Publicações

O presente artigo, alicerçado nos Projetos de investigação CyberParks e C3Places, examina como as tecnologias digitais podem envolver os utilizadores na cocriação de um espaço público aberto que responda às suas necessidades, explorando o papel mediador das Tecnologias da Informação e da Comunicação (TIC) nesse processo. Partindo de resultados preliminares dos dois projetos, será explorado mais especificamente o uso do espaço público por adolescentes e discutida a necessidade de repensar o espaço público através de uma perspetiva mais participada.

The public fountain at Largo Aragão Mascarenhas in the town of Alcácer do Sal (65 km SE of Lisbon) is adorned with a square panel of 81 azulejos with a heraldic symbol of the Municipality. The panel is particularly important in the Portuguese context for bearing a clearly inscribed date (1592), being the only Portuguese dated panel yet known from that decade. Another interesting feature is the text it bears: “SALATIA UBRS IMPERATORIA” referring to the Latin designation of the town in Roman times. The panel has been generally considered of Portuguese manufacture by art historians and in this paper we report the results of an analytical study that indicates that, indeed, it is a product of the workshops of Lisbon. Therefore, its micro-morphologic and compositional characteristics offer a chronologic anchor that may help to assign an approximate date to other azulejo panels or related archaeologic remains.

A series of disperse renaissance azulejos with designs outlined in blue and black against a yellow background, secluded by the basal wall of the altar of the Igreja de Santa Maria da Graça, Cathedral of Setúbal, near Lisbon, were recently unveiled. The azulejos were probably once part of a chapel lining that was removed, and some were re-applied here at an unknown date. They were spread without any concern whatsoever about continuity because they were not intended for visibility. In this paper, we attempt a partial digital reconstruction of the painting, showing that it includes the representation of two feminine winged figures, together with flowers and fruits. One of the figures is a young lady with butterfly wings, and the other an elderly woman with bird wings. Both have crowns, although of different sorts. We also report the results of a first analytical study of the azulejos and discuss their technological and chronological placement in relation to other 16th century panels from the workshops of Lisbon.

After the panels of Capela de São Roque in Lisbon, signed and dated, the incomplete and dispersed panels in the church of Graça are the second set of Renaissance azulejos produced in Lisbon that were found to be signed. A selection of azulejo units from the panels has now been studied by scanning-electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS). The tiles making up the book bearing the signing monogram have been used to establish a morphological and analytical template aimed at identifying in the future a common officinal provenance in azulejos of the same general chronology known or presumed to have been produced in Lisbon. This paper attempts a partial reconstitution of the panels and discusses their original placement. It also reports the results of the analytical study identifying the main micro-morphological features and the compositional variations that may be ascribed to different chronologies.

One of the jewels in the collections of the Museu Nacional do Azulejo is a nativity painted in Renaissance style and colours, topped by an annunciation and flanked by the images of two apostles, originally from the Capela de Nossa Senhora da Vida (Chapel of Our Lady of Life) of the now demolished Igreja de Santo André (Church of Saint Andrew) in Lisbon. These azulejos were already specifically mentioned in 1721 for their exquisite quality in the important work Santuário Mariano, a collection of books by Fr. Agostinho de Santa Maria (1642-1728). The Igreja de Santo André was built between 1334 and 1340. The church had a top main chapel and four small side chapels, one of which dedicated to Our Lady of Life was decorated ca. 1580 with this panel. This communication reviews the oldest known written sources on the panel and presents the results of the first instrumental study done on the azulejos of one of the most important testimonies of a technological continuity respecting the first decades of the production of majolica tiles in Portugal.

The names of João and Filipe de Góis and their connection to the production of glazed ceramics and azulejos in the third quarter of the 16th century were already known and had already been documented. However, there was not a single work that could be objectively associated with any of them. The discovery of the monogram of João de Góis in the remaining azulejos from incomplete panels in the Church of Graça, in Lisbon [3], changed our perception about the importance of these two men in the beginning of the manufacture of majolica azulejos in Portugal. This paper includes a transcription to modern Portuguese of the full documents from the archives of the Holy Inquisition of Lisbon relative to the two brothers with footnotes in English about the most relevant parts for the history of the early production of majolica azulejos in Lisbon.

There are, in the interior of Igreja de São Roque (St. Roch Church), in Lisbon, linings of azulejos attributed to the productions of Seville. They form two very distinct groups of panels: one, with tiles painted over a yellow background, is in the nave, near the entrance to the church; while a second group, with tiles painted over a white background, is set in the transept, against a lining of punta de clavo patterned tiles. In this paper, the authors identify the sets that make up each group, point to their peculiarities, present the results of an analytical study and discuss their possible common provenance and chronology. It is also wondered: why buy from Seville what could be acquired in Lisbon?

In this paper, we introduce a theoretical discussion that aims to uncover some of the intermediation that hides behind the formal and informal pairs and argues the interest in innovating certain formalisms of urban intervention (Menezes, 2013, 2013a).

This article discusses the craftsmanship involved in the tasks associated with the production/creation of azulejo. In this article the socio-technical memory of those who made them is therefore specially considered. The verbal testimonies of former workers of the Constância Factory – that was located in Lisbon and operated between 1836 and 2001 – are the empirical references that support the reflection throughout this article. This work dwells upon: (1) the interest in studying the azulejo production from the socio-technical perspective; (2) the activity of the Constância Factory regarding the production of azulejo; (3) and the learning, expertise and flexibility that the technical/creative processes and specialities involve.

This work presents results of concrete carbonation after 10 years of exposure to a natural environment not sheltered from rain, and the values are utilized for the application of the k-value concept used within EN 206 for Type II additions to concrete. The concrete mixtures were prepared with Portland cement and different replacement levels of cement by fly ash (FA), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), or both FA and GGBFS and using distinct water/binder ratios. The concrete performance is related with the binder constituents and dosages through the k-value concept. Thirty-three concrete mixtures were tested and the results show a consistent decrease of carbonation resistance when the water/clinker ratio increases, which is in accordance with the low k-values obtained for fly ash and slag. The analysis performed also shows that the mixtures with FA present lower carbonation resistance than those with GGBFS, for the same cement replacement level.

A significant number of problems related to concrete deterioration have been detected in large concrete structures in Portugal and worldwide, the leading cause being ASR. The importance of these structures, the number of for which ASR has already been identified or is very likely to be diagnosed in a near future, as well as the number of structures that are under or planned for construction, which may also come to develop ASR is why it is still nowadays a major concern and a complex problem. Therefore, a study is being conducted at LNEC to diminish the negative impact of ASR by increasing knowledge on how to reliably control ASR in new structures and on how to properly assess its extent and potential for future development in the existing ones, so that the risks to structural integrity and need for mitigation/remediation actions can be properly assessed. This paper presents methodologies, based on state-of-the-knowledge collected on that study, which may be used by construction industry stakeholders in the prevention of ASR in new concrete structures and on ASR diagnosis and prognosis in existing concrete structures.

In the second half of the nineteenth century the Roseira factory in Lisbon was one of the most important manufacturers of façade tiles used both in Portugal and in Brazil. “Casa das Bolas”, a condominium building in Lisbon informally named after the glazed tiles decorated with spherical elements in trompe l'oeil of its ground-floor façade, was owned by a member of the Roseira family who erected it using parts of an earlier construction in 1871-72. In its interior can be seen an authentic showcase of patterns produced by the factory and applied in apparently random order under the inside of the window sills and in some service areas. The singularities of this application, associated with the high number of patterns therein (over 50), make it an important reference for the study of façade tiles in the first decades of their use. It is an invaluable source of information about a factory that was possibly the first to produce façade tiles in Lisbon and despite having supplied many of the tiles seen at the Royal Pena Palace in Sintra and at other important constructions of the time, such as the Beau Séjour Palace in Lisbon, remains almost unknown.

Propõe-se apresentar o projeto CyberParks, cujo principal objetivo é criar uma plataforma de intercâmbios e conhecimentos sobre Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC), a produção e práticas de uso de espaços públicos urbanos e a sua relevância para o desenvolvimento urbano sustentável. Exploramse as principais perspectivas teórico-metodológicas delineadas no âmbito da realização de estudos de caso em Lisboa. Com base nos avanços até aqui conseguidos, discute-se alguns dos desafios que se colocam no âmbito do gerir os riscos e as potencialidades no recurso as tecnologias da informação e comunicação (TIC), nomeadamente quando consideradas mediadoras ativas da relação entre a produção de conhecimento sobre o uso do espaço público urbano – investigação – e a definição de eixos orientadores de intervenção – planeamento.

This reflection is part of a wider interest in the study of the social processes of development of cultural heritage. Based on the knowledge of how these values are formed and represented, this more ambitious purpose is oriented towards the identification of how social and symbolic meanings related to cultural heritage can, in a dynamic, interactive and negotiated way, collaborate with protection and conservation practices. As a general framework, it is assumed that the process of heritage invention is a social practice, simultaneously mentioning that so are also are the preservation and conservation, which require social involvement and other types of commitment. In fact the tile heritage is no exception to this starting frame. Therefore, this reflection whose goals are more modest, illustrates some of the preambles leading to the interest in starting a research on the social meanings associated with the azulejo (ceramic tile) integrated in architecture. The focus of the reflection is the Portuguese context, where it is supposedly consistent to refer that the azulejo is a secular element of material culture: present with special relevance in the country's cultural landscape and presenting itself as an identity marker; with a permanent place in a national museum, the tile material comprises the contents that define the heritage category, protagonist in the internationalization of the country. The significant exaltation of the expression of tile matter is echoed in several different contexts, discourses and representations. Values of use, function, artistic, decorative and aesthetic, historical, technical and scientific, support the secular tile culture, potentially setting a cultural uniqueness that is plural in diversity through which styles, themes, textures, materials, techniques, colours and patterns are revealed to the eyes of careful observers. However, the secular taste for azulejo also seems to reveal an ambiguous relationship of people and communities with the tile as a material, recognized in the relationship of simultaneous affection and disaffection, reflecting the enhancement in the use of tiles and its trivialization, due to the habit of using and seeing them. What do the appreciable demonstration of enjoyment for the tile, and the manifestations of carelessness, disinterest, vandalization and substitution explain about the relationship between society and heritage? This first perplexity of the relationship of people and communities with the azulejo is the initiatic preamble of an anthropologist to learn about the social universe that covers the culture of the ceramic tile. Therefore, this reflection raises questions about the potential interest of broadening the scope of comprehending azulejo heritage also to its social meaning.

For five centuries, azulejos have been widely used in Portugal as decorative architectural linings. The most serious form of degradation is the spall of the glaze containing the decoration. Crystallisation of soluble salts is often pointed as its main cause, but that remains yet to be proven. Indeed, there are publications on many simulations of salt decay in porous materials such as stone or brick. However, azulejos have a largely impermeable surface which excludes the possibility of through evaporation, and thus represent a very different physical model. This communication reports a study on the physical degradation of azulejos caused by cycles of dissolution and re-crystallisation of sodium chloride (NaCl). Ageing tests were carried out on 26 Portuguese azulejos from the 17th to the 19th century, some of which with original manufacturing defects or with varying degrees of decay arising from their in situ usage. Ageing cells were developed to try to reproduce conditions to which azulejos are subjected to in walls, namely imbibition from the backside and drying through the glazed surface. The azulejos initially contaminated with a NaCl saturated solution were submitted to 81 accelerated full cycles of imbibition/drying. The tests caused damage in some cases- sometimes very extensive damage indeed- particularly settling in areas where the solution could evaporate freely, but failed to reproduce other sorts of damage often found in situ. It did not verify that the action of NaCl alone could trigger an accelerated loss of glaze in a healthy and properly applied azulejo. Moreover, we concluded that the decaying action of soluble salt is facilitated by pre-existing degradation or defects.

Currently, the restoration materials used to fill gaps in architectural historic azulejos (e.g. lime or organic resin pastes) present relevant drawbacks in terms of compatibility, efficacy or durability. The current solutions are not able to fully protect the azulejos resulting in further deterioration. Geopolymers can be a potential solution for azulejo lacunae infill given the chemical-mineralogical similitude, durability and versatile range of physical properties that may be obtained through the manipulation of their formulation and curing conditions. This communication presents and discusses the viability of the use of geopolymeric pastes to fill lacunae in azulejos or to act as “cold” cast ceramic tile surrogates reproducing missing azulejo fragments. The formulation of geopolymers (type and concentration of activators, aluminosilicate source and water content) and curing conditions was optimized. The need for post-curing treatments (desalination) was also taken into consideration in view of the purpose of their application: the restoration of outdoor architectural historic azulejos, which are exposed to adverse environmental conditions. The possible advantages and disadvantages of the use of geopolymers in the conservation of azulejos is also discussed.

The important set of azulejos that can be seen today in the ante-sacristy of the Graça Church, in Lisbon, dated from between circa 1565 (year when the building of the new complex was finished) and 1580, is probably one of the most relevant indications of a local production of azulejos in the faience technique during the 2nd half of the 16th century. In the course of a research conducted to determine the origin of this technique in Portugal we tried to regroup these azulejos, some of them randomly set on the walls, using digital techniques. It is now possible to see some of the coherent images that once they represented. At the same time an important monogram was found in one of the panels, which helped to formulate an hypothesis on the possible author of these panels and brings to light the significant role that Flemish artisans had in the spreading of the faience technique in the manufacture of azulejos by the Lisbon workshops during the 2nd half of the 16th century.

Pattern or figurative azulejos are commonly found decorating the interior of churches, palaces and religious buildings in Portugal, representing local productions from the late 16th century onwards. The history and micro-climatic background of each building determined that not every azulejo reached the present day in good condition. Restorers tend to associate azulejo decay to the action of soluble salts through cycles of dissolution and crystallization. NaCl is often mentioned and the suspicion of its presence justifies long desalinization processes during restorations. Whenever there are glaze lacunas and the ceramic biscuit is exposed, efflorescence is sometimes apparent at the surface. Other times there is no visible efflorescence, even in locations inaccessible to cleaning actions, and no signs of sanding associated to crypto-florescence. The aim of this research was the survey of in situ forms of degradation, and the sampling of efflorescence and decaying biscuits, aimed at: i) determining the occurrence of soluble salts even if unapparent; ii) determining analytically their nature; iii) establishing circumstantial relations between the occurrence of particular soluble salts and decay, to be later explored through laboratorial simulations. 29 properties throughout Portugal were visited (of which 14 inland and 15 in coastal areas) in which walls were lined with azulejos produced in Coimbra or Lisbon. The salt samples and small fragments collected in situ were analysed with a HITACHI 3700N Scanning Electron Microscope with microanalysis unit (SEM-EDS) at the Hercules Laboratory (Évora University). The communication will illustrate the results of the study, connecting some forms of decay to the action of soluble salts recurrently found associated with them such as NaCl, more abundantly found in near-shore properties, along with sodium carbonate (trona). Magnesium and calcium sulphate were more common in inland properties.

In the last decades, a significant number of problems related to concrete deterioration have been detected in large concrete structures in Portugal and throughout the world; the leading cause being internal expansive reactions (IER), more specifically, alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and internal sulfatic reaction (ISR). Current knowledge on IER does not allow for a complete assessment of the actual condition of an IER affected structure and the accurate prediction of the deterioration of the mechanical properties and, consequently, of the period during which the structure will effectively perform its function, essential for the timely and cost-effective planning of the necessary mitigation/rehabilitation/reconstruction works. This is of upmost importance in large concrete structures, like bridges and dams, where IER can have severe consequences in terms of structural safety and serviceability. Therefore, to help surpassing this situation, a research project is being conducted at LNEC to contribute to the establishment of a method for the accurate determination of current level of IER progression and for obtaining data relating the level of expansion with deterioration of mechanical properties. These are essential to the adequate overall appraisal of an affected structure, and the development of structural models that predict risks to structural integrity, potential for further deterioration due to other mechanisms, need for mitigation/remediation actions, and the remaining service life of the affected structure. To study the effect that IER have in the deterioration of concrete, the common practice is to perform tests on specimens exposed to an artificial environment that promotes IER. However, these tests take several months or years to produce results. Thus, this paper presents the work carried out on the above research project to devise a method capable of producing internal damage to concrete in a short period and in a way that the produced deterioration affects the concrete mechanical properties similarly to IER.

Jorge Colaço is a Portuguese painter who started his artistic career as painter, oil painting on canvas and making cartoons for newspapers. In the early twentieth century, due to curiosity and interest in tiles, he devoted himself to tile painting. The vastness and the quality of his artwork (tile and frame panels) required mastery and accuracy in drawing and painting, but also a developed knowledge of the ceramic techniques, which the artist acquired in the factories where he worked: Sacavém Factory (Fábrica de Sacavém) and Lusitânia Factory (Fábrica Cerâmica Lusitânia). In the context of the inventory and identification of his artistic creation we highlight the conservation issues. Towards a deeper understanding of these problems it was necessary to corroborate by laboratorial analysis the information provided by written and oral sources about the techniques he once used. For the analytic part of this research we were limited by the samples made available that were nonetheless considered sufficient to draw conclusions: two samples of indoor polychrome panels from Casa do Alentejo in Lisbon, painted while he worked at the Sacavém Factory; and one sample retrieved from the outdoor panels that line the façade of the Santo Ildefonso Church, in Oporto, painted while at the Lusitânia Factory.

This e-book and correspondent platform MyC3Place present the collection of the outcomes carried out by the partners of the C3Places Project. It explores the new dynamics of open spaces as a trusted service for community and expands our understanding on how mediated public open spaces function, paying attention to stakeholders, local context and different social groups. The e-book shows how it's possible to increase the quality of public open spaces (squares, parks, green spaces) as a community’s service, reflecting through ICT the needs of different social groups. Public spaces are critical for cultural identity, as they offer the place for interactions among generations and ethnicities. Even in the digital era, people still need contact with nature and other people to develop different life skills, values and attitudes, to be healthy, satisfied and environmentally responsible. Using ICT and co-creating with users, this e-book expands our knowledge on meeting emerging citizens’ needs about the future public space. All the contents are classified by means of keywords that are described on the following pages. Then the work of each partner is presented in detail.

C3Places - using ICT for Co-Creation of inclusive public Places is a project funded under the scheme of the ERA-NET Cofund Smart Urban Futures / Call joint research programme (ENSUF), JPI Urban Europe, https://jpi-urbaneurope.eu/project/c3places. C3Places aims at increasing the quality of public open spaces (e.g. squares, parks, green spaces) as community service, reflecting the needs of different social groups through ICTs. The notion of C3Places is based on the understanding that public open spaces have many different forms and features, and collectively add crucial value to the experience and liveability of urban areas. Understanding public open spaces can be done from a variety of perspectives. For simplicity’s sake, and because it best captures what people care most about, C3Places considers the “public” dimension to be a crucial feature of an urban space. Public spaces are critical for cultural identity, as they offer places for interactions among generations and ethnicities. Even in the digital era, people still need contact with nature and other people to develop different life skills, values and attitudes, to be healthy, satisfied and environmentally responsible. The book aims to spark discussion on the co-creation of public open spaces through the active involvement of different stakeholders in the production of a more inclusive, attractive and responsive urban environment. It intends to help researchers, governments and drivers in understanding and implementing more collaborative actions. The authors share experiences, visions and reflections on how co-creation and participatory processes can open up possibilities for a sustainable and equitable future. This book emphasises three dimensions: practice, reflection, and learning. Practice concerns driving actions, identified and analysed experiences that serve as key models. Reflection refers to exploring and examining the results and performances of a co-creation process. Co-creation is not the search for a final product, but rather a process and a new path to more responsive and inclusive communities. Learning refers to the knowledge transfer and replication induced by the synergy of the different actors involved in this book. The chapters which constitute this work were completed prior to Spring 2020, so the research and insights do not reference the global public health crisis caused by Covid-19. However, in such challenging times the argument for co-creation approaches to increase the potential of public spaces to support a range of inclusiveness outcomes is even stronger. This publication is based upon work of C3Places Project. The C3Places Project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 693443 and from FCT (Portuguese Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology).

This volume aims to promote discussion and critical thinking on the urban environment at the intersection of the neighbourhood and the city, along their socio-spatial relations, from an interdisciplinary, multidimensional and international perspective. The chapters cover various aspects related to the meaning of living, intervening, planning, managing, thinking about and producing the city in the digital era, with a view to increasing the understanding of neighbourhoods as part of a wider consideration of social and sustainable development and the need for greater care of urban communities. This has a direct impact on public open spaces, which lie at the core of CyberParks. The international scope of the edition is enhanced by its bilingual nature, as this volume targets, in addition to a European readership, also the readership of Portuguese-speaking countries. This publication is based upon work from COST Action TU1306, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology).

Vários

Publicação que regista os resumos expandidos realizados no âmbito do Congresso Ibero-americano "Património, suas matérias e imatérias", realizado nos dias 2-3 de novembro de 2016 no LNEC, contendo ainda em CDrom, os artigos completos.

Em 2011 cumpriram-se 100 anos sobre a publicação da Lei de Reorganização dos Serviços Artísticos e Arqueológicos da 1ª República (Maio de 1911). Este diploma constituiu uma referência incontornável no enquadramento do conceito de património que iria influenciar toda a prática da sua salvaguarda em Portugal. Por coincidência, cumpriram-se também neste ano os 80 anos da Carta de Atenas (Outubro de 1931), um marco histórico na produção de documentos orientadores de cariz internacional, que veio incentivar a produção de novas cartas e outros documentos internacionais que, em larga medida, ainda definem e sustentam as actuais práticas de preservação do património. O Instituto de História da Arte da Universidade de Lisboa e o Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil quiseram com este simpósio assinalar aquelas efemérides oferecendo às comunidades científicas e profissionais uma oportunidade de reflectirem sobre estes acontecimentos pioneiros e debaterem as consequências que eles tiveram no período transcorrido desde então, como forma de compreender melhor a salvaguarda do património nos dias de hoje, perante os desafios e exigências da sociedade moderna. Os artigos recebidos, e que constam nas presentes actas, demonstram o interesse que o tema suscita e confirmam que o País está bem apetrechado para cuidar do seu património em todas as vertentes que tal objectivo exige. Ao juntarmos as valências de duas instituições tão diferenciadas, procurámos mostrar que a preservação é um conceito multifacetado, que necessita de contributos diversos, mas precisos, e que não pode ser abordado de forma unilateral ou voluntarista por um qualquer grupo profissional ou ditado por meios burocráticos como medida normalizada ou normalizável. Os trabalhos agora publicados dão conta dos primórdios das preocupações sobre preservação, discutem problemáticas que percorreram o Séc. XX e reflectem sobre as situações actuais, cumprindo cabalmente as nossas expectativas e enriquecendo o acervo de exemplos e de doutrinas que nos permitem afirmar que não é por falta de conhecimento, de experiências ou de competências realizadoras que ainda hoje vemos acontecerem intervenções desqualificadas, mal preparadas e desajustadas. As presentes actas aí estão para demonstrar que fazer mal ou abandonar património não têm que ser fatalidades de um país.

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In the construction sector, overall policies on resource efficiency and the circular economy have as one of their objectives the shift from the use of natural mate-rials to industrial by-products and materials recovered from waste. In this context, the assessment of the presence of hazardous substances in construction products and the corresponding implications for the environment

The Lisbon Living Lab will be centred on teenagers (young people 13 to 17 years of age) as they are a particular age group with specific needs and interests on public spaces, the relationship between teens and public spaces is very intrinsic, as public spaces may serve as a fundamental (play)ground for teenagers’ development. The Lisbon’s Alvalade neighbourhood will be living lab to explore how teenagers use and behaviour in urban fabric and what are they needs and preferences on public open spaces. The main objective is to engage teenagers in a process of the co-creation of urban spaces, by exploring the leading research question: “How can we capitalise on teenagers’ new-found love of the wired life (Thomas, 2013) to encourage them to be more outdoors?”

This chapter explores the potential of co-creation for the planning of public open spaces that could be more attentive to different, unequal and diverse social ideas, needs and desires. Co-creation is discussed as an innovative opportunity for learning and (re)thinking urban planning. Exploring ideas, literature and experiences (from the European Project C3Places), the chapter discusses the role of co-creation for involving citizens in placemaking. This reflection addresses co-creation as a collective, contextual and engaged process of learning. From this perspective, co-creation is discussed as an open process of learning about predictable ideas in the relationship between socio-spatial imaginary, requirements, needs and urban design procedures from a transformative perspective.

Public open space is a subject that belongs to us all. Every time we leave our homes, our private territory, we enter a space we have to share with others. Public space is the place for social interactions, strengthening sociability and ultimately exercising democracy. As a subject of study, public space has also long been analysed, explored and researched in various ways and under different guises, by planners, landscape architects and designers, anthropologists, social and cultural geographers, and urban historians. They all bring evidence on the role of public space in urban life, in the quality of urban environment and in the construction of cultural identity. Consequently, public space should deserve serious consideration by all - starting with those in charge and who hold regulatory responsibilities for those who use the places and ultimately give them life. As the UN-Habitat (2015) rightly recognises, a public space represents a key resource for social cohesion, economic development, and in particular liveability in urban settings. Public space is a resource that critically affects community values and positively impacts the quality of urban life. Backed by these premises, this book is about the co-creation of public open spaces, an issue at the core of the C3Places Project. To better understand the process, particularly the values of engaging people in the production of public space, is one of the C3Places’ objectives. The project is developing strategies and tools to help increase the quality and responsiveness of public spaces. In this process, the Project also aims to better understand how Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) can influence co-creation and social cohesion. The chapters of this book bring science a little closer to the knowledge about the design, production and management of public spaces. 37 authors responded to the Project’s call to share experiences, visions and reflections on how co-creation and participatory processes can create possibilities for a sustainable and equitable future.

Face à metamorfose que se presencia na região da Avenida Almirante Reis, este capítulo discute a sua correlação com a criação de um novo discurso sobre a diversidade sociocultural. A partir do apelo a determinadas expressões — por exemplo, mundo e mundos — para enunciar a diversidade local, sugere-se a crescente transfiguração do discurso e a conexão com a economia cultural amplamente estimulada pela intervenção ali protagonizada. No desenvolvimento desta reflexão, privilegia-se o discurso produzido pela comunicação social.

The chapter considers the link between urban transformations in the Mouraria neighbourhood in Lisbon and the digital environment.The guiding thread of reflection is based on the tension between the production of sociocultural symbolic local references, and their (dis)appropriation by a creative economy that, relying on digital as a resource, helps to reshape the sociocultural local world into marketing. It concludes that digital has, not only a tangible social dimension, but also a tangible dimension in the processes of urban transformation. As such, it is pertinent to create alternative ways in defence of the right to the city that economize the social and its imageries taking more advantage of the articulated combination between real-digital.

This chapter is concerned with how digital technologies are changing habits, expectations and motivations in the use of public open spaces. These digital developments are a societal challenge with reflections on social practices and, on planning and design approaches to public spaces. This might also challenge the future development of information and communication technologies (ICTs). The discussion in this Chapter is based on knowledge and experience exchanges carried out within the COST Action CyberParks. The leading issue of CyberParks is how to use ICTs to transform our cities into more human environments, rather than just more high-tech places, and to understand that “smartness” should be people friendly. Through the structure of the project, the importance of comprehensive and trans-disciplinary development is introduced and justified. A theoretical approach and frameworks from ethnographic and technological perspectives that help us to better understand (potential) interactions are being developed, and both are at the centre of this discussion.

The aim of this chapter is to discuss the production of mediated public open spaces by investigating the impact of ICTs in a participation process, and from this discussion to develop arguments to base a theory on co-creating a cyberpark. It focuses on how digital interconnectivity, through its potential for engaging potential users, gives rise to new forms of agency in the design of public spaces.The conceptual framework is backed by the COST-Action Cyberparks, and the Project Flussbad, both tackle the reflection of the proliferation of ICT-related media in public open spaces.

This chapter discusses the act of walking as a method of capturing the socio-spatial needs of users in a contemporary urban space. Walking as method is considered a way to assimilate a socio-spatial proximity experience, and to (re)invent the response to urban space needs in a fast-changing city. This reflection discusses the purposes of urban planning, provides a framework, which goes from socio-spatial urban needs to (possible) responses, and discusses the complexity of evaluating the information gathered. It highlights the role of walking in planning, but also the relationship between plan and walk, discussing some of the key aspects to bear in mind when taking the act of walking as a way to learn how to plan. From the sensitive act of walking to the rational processes of collecting information, e.g., techniques for basic information collection for urban planning, this chapter also presents the role that ICT can play as an instrument of socio-spatial design in capturing relevant information for urban planning professionals.

The chapter discusses how ICT can be used to enhance the understanding of the relationship between space, users and social practices. As an example of possible use of ICT for capturing and better understanding user’s needs, the new digital tool WAY Cyberparks is presented and discussed. A “cyberpark” is defined as a new type of urban landscape where nature and ICTs blend together to generate hybrid experiences and enhance quality of life. The WAY Cyberparks digital tool consists of a smart phone application, server/cloud and web services. Through the experiences from testing it in selected urban open spaces in Barcelona, Lisbon and Ljubljana opportunities are presented and lessons are drawn about relevant aspects of the ICT towards building a more participatory and collaborative process in planning of public spaces. A relevant aspect of the ICT lays in their ability to enhance communication with (potential) users, transforming the production of public open spaces into an interactive process, and enabling creative community participation and empowerment. Furthermore, some challenges of the increasing penetration of digital technologies devices (smart phones, smart watches, tablets, etc.) within the broader context of their use in public urban open spaces such as parks, gardens, squares, plazas are discussed, together with the consequences of this interweaving, which is growing at a rapid pace, unfolds research needs in the future.

Atualmente existe grande interesse pelas técnicas construtivas com terra crua, que tinham caído em desuso mas que ressurgiram com a conscencialização face à ecoeficiencia e no sentido de explorar recursos locais reutilizáveis. A taipa é, a nível mundial, uma das mais antigas e difundidas técnicas de construção. Em Portugal a taipa reune grande atenção porque é uma das principais técnicas utilizadas na nova construção com terra. Mas esta atenção decorre também da necessidade de reabilitação de edifícios antigos e da existência de um vasto e valioso património arquitetónico, que precisa ser preservado. Muitos dos edifícios antigos de terra deterioraram-se por falta (ou ineficiência) de manutenção e reparação. De fato, existe um elevado desconhecimento ao nível das técnicas de reabilitação e conservação. O presente trabalho de investigação explora a questão da adequabilidade de argamassas para a reparação de paredes de taipa. A escassa informação nesta área justificou o estudo das caraterísticas mais adequadas para estas argamassas de reparação e definição de recomendações para sua aplicação. Partiu-se do pressuposto que, para perspetivar intervenções de reparação com maior ciclo de vida, é importante asseverar não só a durabilidade das argamassas de reparação, mas também a sua compatibilidade com a parede. A principal conclusão é que, sempre que possível, as argamassas devem ser efetuadas com a mesma terra utilizada na parede ou com materiais tão semelhantes a esses quanto possível, para que as propriedades físicas, mecânicas e químicas sejam compatíveis com as da parede a reparar. Se a taipa não tiver sido estabilizada com ligantes minerais, estes não devem também ser utilizados nas argamassas de reparação. Observou-se ainda que as argamassas estabilizadas com ligantes minerais apresentam uma absorção capilar muito mais rápida do que o mesmo tipo de argamassas sem estabilização e que a utilização de fibras vegetais potencia o aparecimento de bolores, quando as argamassas se encontram em ambientes com elevadas humidade relativa.

This thesis was aimed at understanding the behaviour of plasters and renders on salt-loaded walls. The current state-of-the-art and state-of-the-practice were accessed focusing particularly on old plastered/rendered buildings and their conservation practice in Portugal. Afterwards, experimental work was carried out aiming at answering the identified questions. Two laboratory techniques, for relative humidity control with salt solutions and for salt content determination by hygroscopic moisture content measurements, were investigated. Drying of salt-loaded materials was studied by means of drying experiments monitored using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique. The behaviour of plasters and renders in relation to salt crystallization was then accessed by means of crystallization tests and MRI-monitored drying tests. Most drying and crystallization tests were carried out on specimens composed by a plaster or render applied on a given substrate. Finally, the study of five old buildings in Portugal provided an insight into practice-related salt decay features. On the basis of this research, guidelines are proposed to select plasters and renders for salt loaded walls. Conclusions were also achieved on: (i) possibilities and limitations of the test methods, particularly salt crystallization tests, and diagnostic methodology used; (ii) salt decay processes, namely, influence of soluble salts on drying, mechanisms of salt-induced dampness and salt distribution in masonry; (iii) reasons for sodium chloride being typically much less damaging than sodium sulfate in laboratory tests; (iv) influence of factors such as the type of salt, kind of substrate material or presence of a paint layer on the behaviour of plasters and renders; (v) factors that can account for a worsening of salt damage after restoration interventions; (vi) field or application conditions that favour salt damage.

A ação dos sais solúveis e humidade nos edifícios antigos é uma causa frequente da sua degradação. Pretende-se com este trabalho estudar experimentalmente, através de ensaios laboratoriais, de que forma diferentes tipos de sais dissolvidos em água influenciam a absorção por capilaridade em materiais porosos. O levantamento do estado da arte incidiu sobre a ação de degradação dos sais solúveis sobre os materiais porosos, sobre as características dos materiais porosos e foca também os mecanismos de transporte da água, no estado liquido e de vapor, envolvidos nos processos de absorção capilar e secagem. A campanha experimental realizada incluiu o ensaio de absorção por capilaridade e o ensaio de secagem. Os materiais porosos utilizados foram o tijolo e a argamassa e utilizaram-se seis soluções salinas, de concentração saturada: cloreto de sódio, sulfato de sódio, cloreto de potássio, nitrato de sódio, nitrato de potássio e carbonato de sódio. Realizaram-se os mesmos ensaios com água, que serviram como referência. Esta dissertação permitiu tirar conclusões sobre: i) a influência dos sais na absorção por capilaridade; ii) processos de degradação, influência dos sais solúveis na secagem de materiais porosos; iii) a correlação existente entre a degradação dos materiais porosos com o tipo de sal.

Although Portuguese azulejos are such an important heritage asset, having been extensively studied from the Art Historian viewpoint, the knowledge concerning the raw materials used and the details of the technological manufacturing process is very limited. The research project behind this dissertation was aimed at improving the present knowledge as concerns the composition of the blue pigment used in the 17th and 18th centuries. A representative set of azulejos spanning at least 200 years from ca. 1600 to 1800 was selected and the composition of the blue colour in their glazes analysed. The results were assessed aiming to answer the following main questions: i- What are the characteristic compositions of the colour (pigment and impurities) and how do they relate with the chronology of the azulejos? ii- What are the compositional traits that bear on the shades of the blue colour? iii- Can Portuguese azulejos be separated from Dutch and Spanish productions, at times when they co-existed in Portugal, solely by the composition of the blue colour? iv- Is the composition of the blue colour related with provenance of azulejos within Portugal? v- Are there grounds to suspect that at some time the Portuguese used, besides the well-known German zaffre, alternative sources of blue colour imported through their wide sea trade routes?

The presence of moisture inside a material whose surface was treated with a water repellent agent may give rise to unwanted side-effects. Indeed, the temporal and spatial significance of moistening events may be intensified if a water-repellent, as any other kind of treatment, hinders drying. This effect can be particularly relevant for historical buildings, where moisture from varied origins is recurrently present in the masonry, but is also pertinent for more recent constructions since water often finds ways to penetrate the building elements, through cracks or joints. This article discusses the application of water repellent treatments on ceramic brick, with regard to drying of the masonry. The influence of cracks parallel or perpendicular to the surface is taken into account. Five silicone-based treatments were studied. The treated or untreated material was subjected to capillary absorption tests by which the effectiveness of the water repellent effect was estimated, as well as water vapour permeability tests and drying tests. The effectiveness of four out of the five treatments is high. Vapour permeability is not much affected in one case, when the cracks are parallel to the surface, and in none of the cases, when they are perpendicular. Nonetheless, drying is significantly delayed by any of the five products, both in the case where the cracks are parallel to the surface as when they are perpendicular.

A presente dissertação visa avaliar a eficácia de dois modificadores de cristalização com baixa toxicidade quando em aplicados em dois materiais porosos, contaminados com dois tipos de sal. Foram testados o ácido cítrico e o ácido fosfocítrico, aplicados por absorção capilar ou por pulverização, em provetes de argamassa de cal aérea ou pedra de Malta saturados com soluções salinas de cloreto de sódio ou sulfato de sódio a 10% (percentagem ponderal). Foi efectuada uma análise macroscópica do efeito dos dois modificadores, baseada em ensaios de secagem. A pesquisa do estado-da-arte incidiu sobre as características dos materiais porosos, transporte de água, sais solúveis e modificadores de cristalização. Na campanha experimental foram ainda realizados ensaios de caracterização da argamassa fresca, da argamassa endurecida e da pedra de Malta utilizadas. Determinaram-se também as características de porosidade, permeabilidade ao vapor de água, tensão superficial e evaporação das soluções, capilaridade e secagem. O trabalho realizado permitiu conhecer os principais desenvolvimentos recentes sobre modificadores de cristalização e concluir sobre a influência na secagem e a relevância dos dois modos de aplicação testados do ácido cítrico e do ácido fosfocítrico.

A acção dos sais solúveis é uma causa frequente de degradação dos edifícios antigos, reflectindo-se a vários níveis (e.g., estético, habitabilidade, segurança estrutural). Esta dissertação tem como objectivo efectuar a análise e sistematização de um leque abrangente de práticas actualmente utilizadas para controlo da degradação por sais solúveis. Neste âmbito, foi utilizada a análise documental de bibliografia posterior a 2000 e procedeu-se à análise crítica de métodos de controlo da degradação seleccionados: remoção mecânica de eflorescências; remoção de materiais contaminantes; compressas; remoção electroquímica de sais; microrganismos; modificadores de cristalização; rebocos; controlo ambiental; controlo da humidade ascensional; método do hidróxido de bário. Analisaram-se também algumas medidas práticas para prevenção do risco de ocorrência ou agravamento desta degradação. Adicionalmente, avaliou-se a complementaridade entre métodos, identificando eventuais benefícios de uma acção conjugada. A sistematização das práticas analisadas envolveu o seu enquadramento segundo três abordagens distintas: prevenção, correcção, e mitigação. A dissertação permitiu tirar conclusões sobre: (i) a actuação face à degradação provocada por sais solúveis, a qual deve pautar-se por uma compreensão global do problema; (ii) a importância das medidas preventivas, como meio para evitar os danos e custos associados; (iii) a relevância dos métodos de controlo da degradação, nas vertentes correctiva e de mitigação; (iv) a experiência actual sobre a utilização prática dos métodos em edifícios, designadamente com relação ao número de casos de estudo existentes; (v) a necessidade de uma boa compreensão das práticas referidas, nomeadamente em relação às vantagens e inconvenientes, a qual pode ser facilitada pela sua sistematização.

Estudou-se um conjunto de fragmentos de azulejos datados do século XVII, de produção portuguesa, cedido pelo Museu Nacional do Azulejo. O objectivo foi caracterizar morfológica e quimicamente a camada pictórica da azulejaria portuguesa do século XVII. O estudo utilizou uma abordagem multi-analítica, incluindo a espectrometria de fluorescência de raios X dispersiva de energias (µ-EDXRF), espectroscopia de Raman, o microscópio electrónico de varrimento com microanálise de raios X (SEM-EDS), e técnicas de observação incluindo o SEM e microscopia óptica. A azulejaria portuguesa do século XVII caracteriza-se por uma paleta cromática relativamente rica, que engloba o azul, amarelo, laranja, verde, púrpura, um tom púrpura acastanhado e ainda outro castanho muito escuro utilizado em contornos. As cores integram um fundo branco – o vidrado estanífero característico da majólica. Confirmou-se que o azul se deve ao óxido de cobalto, o púrpura ao óxido de manganês e um dos verdes, de aparência transparente, ao óxido de cobre. Os resultados indicam que o amarelo será uma variante do pigmento amarelo de Nápoles (antimoniato de chumbo), constituído por um óxido triplo de Pb-Sb-Zn. As outras cores são obtidas através de misturas: o laranja resulta da adição de hematite ao pigmento amarelo, o verde-seco resulta da adição de óxido de cobalto também ao pigmento amarelo, e os vários tons entre púrpura e castanho resultam da mistura de hematite com óxido de manganês em teores variáveis. Observaram-se morfologias distintas das cores: o amarelo, laranja e castanho-escuro permanecem à superfície do vidrado e conferem-lhe cores opacas. O azul, o verde-cobre e o púrpura difundem no vidrado em profundidade e, por vezes, horizontalmente. Os seus óxidos dissolvem-se na matriz vítrea, obtendo-se uma cor transparente. Com o verde-seco ocorre uma separação dos componentes da cor, na medida em que as partículas de pigmento amarelo permanecem à superfície, enquanto o azul difunde no vidrado.

A presente dissertação tem por finalidade compreender a influência dos tratamentos hidrófugos na secagem do tijolo cerâmico, tendo assentado na realização de ensaios de absorção capilar, permeabilidade ao vapor de água e secagem. Foi inicialmente avaliada a possibilidade de utilização de tijolo cerâmico maciço de três proveniências distintas. Uma destas origens foi a Praça de Touros do Campo Pequeno, em Lisboa, que permitiu estudar quatro tipos distintos de tijolo antigo. As outras duas origens foram as cerâmicas Torreense e de Vale de Gândara, tratando-se portanto neste caso de tijolos de fabrico recente. Os diferentes tipos de tijolo foram caracterizados quanto à sua aparência, morfologia, teor de sal, absorção capilar e comportamento em secagem. O tijolo de Vale de Gândara foi o tipo seleccionado para a aplicação dos tratamentos hidrófugos. Foi detectada a presença de fissuras neste tipo tijolo, tal como em todos os outros tipos caracterizados. Sendo este defeito relevante para o transporte de humidade, foi necessário ter em consideração a influência da orientação preferencial das fissuras. Assim, utilizaram-se em todos os ensaios provetes com fissuras paralelas e provetes com fissuras perpendiculares à superfície. Estudaram-se cinco tratamentos hidrófugos com base em silicone. Foram realizados ensaios de absorção capilar através da face tratada, ensaios de permeabilidade ao vapor de água e ensaios de secagem (método RILEM da curva de evaporação). Realizaram-se ensaios semelhantes sobre o material não-tratado, que serviram como referência. Os resultados do ensaio de absorção capilar indicam que a eficácia de quatro dos tratamentos é elevada, sendo a secagem do tijolo significativamente dificultada por esses quatro produtos. Verificou-se, no entanto, que o decréscimo da permeabilidade ao vapor apenas é significativo para três hidrófugos. A influência dos hidrófugos na permeabilidade ao vapor apenas é mensurável no caso dos provetes com fissuras paralelas à base. Quando as fissuras são perpendiculares à base, a permeabilidade ao vapor é bastante mais elevada, não sendo afectada pelo hidrófugo.

A presente dissertação visa compreender a influência dos revestimentos por pintura na secagem de materiais de construção porosos, tendo focado a nível experimental o caso dos substratos constituídos por uma argamassa de cal aérea. Aborda-se, em particular, o caso dos edifícios antigos e, mais especificamente, a situação das paredes com teor de humidade não desprezável que é muito corrente neste tipo de edifícios. O levantamento do estado-da-arte incide sobre as características dos materiais porosos, em particular as argamassas de cal aérea, e de diferentes tipos de revestimentos por pintura indicados para este tipo de utilização. Foca também os mecanismos de transporte de humidade envolvidos nos processos de secagem. Efectuou-se uma pesquisa de mercado e um inquérito ao meio técnico com o objectivo de perceber quais os revestimentos por pintura usados em intervenções de reabilitação / conservação e, assim, avaliar a situação da prática em Portugal. A campanha experimental a seguir realizada incluiu ensaios de permeabilidade ao vapor de água, de absorção capilar e de secagem e incidiu sobre dezasseis revestimentos por pintura disponíveis no mercado português. Treze destes revestimentos são tintas de silicatos, de silicone ou de pliolite que os respectivos fornecedores indicaram serem apropriadas para aplicação em paredes com problemas de humidade. Ensaiaram-se ainda duas tintas de cal de fabrico industrial e uma “tinta plástica” que serviu como referência. A dissertação permitiu obter dados sobre o estado-da-prática em Portugal, em particular no que se refere aos tipos de tintas usados em paredes de edifícios antigos com teor de humidade não desprezável. Permitiu também retirar conclusões sobre: (i) a influência dos revestimentos por pintura na secagem, na absorção de água por capilaridade e na permeabilidade ao vapor de água; (ii) a influência que o estado de humidificação do suporte pode ter no comportamento dos revestimentos; (iii) a correlação existente entre o comportamento à secagem (índice de secagem) e a permeabilidade ao vapor de água, que é a característica correntemente utilizada para prever o desempenho dos revestimentos.

Este relatório apresenta um método para aferir o teor de sal de materiais de construção porosos, como a pedra, as argamassas e os materiais cerâmicos, através do seu teor de humidade higroscópico (HMC). O método, que se baseia em trabalho de investigação prévio, é aqui detalhadamente apresentado, sob a forma de protocolo de ensaio.

Na continuação dos estudos que o Núcleo de Materiais Pétreos e Cerâmicos do Departamento de Materiais tem vindo a realizar na Sé do Porto, foram recolhidas por aquele Núcleo oito amostras de granito na fachada da Sé para identificação e quantificação dos sais solúveis em água. Neste relatório apresentam-se os resultados obtidos na identificação e quantificação dos aniões e catiões presentes nos extractos aquosos das amostras.

O Sétimo Programa Quadro para a investigação e o desenvolvimento técnico (7PQ) é o principal instrumento da União Europeia (EU) para o financiamento da investigação durante o período 2007-2013, contendo em si todas as iniciativas da EU relativas à investigação e seguindo-se à vigência do 6PQ (2002-06), 5PQ (1998-02), 4PQ (1994-98), etc.

Neste documento apresenta-se a técnica de dessalinização por compressas de materiais de construção porosos afectados pela acção de sais solúveis, analisando os aspectos que estão na base da sua acção dessalinizante. A aplicação correcta dos métodos de dessalinização de materiais de construção é uma componente importante para o sucesso do tratamento a efectuar sobre superfícies salinizadas e a sua investigação deve constituir uma preocupação central da intervenção. Ela deve iniciar-se pela experimentação em laboratório, para selecção dos métodos que manifestem um bom desempenho e que deverão, então, ser objecto de outro nível de análise, correspondente à sua aplicabilidade em obra, para responder a necessidades concretas de intervenção. O presente documento contém um método de estudo do processo de dessalinização por compressas, fornece directivas sobre como efectuar a selecção dos respectivos materiais e descreve os métodos de dessalinização a adoptar em função das características do substrato a dessalinizar e das condições de aplicação. O presente documento visa constituir um guia, tanto para a investigação sobre o desempenho de compressas de dessalinização, como para a realização de tratamentos de dessalinização in situ.

This report concerns the cloister of Santa Clara-a-Nova Monatery, Coimbra, used as a case-study of the EU project COMPASS. It focuses the assessment of damage, diagnosis and advice for repair of salt decay anomalies. It concludes that it is necessary to solve the infiltrations of water from the rain, by repairing the roof of the cloister building and to replace the damaged cement-based render. Renders of low capillary absorption or low water vapour permeability, which may amplify the effects of the capillary rise, should be avoided. A transporting render is adequate.

This report concerns São Sebastião Church, Almada, which was used as a case-study of the EU project COMPASS. It focuses the assessment of damage, diagnosis and advice for repair of salt decay anomalies. It concludes that capillary is probably the main source of moisture and nitrates the main type of salt (although chlorides were also detected). The high damage state of the lime-mortars seems to be due, in a great extent, to their low mechanical resistance and very high absorption. The new plasters and renders should prevent crystallization from occurring inside the weak substrate lime-mortars, which easily deteriorate.

This report concerns Alhos-Vedros tide-mill, Moita, which was used as a case-study of the EU project COMPASS. It focuses the assessment of damage, diagnosis and advice for repair of salt decay anomalies. It concludes that, in the ground floor, plaster damage is due to the simultaneous presence of moisture and salts. Capillary rise and leakage from the cover roof and window frames are two obvious origins of moisture. Water vapour condensation is also a possible source of moisture but the knowledge of its relevance requires further testing.

This report concerns the cloister of Santa Clara-a-Nova Monatery, Coimbra, used as a case-study of the EU project COMPASS. It focuses the assessment of damage, diagnosis and advice for repair of salt decay anomalies. It concludes that measures should be taken for trying to lower the amount of moisture reaching the base of the walls, namely to improve the drainage of the cloister garden and to prevent the excessive use of water in cleaning operations. The damaged cement-based render should be replaced. Renders of low capillary absorption or low water vapour permeability, which may amplify the effects of the capillary rise, should be avoided. A transporting render is adequate.

This report concerns Salvas Chapel, Sines, which was used as a case-study of the EU project COMPASS. It focuses the assessment of damage, diagnosis and advice for repair of salt decay anomalies. It concludes that capillary rise is probably the main source of moisture. Further research seems necessary to detect the origin of the rising damp (superficial draining water or phreatic water). Measures to reduce the capillary rise should be taken, according to the results of this research.

O Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil tem vindo a desenvolver um estudo no domínio da conservação dos azulejos históricos que permitiu, nalguns casos relevantes, estabelecer uma ligação entre determinados defeitos de fabrico e formas específicas de degradação. Esse estudo demonstrou a conveniência no estabelecimento de um glossário ilustrado, incluindo defeitos de fabrico e formas de degradação e contemplando alguma terminologia nova. É esse trabalho, saído de uma colaboração com o Museu Nacional do Azulejo, que agora se apresenta num vocabulário que inclui também algumas definições básicas, cobrindo termos necessários às definições subsequentes de defeitos de fabrico e de formas de degradação. Os termos em relação aos quais pareceu aos autores poderem subsistir dúvidas têm anexas ilustrações exemplificativas.

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This paper delivers actionable recommendations towards building a rationale for activating and promoting Underground Built Heritage (UBH) based on the nexus heritage, territory and society, and making use of existing literature and findings from five international cases. The research was conducted in the framework of the working group on Planning Approaches of the COST Action Underground4value. The analysis of the cases aims to provide guidelines for this working group and to benchmark good practices in activating UBH. It highlights the importance of community-led initiatives, leadership and dialogue and power sharing between the local/regional authorities and communities aiming for better understanding of the potential of UBH. The successes and/or failures of the five cases emphasise the importance of knowledge and experience in participatory approaches. Success was verified, when effectiveness and democratic principles were combined in the planning process, and local history is integrated with citizen science, co-creation and placemaking. The analysed approaches stimulate a new hybrid layer for activating UBH, provide mechanisms of mediation between people and heritage, and contribute to cultural and social dimensions of sustainability. This is a highly challenging endeavour, as it seeks to support and advance a sound understanding of UBH as a sustainable resource, backed by strategic stakeholder dialogue and contextual knowledge. Such effort requires a dynamic understanding of UBH values, knowledge, abilities and skills, towards creating more effective coalitions of “actors” within localities, by developing structures, which encourage long term collaborative relationships.

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A caracterização dos materiais históricos e a identificação do respetivo estado de conservação engloba um corpus de conhecimento teórico, prático e metodológico essencial para a conservação e o restauro do património cultural arquitetónico e arqueológico. Refletir sobre os materiais históricos para intervir no património requer, pois, contemplar a variedade de materiais a partir das suas múltiplas facetas, reivindicando uma perspetiva pluri e interdisciplinar na elaboração do conhecimento científico. Requer também aprofundar o estudo das tecnologias e materiais tradicionais, o que contribui para densificar o campo de conhecimento sobre o património e, cientificamente, definir os requisitos de compatibilidade e eficiência dos novos materiais, paralelamente colaborando para a salvaguarda do saber técnico tradicional.

O artigo trata de uma síntese de resultados do Congresso Ibero-Americano “Património, suas matérias e imatérias”, LNEC, Lisboa, 2-3 de novembro de 2016, constituindo-se um artigo de noticías.

O tabalho faz uma apresentação crítica do Livro " A supremacia do Pedestre", da autoria de Fábio Fonseca e Antonio Colchete Filho, tendo o Livro sido editado pela UNALFA: Editora da Unviersidade FEderal de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Braisl.

É analisada uma amostra de betonilha para determinação do teor de cimento. As análises incluíram a realização de ensaios de resistência à compressão, termogravimetria e químicos.