different spectral characteristics. The dampers were placed as part of a tie system, restraining the horizontal movement of the top mass. The devices showed stable hysteretic behavior allowing for energy dissipation.

In this paper we provide an overview of recent research work that contributes to clarify the effects of non-linear dynamic interaction on the seismic response of soil foundation-superstructure systems. Such work includes experimental results of seismically loaded structures on shallow foundations, theoretical advancements based on improved macro-elementmodeling of the soil-foundation system, examples of seismic design of bridge piers considering non-linear soil-foundation interaction effects, and numerical results of incremental non-linear dynamic analyses. The objective of this paper is to support the concept of a controlled share of ductility demand between the superstructure and the foundation as a key ingredient for a rational and integrated approach to seismic design of foundations and structures.

This paper is focused on the study of an earthquake protection system, the tuned liquid damper (TLD), which can, if adequately designed, reduce earthquake demands on buildings. This positive effect is accomplished taking into account the oscillation of the free surface of a fluid inside a tank (sloshing). The behaviour of an isolated TLD, subjected to a sinusoidal excitation at its base, with different displacement amplitudes, was studied by finite element analysis. The efficiency of the TLD in improving the seismic response of an existing building, representative of modern architecture buildings in southern European countries was also evaluated based on linear dynamic analyses.

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The research findings made in recent years now mean that the prospect of accounting for soil-foundation-structure interaction within seismic design is becoming a viable reality. By examining the cyclic response of a parameterized set of shallow foundations, simulated using a recently developed macro-element model that accounts for rotational-vertical-horizontal motion interaction and which considers coherently possible uplift behaviour, new degradation curves for the stiffness and damping of shallow foundations are developed. The improvements included in these curves with respect to previous proposals are: i) the uplift mechanism, a non-dissipative nonlinear mechanism, is taken into account and ii) the overturning moment and the corresponding simultaneous horizontal load are applied on the footing so that the effect of shear force on the overall response is investigated.It is found that rotational stiffness degradation is more severe when shear demands are relatively large compared to flexural demands. Moreover, the stiffness degradation becomes more intense as the static factor of safety for centred vertical loads on the foundation reduces, since the response tends to be dominated by hysteretic behaviour in contrast to an increasingly rigid-body rocking response for larger factors of safety. Hysteretic energy dissipation evolution is represented via equivalent viscous damping curves, obtained from quasi-static cyclic analyses.Finally, the new set of stiffness and damping curves are included for use within the direct displacement-based design framework. By using the improved curves, the bearing capacity of the foundation will be automatically respected since each point of the developed curves will correspond to a solution lying inside or on the ultimate load surface of the foundation system. The benefit of this approach is illustrated through the design of 6-, 8- and 12-storey buildings with and without taking into consideration soil-foundation-structure interaction. Nonlinear dynamic analyses are used to gauge the performance of the design solutions, and it is found that, even though the prediction of foundation rotation demands can be further improved, the direct displacement-based design method provides good control of storey drifts and displacements, suggesting that it could be a valuable procedure for performance-based earthquake engineering in the future.

As estruturas em casca de formas livres ultrafinas são caracterizadas por terem capacidade portante decorrente da sua própria forma. Estas estruturas em casca, ao serem construídas em betão de ultra-elevado desempenho, podem ter espessuras extremamente finas que lhes confere uma imagem de esbelteza e beleza bastante apreciada. A complexidade das formas arquitetónicas destas estruturas em casca exige uma descrição mais exacta da ação do vento e da interação com estas estruturas. No presente trabalho analisa-se o comportamento aerodinâmico de cascas finas pré-fabricadas em betão de ultra-elevado desempenho, com forma triangular. O objetivo é avaliar a interação entre a casca e o vento para diferentes ângulos de incidência do vento bem como a influência de fachadas incorporadas no modelo. Para isso, foi realizada uma campanha de ensaios experimentais num túnel de vento do Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC), caracterizada por um perfil de velocidade do vento uniforme, a 20 m/s, em que se determinam os coeficientes de pressão internos e externos na superfície da casca. Foram ensaiadas três configurações distintas do modelo: i) sem fachadas, ii) com uma fachada e iii) com duas fachadas. Os resultados do ensaio são apresentados sob a forma de curvas isobáricas representativas de valores de coeficientes de pressão resultantes.

A arquitetura recorre, por vezes, a dispositivos de sombreamento de grandes dimensões, com formas e configurações de montagem cuja resposta à ação do vento carece de caracterização. Os sombreamentos em cascata, instalados no exterior de fachadas e constituídos por uma série de lamelas paralelas entre si, colocam desafios particulares do ponto de vista da avaliação aerodinâmica que condicionam a carga imposta pelo vento sobre as lamelas e, portanto, o correto dimensionamento dos apoios e da solução a adoptar. O presente trabalho pretende caracterizar experimentalmente o desempenho aerodinâmico das lamelas de um protótipo destes sombreamentos, através de ensaios em túnel de vento com um modelo

The aerodynamic design of a compact lightweight high-speed train is discussed. It is an isolated automotive vehicle with a capacity for forty passengers. The fore end geometry is very streamlined and the upper curvature radii are exceptionally large to delay flow separations. The particular duck-shape of the fore region of the nose is responsible for large transverse pressure gradients. The research, described in this paper, explores how the nose geometry and the yaw angle influence the pressure distribution and the three dimensional boundary layer on the nose of the train, causing limiting streamlines on the wall to converge along specific locations. A main goal is to understand if these patterns can be related with the onset of separations at yaw. A semi-analytic model for the skewed boundary layer was compared with RANS calculations. RANS simulations failed to reproduce the expected wall profile and seem to overestimate the diffusion in the boundary layer. On the other hand, the semi-analytic model seems to underestimate diffusion and should be refined with a better model for Reynolds stresses effects on the buffer layer.

Este trabalho tem como objetivos a caracterização e análise do comportamento dinâmico da plataforma sísmica triaxial do LNEC e da evolução das propriedades modais de um pórtico em betão armado com o dano acumulado em sucessivos ensaios sísmicos. Para esse fim foram analisadas as leituras da instrumentação utilizada em ensaios realizados na referida plataforma sísmica e foram desenvolvidos modelos numéricos de elementos finitos da mesa sísmica e do sistema completo mesa-pórtico. A plataforma sísmica foi caracterizada com base em ensaios de identificação dinâmica utilizando sinais de entrada constituídos por acelerações com conteúdo em frequência de banda larga, do tipo

O comportamento à compressão e à tração em paredes de alvenaria de fachada foi analisado através de uma campanha experimental. Foi desenvolvido um estudo localizado, precisamente na parte da ligação existente, através de conectores, entre uma parede de tijolo face à vista e uma parede de alvenaria de enchimento, que em situações reais se encontra inserida num pórtico de betão armado estrutural. Amostras de ligações quer da parede de tijolo face à vista, quer da parede de enchimento foram submetidos individualmente a carregamentos monotónicos de tração e cíclicos tração-compressão, simulando de alguma forma os carregamentos para fora do plano da parede de fachada. Este trabalho experimental teve como objetivos: (i) avaliar a influência de diferentes características dos ligadores, nomeadamente espessura, geometria e rigidez; (ii) avaliar um método de aplicação alternativo (ancoragem química) possível de adaptar a soluções de reabilitação e (iii) descrever e catalogar os tipos de rotura e comportamento de todas as soluções. Os resultados experimentais deste estudo demostraram que existem determinados parâmetros que têm mais importância no desempenho da ligação, contribuindo assim para uma melhor compreensão do comportamento das ligações submetidas a diferentes tipos de carga.

A arquitetura recorre, por vezes, a dispositivos de sombreamento de grandes dimensões, com formas e configurações de montagem cuja resposta à ação do vento carece de caracterização. Os sombreamentos em cascata, instalados no exterior de fachadas e constituídos por uma série de lamelas paralelas entre si, colocam desafios particulares do ponto de vista da avaliação aerodinâmica que condicionam a carga imposta pelo vento sobre as lamelas e, portanto, o correto dimensionamento dos apoios e da solução a adoptar. O presente trabalho pretende caracterizar experimentalmente o desempenho aerodinâmico das lamelas de um protótipo destes sombreamentos, através de ensaios em túnel de vento com um modelo

O estudo apresentado neste trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar experimentalmente o comportamento dinâmico de paredes de frontal Pombalina, simples e reforçadas, por meio de ensaios na mesa sísmica triaxial do Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil. Os ensaios incidiram sobre dois modelos em escala real nos quais se reproduziu o comportamento de paredes de frontal pombalina, simulando dois andares. Os principais objetivos do trabalho foram: avaliar o desempenho sísmico de paredes de frontal pombalina sem reforço; avaliar o desempenho da técnica de reforço com chapas metálicas nos nós da estrutura de madeira; identificar algumas deficiências no comportamento sísmico dos edifícios pombalinos.

Em caso de sismo, a manutenção da livre circulação nas vias de comunicação é fundamental para garantir o acesso dos meios de socorro e de evacuação às regiões afetadas. Um facto geralmente associado a cenários sísmicos é precisamente o da interrupção das vias devido ao descalçamento, e subsequente queda, das passagens superiores. No âmbito do projeto de investigação SUPERB, liderado pela FCT-UNL e financiado pela Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, foram realizados ensaios na mesa sísmica do LNEC com ligações pré-fabricadas viga-pilar, representativas de estruturas reais em Portugal, onde se procurou caracterizar este tipo de ligações. Neste trabalho sintetizam-se os principais resultados obtidos durante os ensaios referidos e apresenta-se um conjunto de simulações sísmicas não lineares efetuadas com um modelo de Elementos Finitos.

A construção de edifícios de pequeno porte em países subdesenvolvidos, através de métodos simples e sustentáveis, define a missão do projeto HiLoTec. Foi neste âmbito que foi desenvolvido um sistema construtivo baseado na utilização de blocos de terra compactada (BTC) com estabilização hidráulica e junta seca, sistema esse que o artigo seguinte pretende expor tendo em conta a experiência no Malawi, o país que serviu para o caso de estudo. O projeto consistiu em estudos de desenvolvimento do sistema construtivo sob o ponto de vista arquitetónico e funcional e numa campanha experimental que incluiu ensaios de caracterização do sistema a diferentes níveis: material (solo), blocos, prismas de alvenaria, paredes de alvenaria, assim como um protótipo ensaiado na mesa sísmica no Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, em Lisboa. O conhecimento adquirido nas diferentes fases do projeto HiLoTec foi utilizado para produzir um manual de autoconstrução de moradias para países em desenvolvimento que queiram aplicar a tecnologia dos blocos de terra compactada para construir edifícios mais sustentáveis e de baixo custo. O manual utiliza meios gráficos e conteúdo de texto minimalista para torná-lo compreensível para a autoconstrução, ilustrando cada passo da construção, desde a seleção do solo para a produção dos blocos, até à construção da cobertura.

This book presents a selection of the best papers from the HEaRT 2015 conference, held in Lisbon, Portugal, which provided a valuable forum for engineers and architects, researchers and educators to exchange views and findings concerning the technological history, construction features and seismic behavior of historical timber-framed walls in the Mediterranean countries. The topics covered are wide ranging and include historical aspects and examples of the use of timber-framed construction systems in response to earthquakes, such as the gaiola system in Portugal and the Bourbon system in southern Italy; interpretation of the response of timber-framed walls to seismic actions based on calculations and experimental tests; assessment of the effectiveness of repair and strengthening techniques, e.g., using aramid fiber wires or sheets; and modelling analyses. In addition, on the basis of case studies, a methodology is presented that is applicable to diagnosis, strengthening and improvement of seismic performance and is compatible with modern theoretical principles and conservation criteria. It is hoped that, by contributing to the knowledge of this construction technique, the book will help to promote conservation of this important component of Europe

The applications of discrete elements models based on rigid block formulations to the analysis of masonry walls under horizontal out-of-plane loading is simplified block pattern are addressed. Two procedures for creating irregular block systems are presented, one using Voronoi polygons, the other based on a bed and cross joint structure with random deviations. A test problem provides a comparison of various regular and random block patterns, showing their influence on the failure loads. The estimation of manual frequencies of rigid block models, and its application to static pushover analyses, is addressed. An example of application of rigid block model to wall capacity problem is presented.

The overall aim of Sub-Project 10 (Earthquake disaster scenario predictions and loss modelling for urban areas) has been to create a tool, based on state-of-the-art loss modelling software, to provide strong, quantified statements about the benefits of a range of possible mitigation actions, in order to support decision-making by urban authorities for seismic risk mitigation strategies. A further larger aim has been to contribute to a seismic risk mitigation policy for future implementation at European level. Among the European cities for which loss estimation studies have been carried out are Istanbul, Lisbon and Thessaloniki, and tools, using GIS mapping, have been developed by research teams in each of these cities; these were made available for further development to examine mitigation strategies within SP10. Related research studies

Much work in Earthquake Engineering was devoted to the improvement of earthquake resistant design of new structures. One European result is EN 1998, which will be in several years the main seismic code for all European countries. But it is well known, that older existing structures cause in many large earthquakes much more casualties and damages than new structures. It is certainly not possible to retrofit all existing structures, but agreement exists, that assessment and retrofit of safety - critical - structures and lifeline structures must have priority. In September 2004 the European Integrated Research Project LESSLOSS on Risk Mitigation for Earthquakes and Landslides was started. The project will run for three years and comprises 13 Sub-Projects (SP´s). The consortium consists of 46 partners (see http:\\www.lessloss.org). LESSLOSS SP5 is on In-situ Assessment, Monitoring and Typification of buildings and Infrastructure. The project partners of SP5 are ARS, CESI, LNEC, RWTH and VCE. This Sub Project focuses mainly on the assessment of important existing structures and tries to integrate experimental methods into the assessment procedure. The progress of SP5 obtained in the first year is summarized in this paper. Highlights presented by all partners are mentioned and the assessment of Hospital Innsbruck is presented in more detail. The most innovative task of LESSLOSS/ SP5 is Update of vulnerability estimates via monitoring, which was also started in the first year.

In order to study the behavior of bridge structures in relation to traffic, wind and seismic loads, it is extremely important to know their actual dynamic properties (natural frequencies, vibration mode shapes and damping). The experimentally identified dynamic properties of bridge structures are also an effective way to characterize their actual global structural behavior. Whether included in the reception load tests of recently built bridges, before they are opened to the traffic, or as part of the inspection works of bridges already in service, LNEC has performed modal analysis studies based on the results of ambient vibration tests. Some of the studies carried out recently in important bridges are reported in this paper.

O sismo de Northridge ocorreu na parte norte da área metropolitana de Los Angeles, Califórnia, às 4:31 h do dia 17 de janeiro, uma segunda-feira coincidente com dia de feriado nacional, tendo atingindo uma magnitude de 6.6 na escala de Richter. O número total de vítimas mortais cifra-se em 57, havendo para cima de 8 000 feridos e 20 000 desalojados.As estimativas de perdas totais, feitas em meados de fevereiro de 1994, apontavam para valores de 15 biliões de US dólares, tendo o Estado da Califórnia apresentado um impacto económico total de ordem dos 30 biliões de dólares, perto do valor do Orçamento Geral do estado Português para 1994. Os prejuízos infligidos na indústria e no comércio são também surpreendentemente elevados, exigindo longos períodos de interrupção das atividades económicas.

Communicating science within disaster risk reduction using methods that encourage two-way dialogue between scientists and laypersons is a challenging task. This paper aims at presenting a methodological strategy of communicating risk and non-structural seismic protection measures through participatory approach. Such methodological strategy is part of a pilot experience of risk communication in two schools in Lisbon (Portugal) under the EU project KnowRISK (Know your city, Reduce seISmic risK through non-structural elements). The efficacy of education for seismic safety is often inhibited by an incomplete understanding of the process by which individuals decide to protect themselves from harm (Becker JS, Paton D,Johnston DM, Ronan KR. Nat Hazards 64(1):107

Most of the Lisbon 18th century timber-framed masonry

Good performance of non-structural elements can be decisive in saving lives and costs when an earthquake strikes. The European project KnowRISK aims to educate and encourage households to take the necessary precautionary measures to protect people, houses, and contents. Preparedness and prevention act on community resilience. Within the KnowRISK project, the idea of a Practical Guide has been conceived suggesting seismic mitigation solutions for non-structural components to non-experts stakeholders. It is intended to guide people into the first steps of prevention in a straightforward manner, minimizing or avoiding injuries, damage, and long-term financial consequences. The novelty of the Guide belongs to his philosophy: a path through increasing challenges corresponds to a growing level of safety. The idea is that anyone can mitigate seismic risk in its own environment by adopting simple and low cost measures. The Practical Guide may contribute to increase risk awareness. This kind of initiatives if undertaken at larger scales may also enhance social resilience.

When one of the dimensions of a structural member is not clearly larger than the two orthogonal ones, engineers are usually compelled to simulate it with refined meshes of shell or solid finite elements that typically impose a large computational burden. The alternative use of classical beam theories, either based on Euler-Bernoulli or Timoshenko

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This text reflects the first of the four lectures that the author has presented at Udine, Italy, at CISM

Um dos principais problemas e interesses da engenharia sísmica é a caracterizaçãoda acção sísmica, envolvendo a estimativa da intensidade, conteúdo em frequência,duração e variabilidade espacial dos movimentos intensos do solo mais gravosos, emtermos dos seus efeitos nas estruturas, que pode ocorrer num local.O presente trabalho de investigação desenvolve e aplica a metodologia estocástica etécnicas de modelação de fonte

Os sismos são encarados frequentemente como desastres naturais inevitáveis. Todavia,deveriam ser considerados fenómenos naturais, cujos efeitos adversos podem ser minimizadoscaso se proceda a uma gestão efectiva do risco sísmico.O objectivo principal do presente trabalho de investigação é o de avaliar o risco sísmicoem Portugal Continental.Sendo um tema de natureza multidisciplinar, apresentam-se e discutem-se modelos deavaliação probabilística da perigosidade sísmica e sua desagregação, de vulnerabilidade efragilidade sísmicas de tipologias construtivas, de danos e de perdas económicas e humanas.Aplica-se a análise probabilística da perigosidade sísmica, e sua desagregação, aPortugal Continental, obtendo-se cenários modais capazes de reproduzir os níveis deperigosidade que os condicionam. Apresenta-se o inventário do parque habitacional e seushabitantes, descriminado por factores de vulnerabilidade, e classifica-se a sua vulnerabilidadesegundo os modelos de dano. Procede-se à actualização e aferição de uma metodologia parasimulação de cenários sísmicos, integrada num Sistema de Informação Geográfico. Avalia-seo risco sísmico, seguindo diversas abordagens, comparando-se os resultados com o risco deoutros países.Construiu-se assim uma ferramenta de avaliação de perdas devidas a sismos, queconstitui uma primeira contribuição para o desenvolvimento de um processo de gestão dorisco sísmico aplicado ao Continente Português.

O parque habitacional de Portugal Continental contém algumas tipologias construtivas deelevada vulnerabilidade sísmica em relação às quais urge actuar no sentido de reduzir o riscosísmico a elas associado. No projecto de investigação

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This report addresses the National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC) participation in Subproject 10 Earthquake disaster scenario predictions and loss modelling for urban areas. More precisely this report was developed in order to accomplish the 24 months LESSLOSS deliverable nº 85, which achieves loss estimates for the Metropolitan Area of Lisbon (MAL), for pre-defined scenarios earthquake. These loss estimations represent the reference situation to be compared with revised loss estimates after implementing mitigation actions with the ultimate goal of being established, in the next deliverable, the

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The present report describes the construction of a model in limestone masonry for the user Group 3 oh the ECOLEADER Project, led by IRIDEX Construction Group, and the first phase of the experimental program developed in LNEC. The description of the construction, a photographic report and the results obtained on the characteristics tests made on the mortars used in the construction are presented.The construction was carried out by contractor José dos Santos Paixão on the basics of model details and materials specifications proposed by the User group 3, being NESDE/LNEC responsible for the guidance and supervision of the works.

This report describes the first phase activity of the Portuguese group in the Precast Structures EC8 research projet. The Portuguese group is composed by Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC) and the Civibral, S.A. Precast Company.In this phase, seismic test were made in the LNEC

The present report addresses the first twelve months of LNEC participation in LESSLOSS

The dynamics of rigid bodies was studies by long time, because this phenomenon is important in the seismic security of some types of structures. However, there are few experimental studies. This job shows the experimental test carried out at the Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC) of Portugal. Four blue granites stones were tested, each one with different geometrical characteristics, under harmonic and random motions.A numerical simulation was carried out with the Discrete Element Method (DEM). This method has shown to be a good tool in the study of the dynamics of rigid bodies. It was proposed a new methodology to find the parameters of the DEM by using the parameters of classical theory.

The project LESSLOSS

Análise dos registos históricos de eventos climáticos e o seu impacto no setor da energia da AML, para identificar o grau em que este setor foi afetado por estímulos relacionados com o clima. Avaliação de capacidades adaptativas.

Análise da forma das edificações nas ações do vento

As condicionantes arquitetónicas e de urbanização na ventilação natural

Caracterização do vento. Ações sobre estruturas. Ensaios em túnel de vento