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The mechanical property characterization of dam concrete is a challenging task mainly due to the use of large aggregate sizes. The properties of dam concrete are often evaluated from wet-screened concrete tests using standard specimen sizes. A physically-based relationship between dam concrete and wet-screened concrete strength properties is currently unavailable.A prediction methodology is proposed which can be used to obtain the compressive and the splitting tensile strength of dam concrete by taking into account the wet-screened strength results, the effect of the specimen dimensions and the effect of the maximum size of aggregate. The predicted results are compared with test results available in the literature and with test results recently obtained during the construction of the Baixo Sabor dam. It is shown that the proposed prediction tool can be used to obtain accurate estimates of dam concrete strength.

The explicit formulation of a small displacementmodel for the coupled hydro-mechanical analysis of concretegravity dam foundations based on joint finite elementsis presented. The proposed coupled model requires athorough pre-processing stage in order to ensure that theinteraction between the various blocks which representboth the rock mass foundation and the dam is always edgeto edge. The mechanical part of the model, though limitedto small displacements, has the advantage of allowing anaccurate representation of the stress distribution along theinterfaces, such as rock mass joints. The hydraulic part andthe mechanical part of the model are fully compatible. Thecoupled model is validated using a real case of a dam inoperation, by comparison of the results with those obtainedwith a large displacement discrete model. It is shown that itis possible to assess the sliding stability of concrete gravitydams using small displacement models under both staticand dynamic conditions.

This paper proposes a methodology for the prediction of the compressive creep strains of dam concrete based on wet-screened experimental results at constant elevated temperature conditions measured in situ. Due to its large aggregate dimensions, the experimental characterization of dam concrete has particular constraints. The wet-screened concrete, obtained by sieving the aggregates larger than a given dimension, after mixing, is used to cast standard specimens and to embed monitoring devices. An experimental in situ installation using creep cells was used to obtain the compressive creep strain development over time for the maturing conditions of the dam core. The study of the effect of wet-screening procedure on creep in compression considers three types of concrete, dam concrete and two wet-screened concretes tested at three loading ages, 28, 90 and 365 days. The comparison between different types of concrete at different maturing conditions requires the definition of a reference state given by the maturity method, using the equivalent age, and relies on the fit of compressive creep strains to the RILEM recommended model B3. To take into account the effect of the aggregate content on the deformability properties of dam concrete, an equivalent two-phase composite model was applied. The equivalent composite model considered the equivalent matrix as the wet-screened concrete and the inclusions as the larger aggregates that are removed during the wet-screening procedure. Predictions obtained with the composite model are close to the dam concrete experimental results, for the tested loading ages.

This paper proposes the use of the maturity method and of a two-phase composite models for the prediction of dam concrete modulus of elasticity.The methodology was validated with test results obtained from experimental in situ setup using creep cells placed in the dam's body, subjected to variable environmental conditions. It is shown that composite models can be used to predict the modulus of elasticity of in situ dam concrete based on the modulus of elasticity of the wet-screened concrete.

The reduced lifetime of geothermal wells is one of the main issues facing the geothermal industry, with cement durability being one of the main causes for shortening of a well's life. While most wells are cemented with American Petroleum Institute (API) class cements, alternative cementing systems are currently being considered. In this paper, the interactions of two alternative cement formulations with a typical geothermal rock formation are compared with a class A cement. This allows understanding of the most critical zone in the geothermal cement, which is the outermost layer where the cement encounters and, consequently, interacts with the exterior harsh environment, including the volcanic formation and brine. The faster setting of white cement and high-alumina cement compared with the well Portland cement seems to reduce the reaction extent with the rock. For all the cements tested, both the increased curing temperature (from 150°C to 290°C) and the use of bentonite as drilling mud significantly decreased the bond between the cement and the rock.

The application of the limit state design (LSD) in the geotechnical area has increased over the last two decades, but this approach is not yet widely used in dam safety evaluation. This study aims to widen the use of the LSD application for large dams, in particular concrete gravity dam foundations. This paper starts with a brief reference to the LSD approach in recently published guidelines for dam design, followed by a detailed description of the LSD formulation when applied to the foundation of concrete dams. The relevance of the joint application of the concepts of ultimate limit states and of numerical methods is highlighted. Comments are made regarding the criteria adopted in order to determine the characteristic values of the material mechanical properties, with an emphasis on discontinuities, taking into account the spatial variability. The sliding safety assessment of the foundation of a concrete gravity dam using the LSD and a discrete element model, both in persistent and in an accidental design situation, is presented. Results led to the conclusion that the LSD methodology may be followed for dam foundation design with the partial factor values prescribed in Eurocode 7.

To improve the effectiveness of concrete dam safety control in real time, a method is presented for theconstruction of decision rules for the early detection of developing failure scenarios. The decision rulesare based on the use of linear discriminant models developed with data obtained through mathematicalmodels of the dam

In its lifetime, a dam can be exposed to significant water level variations and seasonal environmental temperature changes. The structural safety control of a concrete dam is supported by monitoring activities and is based on models.In practice, the interpretation of recorded concrete dam displacements is usually based on HST (hydrostatic, seasonal, time) statistical models. These models are widely used and consider that the thermal effect can be represented by a seasonal function. The main purpose of this paper is to present an HTT (hydrostatic, thermal, time) statistical model to interpret recorded concrete dam displacements. The idea is to replace the seasonal function with the use of recorded temperatures that better represent the thermal effect on dam behavior.Two new methodologies are presented for constructing HTT statistical models, both based on principal component analysis applied to recorded temperatures in the concrete dam body. In the first method, principal component analysis is used to choose the thermometers for the construction of the HTT model. In the second method, the thermal effect is represented by the principal components of temperature of selected thermometers.The advantage of these methods is that the thermal effect is represented by real temperature measured in the concrete dam body. The HTT statistical models proposed are applied to the 110m high Alto Lindoso arch dam, and the results are compared with the HST displacement model.

The purpose of this research work is to identify the effect of the daily variation of the air temperature on the structural response of a concrete dam. It is intended to obtain a better knowledge about structuralbehaviour of concrete dams. In current day to day activities, quantitative interpretation models are used for the assessment of structural dam behaviour of concrete dams. Most models ignore the temperature effect of a wave with a daily variation. However, in dams with automated data acquisition systems this daily effect can be used to anticipate the detection of abnormal behaviour.In this paper, the Short Time Fourier Transform analysis of the residuals is used, obtained by the quantitative interpretation models and measurement data, to identify the signature that the daily variation of the air temperature has on the structural behaviour of a concrete dam. A case study is presented based on the analysis of a horizontal displacement measured on a pendulum, in the Alto Lindoso concrete dam. As a result, the relation between magnitudes of daily variations of the horizontal displacement analysed and the air temperature was defined. The relation obtained can be used to assess if there is alterations or not in the dam response to short period loads corresponding to the daily variations analysed.

This paper presents the application of a methodology which can be used to assess arch dam foundation stability, using the discrete element method (DEM) and the code 3DEC. A global three-dimensional model of a dam foundation was developed, in which some discontinuities were simulated and both the grout and drainage curtains were represented. The model, calibrated taking into account recorded data, was used to carry out non-linear mechanical analysis. The same model was employed to perform a hydraulic analysis, based on equivalent continuum concepts, which allowed the water pressure pattern within the foundation to be obtained. These water pressures were applied on discontinuities involved in the possible sliding mechanism along the dam/foundation interface, and the safety of the dam/foundation system was evaluated using a process of reduction of strength characteristics, with the aim of calculating the minimum safety factors that ensure stability. Results were compared with those obtained with the usual bi-linear uplift pressure distribution at the base of the dam, commonly used in concrete dam design. The relevance of carrying out hydraulic analysis in arch dam foundation failure studies is highlighted.

The current practice in the structural safety control of concrete dams, describing the significant contribution of monitoring activities. Based on historical accident cases and on the Portuguese experience, important information regarding the value of monitoring activities for the assessment of the safety condition and functionality of concrete dams will be provided.

O método dos elementos discretos (MED), desenvolvido inicialmente para a modelação do comportamento de materiais granulares, tem vindo a ser utilizado para a simulação do comportamento de materiais coesivos, designadamente a rocha e o betão. Os modelos de contacto usualmente adotados representam somente o comportamento instantâneo do material. De modo a ser possível modelar o comportamento do betão ao longo do tempo, desenvolveu-se um modelo de contacto com viscosidade e endurecimento, baseado na teoria da solidificação. Dadas as limitações do passo de cálculo no MED, desenvolveu-se um esquema numérico em que o tempo de maturação do material e o passo de cálculo são considerados de forma independente. Para cada idade de carregamento e para uma determinada discretização do tempo sob carga, as forças de contacto viscoelásticas são calculadas de acordo com o modelo viscoelástico com endurecimento em função do tempo de maturação, posteriormente a solução equilibrada é obtida através do método de relaxação dinâmica.Nesta comunicação apresenta-se uma metodologia de calibração dos parâmetros de modelos de contacto relativos ao comportamento viscoelástico com endurecimento para a modelação de materiais cimentícios, com base em resultados de ensaios realizados a várias idades. A metodologia de calibração tem em consideração a idade do betão, o tempo sob carga, as extensões instantâneas e diferidas, os parâmetros do modelo de contacto viscoelástico, a máxima dimensão da partícula e a aleatoriedade associada à assembleia de partículas.

Esta comunicação apresenta uma metodologia para a previsão da deformabilidade diferida do betão integral de barragens a partir dos resultados de ensaios do betão crivado utilizando modelos compósitos de duas fases.O betão aplicado em grandes barragens, designado por betão integral, é produzido com agregados de grandes dimensões. Devido às dificuldades de ensaio deste tipo de betão, é comum ensaiar-se o betão crivado em fresco através por um peneiro com uma determinada abertura (usualmente, de 38 mm). Este betão crivado é utilizado para o controlo de qualidade do betão aplicado em obra e para o envolvimento dos grupos de extensómetros de resistência elétrica. Dadas as suas diferentes características, principalmente nas dosagens de agregado grosso, as propriedades destes dois tipos de betão são distintas.Propõe-se a utilização de um modelo compósito equivalente para a previsão da função de fluência do betão integral. Nos modelos compósitos o betão é simulado por duas fases, as inclusões (agregados) e a matriz ligante (pasta de cimento ou argamassa). No modelo compósito proposto, considera-se o betão integral o conjunto constituído pelo agregado grosso retirado durante a crivagem (inclusões) e pelo betão crivado (matriz ligante). Os resultados mostram que este tipo de modelos pode ser utilizado para a determinação da deformabilidade do betão integral de barragens, após a calibração dos parâmetros do modelo através de ensaios.

Scientific and technological advances in monitoring systems allow for the automation of the measurement, transmission and data processing, as happens in the Portuguese dams with automated monitoring systems. However, as measuring has become increasingly easy, the increase in the amount of data available is significant, as well as the number of potential errors associated with the measuring process. The assessment of stored measurements is important because they are one of the main elements used in the activities related to the interpretation and safety control of concrete dams. A detailed assessment of measurements should be performed, for example, through the comparison of the Automated Data Acquisition System (ADAS) measurements, x_ADAS, and other values that may be used as a reference, such as Manual Data Acquisition System (MDAS) measurements, x_MDAS. In most situations, it is possible to perform both ADAS and MDAS measurements. In the case of MDAS measurements, the instruments used in concrete dam monitoring follow relatively simple physical principles and there is a lot of experience acquired over the years. This allows us to consider that the MDAS measurements are of good quality, which makes them a good reference element for the analysis of ADAS measurements. The main idea of the methodology proposed is to assess if ADAS and MDAS measurements from paired samples (x_ADAS,x_MDAS) represent the same population. For each pair of measurements (x_ADAS,x_MDAS), very close values are expected. Probability density function (PDF) may be used to characterise the measurement distribution of each sample. In the case of paired ADAS and MDAS measurements, two similar probability density functions (not necessarily identical due to random effects) are expected, that is PDF(x_ADAS)

Structural material characterization through testing is a common practice in structures such as large-span bridges, nuclear power stations, tall buildings and large dams, where the installed strains and stress take significant values. The collected data of composition and deformability test results of the concrete of several Portuguese dams, built since 1951, properly treated, allowed the establishment of correlations between the composition and the deformability properties of the full-mixed and the wet-screened concrete used in dam construction. Taking into account the laboratory and in situ testing, correlations between some composition elements and the experimental test results and between creep coefficients of wet-screened and full-mixed concrete were obtained.

This paper illustrates importance of the cooperation, between the Concrete Dams Department and the Applied Metrology Division, in the scope of the activity of the Portuguese National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC) for industry

Many countries have enacted dam safety laws at the national level and have beenapplying them to dam safety management activities. In Brazil, the first Dam SafetyRegulation was published in 2010. The National Dam Safety Information System(SNISB, by its Portuguese acronym) is an instrument of the Brazilian National DamSafety Policy (PNSB), which was established by the Federal Law nº 12.334/2010. TheSNISB consists of a system for collecting, processing, storing and recovering informationrelated to dams under construction, in operation and decommissioned. The main purposeof SNISB is to inform about the safety conditions of regulated dams across the countryand to allow the follow-up of the advances in the implementation of the PNSB. Its basicprinciples are the decentralization of data and information production and input; unifiedcoordination of the system and access to information guaranteed to whole society.The main features of SNISB include the support for implementing the PNSB; theinteraction with existing systems at ANA; the exchange of information with dam owners;the follow up activities from regulators and the support for the production of the annualDam Safety Report.The responsibility for keeping the information available in SNISB system belongs to theregulating entities, either federal or state, which are responsible for ensuring that damowners comply with the dam safety regulations. Dam owners will be the main source ofinformation to the system. Besides being a federal regulating agency, the National WaterAgency (ANA) is also the system manager.

This paper reports a case study of the thermal analysis of a concrete damduring its construction phase. The thermo-chemical problem is solved using a heattransfer model. In the absence of specific adiabatic calorimetric tests of the concrete, anexponential function was calibrated by the best fitting of estimated heat of hydration atthe ages of 3, 7 and 28 days. The predicted temperatures obtained from the code arecompared with the actual temperatures measured in situ by the monitoring systeminstalled in the dam.

Dams have contributed to the human development and have brought manybenefits, such as delivering hydropower, irrigating agricultural fields, supplyingdrinking water, or just for navigational and recreational purposes. Nevertheless, damsare critical structures that raise multiple concerns and risks associated with theecological, social and economic impact. Angola has a rich and complex network of waterbasins and dams that serves different strategic purposes as defined in its water resourcemanagement policy and respective strategic plan that, namely, considers relevant tobuild new dams and to better operate the existent ones. In fact, some of the mostimportant dams in Angola are equipped with safety management information devices thatperform data collection and storage for infrastructural analysis and reporting. However,many of these systems are currently in a critical condition. The civil war of 1975-2002took a toll on dam safety measures and systems and most of them are outdated ormalfunctioning. The dams that are presently under construction, like Matala, willalready be equipped with safety management devices that are able to performmeasurement of variables such as displacement and discharges, among others. Yet, newand adequate legislation must be created for all these efforts to effectively take place: theNational Dam Safety Plan may provide the answer and framework to this state of affairs.Additionally, in this paper we assert that a more complex and integrated system can helpto achieve this plan. Hence, the main contribution of this paper is the proposal of thegestBarragens-2, a next-generation Dam Safety Management System (DSMS),particularly fitting for the geographic and political context of Angola. This DSMS highlevelarchitecture reflects our experience with the design, development and operation ofa former DSMS in Portugal over this last decade, but also the state of art analysis andour own learning process, introspection and criticism. The gestBarragens-2architectural view defines the complex integration of several subsystems in twocomplementary dimensions: the applicational and the technological. The applicationalsubsystems are mainly functional, while the technological subsystems provide crosscuttingfeatures that are widely used in the DSMS as a whole.

Apresentam-se os aspetos relevantes da análise e interpretação do comportamento observado da barragem de Rebordelo, no rio Rabaçal, em Trás-os-Montes, durante o primeiro enchimento controlado da albufeira, ocorrido no início de 2005, e nos primeiros anos de exploração, com base na observação das ações e das respostas, bem como na utilização de modelos matemáticos para resolução dos problemas térmico e estrutural.Nas análises térmica e estrutural consideraram-se: i) um modelo tridimensional da barragem e do maciço rochoso de fundação, resolvido pelo método dos elementos finitos; ii) o comportamento viscoelástico do betão; e iii) a variação das ações da água sobre o paramento de montante e das ações térmicas no corpo da barragem.As grandezas observadas e os resultados numéricos apresentaram uma boa concordância, atestando a adequabilidade dos modelos de comportamento utilizados e o bom desempenho da obra.

Nowadays, organizations are embracing digital transformation, investingin the integration of information and communication technology (ICT) toolsand solutions. Advanced ICT technologies converge with operations technologies(OT), allowing machines, processes, employees, and products to be part ofa single data framework, from data collection to analysis, interpretation, and assessment,which are the foundation for informed decision-making. Industry 4.0takes advantage of emergent ICT to make the right decisions, at the right time,optimizing processes, minimizing risks and improving value chains. The mainaim of the structural safety assessment and control of critical infrastructures, suchas dams and bridges, is to protect people, property and the environment fromharmful effects of failure or misoperation of infrastructures. This goal is achievedthrough Structural Health Monitoring and Control (SHMC) activities to monitorand track the life-cycle of critical infrastructures in such a way that it can providesufficient information for long- and short-term decisions regarding structuralsafety assessment. The objective of this work is to present a reflection of the impactof the industry 4.0 trends on the structural safety assessment of critical infrastructuresand, more specifically, to understand the level of maturity and toshow how the leveraging of enabling technologies such as augmented reality,Internet of Things (IoT), additive manufacturing, cloud computing, big data andanalytics are impacting the SHMC activities on critical infrastructures, which aretraditional cyber-physical systems with complex sensor networks used to assessand control structural safety and health.

As atividades de controlo de segurança de barragens de betão têm um caráter preventivo, com o intuito de facilitar a tomada de decisões de forma atempada para evitar ou minimizar as consequências resultantes de um acidente ou incidente de uma barragem. No controlo de segurança de barragens com sistemas de monitorização automática, a análise de uma grande quantidade de dados ainda pode tornar-se uma tarefa difícil. Por um lado, pretende-se garantir o controlo de segurança, em tempo real, mas, por outro lado, a capacidade humana de processar a informação de dados é limitado. No entanto, os desenvolvimentos tecnológicos em termos de capacidade de processamento de informação têm permitido o desenvolvimento de ferramentas para a análise de grandes quantidades de dados. A necessidade de rever os procedimentos de análise de dados adequados para a extração de informação tornou-se um aspeto importante para a tomada de decisão em tempo útil. Por estas razões, é fundamental proporcionar às entidades responsáveis pela segurança das barragens um sistema de apoio à gestão da informação que facilite o acesso aos dados, a interpretação da informação e a tomada de decisão, de forma atempada. Neste contexto, o principal objetivo desta dissertação é a definição de metodologias para: i) melhorar a qualidade das grandezas medidas pelo sistema recolha automática de dados, através da implementação de procedimentos para o controlo da sua qualidade e para a validação dos resultados, tendo em conta a incerteza de medição dos sistemas de medição; ii) melhorar os procedimentos relacionadas com a análise de dados e a sua interpretação, através de uma abordagem baseada nos dados da observação, a fim de apoiar a decisão de quais as grandezas que devem ser incluídas na sistemas de recolha automática de dados, quantificar o efeito da onda térmica diária na resposta da estrutura e reconhecer padrões de comportamento da barragem; iii) a definição de avisos relacionados com a identificação de comportamento anómalo, e de potenciais cenários de rotura. A aplicação das metodologias propostas num sistema de apoio à gestão da informação será um passo sólido para a melhoria dos processos de controlo de segurança em tempo real.

Apresenta-se um estudo sobre o comportamento de fundações de barragens de betão na fase de exploração normal das obras desenvolvido com o objectivo de validar e fundamentar a aplicação de modelos numéricos de análise do comportamento hidromecânico de maciços rochosos, tendo em vista generalizar a sua utilização e tornar mais eficaz a observação e controlo de segurança destas obras. Foi estudada a representação em modelos numéricos da cortina de impermeabilização e do sistema de drenagem e das condições geológico-geotécnicas concretas das zonas de fundação analisadas, tendo em conta, nomeadamente, os problemas computacionais associados a modelos tridimensionais. Foram realizados ensaios de afluência de água em duas grandes barragens portuguesas, uma gravidade e uma abóbada, que se verificou serem fundamentais para caracterizar o escoamento no maciço, complementando a informação obtida com o sistema de observação. Desenvolveram-se modelos hidráulicos e hidromecânicos do comportamento das fundações destas barragens, que no caso da barragem gravidade foram utilizados no estudo de cenários de rotura. Apresentam-se conclusões sobre a adequação e limitação dos modelos numéricos utilizados, sobre os parâmetros essenciais para calibrar e aplicar esses modelos, e propõem-se métodos de planeamento e utilização dos sistemas de observação de fundações de barragens, de modo a melhorar o controlo de segurança.

O presente trabalho pretende contribuir para o aperfeiçoamento dos modelospara análise do comportamento de barragens de betão ao longo do tempo, submetidasa processos expansivos devidos a reacções químicas de origem interna. Odesenvolvimento destas reacções expansivas, determinado pela composição do betãoe influenciado pelos campos térmico, higrométrico e de tensões, pode provocarfissuração e contribuir para a deterioração precoce das obras.O trabalho aborda, na parte inicial, a fenomenologia dos processos expansivos,salientando-se os factores de natureza física e química que mais os influenciam. Deseguida apresentam-se os aspectos relacionados com a identificação e acaracterização das reacções expansivas, no que respeita às evidências físicas e aosseus efeitos estruturais. Analisam-se, entre outras obras, as barragens portuguesasafectadas por esta patologia.A influência dos factores que regulam o desenvolvimento do processoexpansivo (composição do betão, temperatura, humidade e estado de tensão) équantificada com base num modelo de interacção químico-mecânico, permitindo umaestimativa das expansões à escala das obras de engenharia. Este modelo foiintegrado num código computacional de elementos finitos que considera ocomportamento diferido do betão, através de um modelo viscoelástico com maturação,e o surgimento e propagação da fendilhação, por meio de uma formulação de dano.Utiliza-se uma técnica incremental na discretização das acções que permite simular aevolução do comportamento ao longo do tempo, tendo em conta os fenómenosdiferidos e o progressivo desenvolvimento da fissuração.Apresentam-se dois estudos de aplicação a barragens portuguesas afectadaspor processos expansivos. O primeiro estudo refere-se à barragem de Santa Luzia,uma abóbada construída entre 1939 e 1943, em que a magnitude das expansões émoderada. O segundo estudo reporta-se à barragem de Pracana, uma obra decontrafortes cuja albufeira foi mantida vazia durante mais de uma década após trintaanos de exploração, devido à fendilhação generalizada da sua estrutura provocada porgrandes expansões diferenciais, que depois foi reabilitada, encontrando-se desdeentão em exploração normal há cerca de quinze anos. Os resultados destes estudosdemonstram o interesse e as potencialidades das metodologias desenvolvidas naquantificação do processo expansivo, na interpretação do comportamento observado ena avaliação das condições de segurança das obras.

This work deals with the estimation of the parameters of mixtures of beta variables. The work is organized in four main sections preceded by an introduction and succeeded by conclusions. The second section summarizes the properties of the beta distribution and describes two methods to estimate its parameters from observed samples, the method of moments and the maximum likelihood method. The third section presents the general concept of a mixture of random variables, presents the likelihood function of a sample of a beta mixture, finally, describes the EMA