Publicações

External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) have been extensively used for either new constructions or building facades retrofitting in the last decades. These systems can provide improved thermal performance to the building envelope. However, their long-term durability remains a pervasive concern, with some systems presenting relevant anomalies after few years from their application. The durability assessment of ETICS is defined by the EAD 040083-00-0404 guideline, which stated an accelerated ageing procedure based on the hygrothermal and freeze-thaw behaviour. Nevertheless, further important environmental urban conditions, such as UV radiation and atmospheric pollutants, as well as bio-susceptibility, are not envisaged in the guideline. This paper presents the results of an experimental campaign with the aim of evaluating the durability of the rendering system of several commercially available ETICS exposed to an innovative accelerated ageing procedure, which consists of hygrothermal cycles, UV radiation and air pollutants (SO2) exposure. Physical and chemical-morphological tests were carried out prior and after each ageing cycle in order to evaluate the durability of ETICS. Biological susceptibility to moulds was also assessed. The experimental results showed that both surface hardness and surface gloss decreased after the combined effect of the hygrothermal, UV, and SO2 ageing cycles, whereas an increase of surface roughness was observed. Substantial colour change for all systems after the ageing procedure was observed, confirming aesthetic alteration. Traces of biological growth were detected on the systems after ageing and the contact angle decreased after the hygrothermal cycles, indicating a lower surface hydrophobicity of the systems.

In order to contribute to the knowledge about the influence of several factors on the in-service performance of renders, as well as about the applicability of in-situ testing techniques in the evaluation of their performance, an experimental work was carried. In this work, the influence of some factors (type of substrate, number and thickness of mortar layers) on the mechanical and physical performance of two mortars (site-made and industrial) was evaluated, using the following in-situ testing techniques: pendulum rebound hammer test (with two types of rebound hammer), ultrasonic pulse velocity test (with two types of device) and water absorption under low pressure test (with Karsten tubes). It was possible to verify that the above-mentioned factors influence the performance of the mortars. The in-situ testing techniques were, in general, able to identify differences in the behaviour of renders due to these factors. However, for the same technique, different devices sometimes led to distinct results. Nevertheless, the combination of the results of different techniques helped to reduce the uncertainty of the analysis.

Rehabilitation of facades may be carried out with the application of External Thermal Insulation Systems (ETICS). Their main contribution is the increase of the energy efficiency of buildings. In the literature, hygrothermal, impact and fire performance studies have been carried out on several systems with different insulation materials, such as expanded polystyrene, mineral wool and extruded polystyrene foam insulation. Due to the growing concern with the environment, systems are being developed with more sustainable and ecological materials, such as ICB (expanded cork). These type of boards are responsible for a negative impact in global warming potential, significantly improving the environmental benefits of their use. As these systems were recently introduced to the market, applications on site are very recent and their behaviour over time still unknown. In this research, the durability and global performance of more sustainable systems (with ICB) were analysed through an experimental campaign and compared with EPS (expanded polystyrene) systems. The results show that the systems with ICB obtained satisfactory global behaviour comparable with the EPS systems. The ICB sustainable systems analysed stood out in acoustic performance. ...

External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) are constructive solutions widely used to increase the thermal insulation in new and retrofitted buildings. However, these systems can present several anomalies due to their constant exposure to weathering agents and anthropic factors. Water is generally the major cause of degradation. Thus, the application of water-repellent products can minimize the appearance of anomalies and increase the durability of the systems. In this paper, acrylic-based and siloxane-based hydrophobic products were applied to ETICS, with the aim of assessing the compatibility, effectiveness, and durability of these products. The moisture transport properties and mould susceptibility were assessed through laboratory tests on untreated and treated specimens. The durability of the hydrophobic treatments was also evaluated through artificial aging tests (heat-cold and freeze-thaw cycles). Results show that the protection products generally decreased water absorption, slightly decreased the drying rate, and presented adequate water vapor permeability. After aging, the products still had reasonable effectiveness and, with one exception, improved the water vapor diffusion of the systems. Additionally, ETICS underwent an alteration in the finishing coat (possible modification of the porosity) due to the aging cycles. No clear linear correlation was found between the contact angle values and water absorption results, evidencing the influence of other factors related to the composition of the water-repellent products. ....

One of the main functions of renders, together with the overall aesthetic appearance of the building, is the protection of the walls against external aggressive actions, such as water, salts solutions, erosion, and mechanical impacts. However, some anomalies of renders may drastically hinder their protection ability. In fact, cracking, high water permeability, and loss of adherence to the substrate of renders limit their barrier effect and favour the exposure of the substrate to external actions. The incorporation of fibres in mortars is commonly pointed out to reduce their cracking susceptibility, due to the probable enhancement in tensile strength and ductility of the composite. The use of lime in substitution of the part of the cement binder is seen as a method to reduce the modulus of elasticity and therefore enhance the resistance to cracking due to drying shrinkage. Therefore, this study investigates the wall protection-related properties of natural fibre-reinforced renders with cement-lime as a binary binder at 1:1:6 volumetric ratio. With this purpose, wool, coir, and flax fibres are used at 20% by total mortar volume and the water behaviour, cracking susceptibility, and adherence to the substrate of the mortars are assessed. Specifically, the water absorption by capillarity, drying rates, permeability to water under pressure, adherence strength, and shrinkage are evaluated. In order to evaluate the renders

Construction and demolition wastes (CDW) are generated at a large scale and have a diversified potential in the construction sector. The replacement of natural aggregates (NA) with CDW recycled aggregates (RA) in construction materials, such as mortars, has several environmental benefits, such as the reduction in the natural resources used in these products and simultaneous prevention of waste landfill. Complementarily, CDW have the potential to capture CO2 since some of their components may carbonate, which also contributes to a decrease in global warming potential. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the influence of the exposure of CDW RA to CO2 produced in cement factories and its effect on mortars. Several mortars were developed with a volumetric ratio of 1:4 (cement: aggregate), with NA (reference mortar), CDW RA and CDW RA exposed to high levels of CO2 (CRA). The two types of waste aggregate were incorporated, replacing NA at 50% and 100% (in volume). The mortars with NA and non-carbonated RA and CRA from CDW were analysed, accounting for their performance in the fresh and hardened states in terms of workability, mechanical behaviour and water absorption by capillarity. It was concluded that mortars with CDW (both CRA and non-carbonated RA) generally present a good performance for non-structural purposes, although they suffer a moderate decrease in mechanical performance when NA is replaced with RA. Additionally, small improvements were found in the performance of the aggregates and mortars with CRA subjected to a CO2 curing for a short period (5 h), while a long carbonation period (5 d) led to a decrease in performance, contrary to the results obtained in the literature that indicate a significant increase in such characteristics. This difference could be because the literature focused on made-in-laboratory CDW aggregates, while, in this research, the wastes came from real demolition activities, and were thus older and more heterogeneous.....

O pavilhão da Casa da Pesca está inserido na Quinta de Recreio dos Marqueses de Pombal, em Oeiras.Edifício de arquitetura simples e feição clássica, serviu para guardar instrumentos da pesca, mas tambémpara o repouso e recreio das elites. Cedido ao Município de Oeiras, este promoveu um plano de conservação e restauro com vista à sua preservação e usufruto pela população que envolveu, entre outras ações,uma caracterização detalhada dos materiais empregues na construção, nomeadamente as argamassas de revestimento. Os autores apresentam a metodologia adotada, os seus resultados e uma estratégia de conservação / reparação dos revestimentos exteriores.

Salt crystallization is one of the main decay processes in historic masonry mortars, and climate change can worsen the salt weathering effects on those materials as result of, e.g., more often rain falls, more intense solar radiation and sea level rise. In this paper, the effectiveness and durability of a substitution

The use of External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) significantly increased in the last decades due to their enhanced thermal properties, low installation cost and ease of application, not only in new constructions but also for thermal retrofitting of building facades. These multilayer rendering systems are constantly exposed to weathering agents and anthropic factors which can lead to physical-mechanical and aesthetical anomalies and thus affect their durability. However, possible synergetic effects among these agents are often neglected by international technical documents on the evaluation of the effectiveness and durability of ETICS. With the aim of filling this gap, moisture transport properties (capillary water absorption, water vapor permeability, water absorption under low pressure, and drying kinetics), thermal conductivity, mould susceptibility and surface properties (color, gloss, and roughness) of twelve commercially available ETICS were assessed and discussed. Possible links between these factors were analyzed and ETICS performance parameters were defined. Results demonstrate that a deeper knowledge of the correlation among ETICS properties can effectively contribute to the evaluation of the efficiency and long-term durability of these systems.

Coir fiber is a by-product waste generated in large scale. Considering that most of these wastes do not have a proper disposal, several applications to coir fibers in engineering have been investigated in order to provide a suitable use, since coir fibers have interesting properties, namely high tensile strength, high elongation at break, low modulus of elasticity, and high abrasion resistance. Currently, coir fiber is widely used in concrete, roofing, boards and panels. Nonetheless, only a few studies are focused on the incorporation of coir fibers in rendering mortars. This work investigates the feasibility to incorporate coir fibers in rendering mortars with two different binders. A cement CEM II/B-L 32.5 N was used at 1:4 volumetric cement to aggregate ratio. Cement and air-lime CL80-S were used at a volumetric ratio of 1:1:6, with coir fibers were produced with 1.5 cm and 3.0 cm long fibers and added at 10% and 20% by total mortar volume. Physical and mechanical properties of the coir fiber-reinforced mortars were discussed. The addition of coir fibers reduced the workability of the mortars, requiring more water that affected the hardened properties of the mortars. The modulus of elasticity and the compressive strength of the mortars with coir fibers decreased with increase in fiber volume fraction and length. Coir fiber

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The GELCLAD project intends to develop a versatile, easy to install, eco-friendly and highly performing external wall prefabricated insulation solution based in the VETURE kit concept. The insulating material of the GELCLAD kit is a nano-silica aerogel targeted to reach very low design thermal conductivity (.) values and able to be co-extruded with the kit

As intervenções de reabilitação em revestimentos exteriores de edifícios antigos, em geral com alteração de materiais e de processos construtivos originais, nem sempre têm contribuído para melhorar o seu estado de conservação, sendo mesmo frequentemente responsáveis pela aceleração de diversos mecanismos de degradação.De facto, a maioria dos mecanismos de degradação envolve a presença de água e o movimento desta no interior das alvenarias. Portanto, as argamassas de reparação, nomeadamente para edifícios antigos, devem dificultar a penetração da água até ao suporte (absorção relativamente lenta), mas principalmente devem favorecer a evaporação da água que se introduziu na parede, quer através da própria argamassa, quer por capilaridade ascendente através das fundações, ou ainda através de coberturas e remates.Com efeito, estas características estão fundamentalmente relacionadas com a estrutura porosa que comanda a capacidade para transportar, reter e expulsar a água por evaporação, influenciando também, em consequência, o comportamento aos sais e ao gelo. A microestrutura é, por sua vez, condicionada por diversos aspetos, entre os quais se destacam as características dos agregados utilizados na composição das argamassas.Na presente comunicação são estudadas três composições de argamassa com base em cal aérea, discutindo-se a influência da mineralogia de três tipos de agregados no seu comportamento hídrico, através de indicadores de absorção e de secagem, e relacionando-o com a sua estrutura porosa.

Infrared thermography (IRT) is a non-destructive testing method, which allowsthe examination or inspection of part of material or system without impairing the futureusefulness, and it is applied to

In order to fully perform their functions and be durable, mortars for renders and plasters arerequested to have a set of characteristics that can vary with the type of exposure to externalenvironmental actions and the type of substrate. Generally, they need moderate strength, highdeformability, some water protection capability, and good adhesion to the substrate.To be used in rehabilitation works, especially for application on old buildings, with structuralmasonry walls, it is of utmost importance that mortars are compatible with pre-existent materials.The presence of water and its movement inside the pore structure of the mortars are among themost significant causes of degradation. However, several authors consider that the main factorsfor durability and good performance of lime-based mortars are mostly related with the goodquality of the binder and the use of adequate aggregates with appropriate particle size distribution.Accelerated weathering tests are the easiest, quickest, and most commonly used way of studyingthe durability of a construction material exposed to given environmental conditions.This paper intends to study the effect of ageing, on the properties and durability of air limemortars, using aggregates of different lithological natures. For this purpose, different mortarscompositions are made and exposed to an accelerated weathering test under defined conditions.The obtained characteristics are discussed and finally compared with the results obtained with thesame mortars tested in laboratory conditions. The effect of the aggregate type on the durability ofmortars is highlighted and discussed. Some remarks are made about the fields of application ofthese mortars.

The GELCLAD project intends to develop a versatile, easy to install, eco-friendly and highly performing external wall prefabricated insulation solution based in the VETURE kit concept. In this work it is shown how alternative fixing solutions may influence the thermal performance of the GELCLAD panel based in three-dimensional steady-state heat transfer simulations.

The Rooftop Greenhouses (RG) are one example of Building-Integrated Agriculture, offering a new dimension to our buildings, providing locally grown food that increase urban resilience. This paper relies on the analysis of a Rooftop Greenhouse, which is planned to be installed on an existing urban market, in particular its effect in the market indoor temperature during the summer period. The analysis is based on the building simulation of the real scenario and with the RG. A measurement campaign was performed to assess the thermal behaviour of the market shops and calibrate the model. According to the simulation results, the RG causes a reduction of the number of hours of overheating and thermal discomfort in the Shops when they are occupied.

The knowledge of physical and mechanical characteristics of historic mortars is very important to select repair materials and to plan adequate repair interventions. There is a need to define characterization test methods applicable to irregular, friable samples, with relatively thin layers, in order to assess the main properties. Another relevant issue in that process is the assessment of the new mortars to use for repair, which should be compatible, efficient and durable. Due to the need of compatibility, usually repair mortars must be based on air lime and thus standardized test methods prepared for cement mortars may be inadequate.This article focuses on two non-standard methods for measuring mechanical performance to support conservation interventions of old renderings: a test method to assess the flexural strength of mortar samples with non-standard dimensions is described and its validation process is presented, and a test to determine the tensile bond strength of substitution low strength mortars to a defined substrate is presented and discussed.

With the increasing importance given to building rehabilitation comes the need to create simple, fast and non-destructive testing methods (NDT) to identify problems and for anomaly diagnosis. Ceramic tiles are one of the most typical kinds of exterior wall cladding in several countries; the earliest known examples are Egyptian dating from 4000 BC. This type of building facade coating, though being quite often used in due to its aesthetic and architectural characteristics, is one of the most complex that can be applied given the several parts from which it is composed; hence, it is also one of the most difficult to correctly diagnose with expeditious methods.The detachment of ceramic wall tiles is probably the most common and difficult to identify anomaly associated with this kind of cladding and it is also definitely the one that can compromise security the most. Thus, it is necessary to study a process of inspection more efficient and economic than the currently used which often consist in semi-destructive methods (the most common is the pull off test), that can only be used in a small part of the building at a time, allowing some assumptions of what can the rest of the cladding be like.Infrared thermography (IRT) is a NDT with a wide variety of applications in building inspection that is becoming commonly used to identify anomalies related with thermal variations in the inspected surfaces. Few authors have studied the application of IRT in anomalies associated with ceramic claddings claiming that the presence of air or water beneath the superficial layer will influence the heat transfer in a way that can be detected in both a qualitative and a quantitative way by the thermal camera, providing information about the state of the wall in a much broad area per trial than other methods commonly used nowadays.This article intends to present a review of the state of art of this NDT and its potentiality in becoming a more efficient way to diagnose anomalies in ceramic wall claddings.Introduction

The Fort of Nossa Senhora da Graça is located in a mountain at north of thetown of Elvas. It was built in the late 18th century at the order of King Joseph I of Portugaland the Marquis of Pombal. It was built by Count Lippe, and listed as a National HeritageSite in 1910 and a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2012 together with otherfortifications present in Elvas. As part of its nomination by UNESCO, a conservation andrestoration plan has been implemented involving a detailed characterization of materialsused in its construction. To support the restoration project, a comprehensive analyticalstudy was implemented. In this paper the main results of the characterization of a group ofthe existent mortars are presented. The mortars are, in general, in very good condition,being composed of aerial dolomitic lime with siliceous aggregates (from igneous andmetamorphic rocks). The mortars conservation and restoration works were performed withcompatible repair materials, selected according to the physical-chemical characterizationand on the evaluation of the conservation state.

This book provides insights regarding the involvement of teenagers in the co-creation of public open spaces. It brings together conceptual reflections and an exploratory case study in Lisbon. It is an attempt to point out the intangible benefits of engaging young people in placemaking to academics, practitioners, policymakers, students, and all parties concerned with urban development. This book aims at inspiring progressive placemaking and co-creation processes. It attempts to reframe the debate on how vulnerable members of the community access public spaces, what their needs are, and what their response would be to a more people-centred urban design. It is with respect to these points that the book Territorial capacity and inclusion: Co-creating a public space with teenagers explores and analyses the engagement of teenagers in the production of public spaces. A group who rarely have opportunities to be heard and for their views to be considered. On these particular matters, the teenagers

Personal well-being, health and productivity of building occupants depend to a large extent on available thermal and visual conditions.Thermal and visual requirements have changed across centuries. Last century, as a result of the economic growth that occurred in developed societies, the satisfaction of those requirements gained importance. In a society and period where energy was abundant and cheap, the easiest way to provide desired indoor conditions consisted in the systematic use of artificial conditioning (AC) and electric lighting. As a consequence, resulting energy consumption became significant.Actually, the growing tendency for the use of AC systems, particularly in office buildings, transports and, more recently, in residential buildings and the systematic and the permanent use of electric lighting proceed.Although this fact may derive from a change in user comfort requirements and expectations, they may also reveal design and lifestyle trends conducting to unsustainable options concerning construction, rehabilitation and everyday use of buildings.As a matter of fact, some contradictory aspects can be detect: intolerance in relation to exterior/interior climate variations, the option of non-climate-conscious building solutions and the creation of controlled indoor climates which frequently do not provide the desired well-being conditions (in working, leisure or living places) and unnecessary and excessive energy consumption...

Mortars and sustainabilityMortars are construction materials composed of three main constituents: aggregates,binders, and water. There are other constituents that can be added to improve ormodify the mortars

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This chapter proposes an introductory conceptual framework to better understand some aspects of everyday relations of people and spaces. From the perspective of anthropology of space, it first provides a reflection on issues that are important for understanding these relationships, to then, in a second step, address the relevance of walking as a method to trigger a sensitive path. This chapter aims to raise the interest for urban planning that is more attentive to the multidimensionality of socio-territorial relations. To explore the sensitiveness of urban space it is important to consider (a) the perspective of users in terms of symbolic dimensions, socio-spatial and cultural practices, and sense of happiness and well-being; (b) the articulation between behavioural dimensions, sociocultural dynamics and the environment; (c) the approximation of concepts and categories to understand space from the perspective of different disciplines. Keywords - Attentiveness, socio-territorial relations, walking, urban planning

Resumo: Ambiente construído é um conceito amplo e difuso; talvez essa seja uma de suas virtudes capitais. A pesquisa nessa área de fronteiras tão impre­cisas permite abordagens de temas, escalas e métodos diversificados. Neste livro, a reunião de ensaios feitos por pesquisadores de diferentes países sobre variados tópicos, com apropriações metodológicas tão diversas, reafirma o caráter múltiplo desse campo. Nesta ótica, destaca-se o papel de uma observação sistemática e minuciosa das complexas interações que resultam da relação entre os múltiplos e diversificados usos dos espaços públicos urbanos, as apropriações, contra apropriações, representações do espaço e respectivas tem­poralidades envolvidas, considerando a sua ligação com propostas arquitetônico-urbanísticas de desenho e intervenção. Este livro é o registro de um momento do campo, mas também representa a possibilidade de novas incursões que podem alargar suas fronteiras. Abstract: Built environment is a broad and diffuse concept; perhaps this is one of its capital virtues. Research in this area of such inaccurate bound­aries allows approaches from diverse themes, scales and methods. In this book, the gathering of essays by researchers from different countries on various topics, with such diverse methodological ap­propriations, reaffirms the multiple character of this field. In this perspective, it highlights the role of a systematic and thorough observation of the complex interactions that result from the relationship between the multiple and diverse uses of urban public spaces, appropriations, against appropriations, representations of space and respective temporalities involved, considering their connection with architectural-urbanistic proposals of design and intervention. This book registers a specific moment in the field but it also rep­resents the possibility of further inroads that may broaden its borders.

As praças de uma cidade são espaços públicos consagrados historicamente à vida coletiva. Nesta publicação estão reunidos artigos que têm algumas importantes praças da área central da cidade do Rio de Janeiro como tema de estudo. As praças são analisadas a partir de suas dimensões material e simbólica, como produtos de ações que perpassam vários projetos para o espaço público. São destacadas as praças XV de novembro; Tiradentes; Mauá e Onze -esta última, já não mais existente fisicamente. As praças, portanto, se afirmam como estruturas espaciais de destaque no ambiente construído e como lugar para a representação da memória em tempos de constantes transformações. - The city's squares are public spaces historically dedicated to collective life. This publication brings together articles that have some important squares in the central area of the city of Rio de Janeiro as their subject of study. The squares are analyzed from their material and symbolic dimensions, as products of actions that permeate various projects for public space. There are highlighted the squares XV de Novembro; Tiradentes, Mauá and Onze - the latter, no longer physically existing. The squares, therefore, assert themselves as prominent spatial structures in the built environment and as a place for the representation of memory in times of constant transformation

A partir de uma incursão teórica sobre a noção de memória social, investiga-se como esta tem sido um recurso para incrementar a conexão das pessoas com os rios urbanos. A reflexão realiza-se no âmbito do estudo de caso presentemente em curso em Lisboa e que se dedica à investigação do contributo da memória no resgate da paisagem fluvial para o imaginário social e urbano contemporâneo. Para o efeito, aqui parte-se da relação da memória com os espaços materiais, naturais e mentais das sociedades humanas ligados à recordação de experiências passadas. Neste sentido, explora-se o seu contributo para recuperar os cursos de água para o imaginário social e urbano contemporâneo. Analisa-se como a memória tem sido discutida relativamente aos rios urbanos e que, em decorrência da iminência de riscos e de situações de catástrofes associadas ao sistema fluvial urbano, se tem destacado como recurso para a criação de dinâmicas de adaptação e resiliência. Seguidamente, analisam-se iniciativas que, fazendo recurso à memória ligada aos rios, contribuem para sensibilizar e influenciar a conexão das pessoas com os cursos de água em meio urbano, ainda que isto possa ser sugestivamente. Palavras-chave - Memória social, paisagem fluvial, imaginário social e urbano

O livro RIOS URBANOS NA IBERO-AMÉRICA - CASOS, CONTEXTOS E EXPERIÊNCIAS apresenta o primeiro conjunto de reflexões produzidos no âmbito da rede temática Ibero-americana RUN

Coimbra apresenta um elevado valor arquitetónico demonstrado pelos 36 imóveis, conjuntos ou sítios (22 monumentos nacionais e 14 imóveis de interesse público) actualmente classificados (DGPC, 2015) sendo a maioria deles localizados no Centro Histórico de Coimbra (CHC) e zona alta da cidade.No âmbito do projecto POCI/HEC/60371/2004

A relação entre património material (arquitetónico) e imaterial (como saber técnico-tradicional)orientou um estudo sobre técnicas e materiais tradicionais de revestimentos históricos exteriorescom base em cal, realizado para o Projeto «Conservação e durabilidade de revestimentoshistóricos: compatibilidade, técnicas e materiais

The importance of the selection of the type of aggregates and their effects on the modification of mortar properties is widely recognized. However, despite recent scientific advances on the effect of aggregates on the properties of mortars and concretes, few studies show how the characteristics of aggregates affect the microstructure and consequently, the final quality of mortars. Moreover, in general, existing studies show that there is an approach mostly related to the use of Portland cement, which several researchers have already shown that have adverse effects, when it is used in rehabilitation works of ancient buildings.In the context of rehabilitation, this factor is particularly relevant, since the main objective is to obtain mortarswith specific characteristics and performances compatible with those that exist in old masonry. The aggregate, as an integral part of mortars, and in some cases defined as their "skeleton", has a direct influence on themicrostructure of mortars, which, in turn, influences the physical, chemical and mechanical properties, as well as the finishing and the final appearance of the renders, especially in the case of lime mortars.Therefore, the present study intends to contribute to a better knowledge of the influence of mineralogical andphysical characteristics (grain size distribution and shape) of the natural aggregates on the mortars

No âmbito da revisão do regime de arrendamento urbano (NRAU), foi desenvolvido no Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC) o Método de Avaliação do Estado de Conservação de imóveis (MAEC). Este método permite determinar, de forma expedita, o estado de conservação de edifícios para efeitos de atualização de rendas, mediante a realização de inspeções visuais ao local, efetuadas por técnicos qualificados.O MAEC está em vigor desde novembro de 2006, tendo sido realizadas mais de 30 000 vistorias durante os primeiros quatro anos de implementação. Em junho de 2010, cerca de 2400 técnicos avaliadores estavam inscritos para realizar vistorias com o MAEC.Considerou se assim oportuno realizar um estudo que analisa a experiência obtida com a aplicação do MAEC. Para o efeito, foram analisados os resultados das vistorias realizadas com o MAEC entre janeiro de 2007 e maio de 2010 e a opinião que os principais intervenientes têm sobre o MAEC (i.e., técnicos avaliadores e técnicos das Comissões Arbitrais Municipais). Como complemento, foi realizado um estudo comparativo do MAEC com 16 outros métodos que avaliam o estado de conservação de imóveis (7 portugueses e 9 estrangeiros).Com base nos resultados destas análises, foram avançadas propostas de aperfeiçoamento do MAEC de dois tipos: (i) propostas para simplificar a aplicação da atual metodologia de avaliação e aumentar o nível de informação recolhida e de rigor dos resultados; e (ii) propostas para que a metodologia de avaliação do MAEC permita obter resultados complementares para além daqueles para os quais foi originalmente concebido mas que a experiência de aplicação tem vindo a provar necessários.Como conclusão geral, verifica se que o MAEC cumpre os objetivos principais para os quais foi concebido. Porém, é possível introduzir alguns aperfeiçoamentos que contribuirão quer para a simplificação quer para o aumento do rigor da aplicação do método.

As telhas cerâmicas são muito utilizadas há séculos no revestimento decoberturas inclinadas em Portugal e em muitos outros países. Alguns casos dedegradação acelerada têm vindo a afectar a durabilidade das telhas.Para avaliar o desempenho de telhas cerâmicas em ambiente marítimo foidesenvolvido um estudo experimental baseado em ensaios de envelhecimentoartificial acelerado.Este estudo compreende a caracterização de diversos tipos de telhascerâmicas, o desenvolvimento e realização de ensaios de envelhecimentoacelerado realizados em câmara de nevoeiro salino, a avaliação dadegradação provocada pelos ensaios acelerados e a comparação com adegradação sofrida por telhas em exposição natural.O estudo pretende reproduzir em laboratório os mecanismos de degradaçãoobservados em condições reais e identificar as características mais afectadas,procurando relações significativas entre grandezas relevantes medidas nosmateriais antes e depois da acção dos agentes externos.Pretende-se também, com base na análise comparativa dos resultados dosensaios de envelhecimento sobre diferentes tipos de telhas, identificarparâmetros de composição e de fabrico que contribuem para a degradação efornecer assim à indústria dados relevantes para melhorar a durabilidade dastelhas.

O presente trabalho reporta-se ao tema geral da conservação e restauro de revestimentosexteriores de edifícios antigos, destacando-se como tema específico as questões dodesenvolvimento de uma metodologia de estudo e reparação.Com este estudo foi possível um maior entendimento do comportamento dos revestimentosexteriores de edifícios antigos com base em cal, bem como estabelecer um maior rigor naaplicação de metodologias de conservação e restauro, tendo como objectivo principal a definiçãode uma metodologia de restauro conservativa para a salvaguarda das técnicas, da funcionalidadee do aspecto estético original da fachada exterior de edifícios antigos.Os principais contributos deste estudo foram: (i) estabelecer métodos de análises in situ dorevestimento, para conhecimento da sua técnica, da sua história e do seu estado de conservação;(ii) estabelecer métodos de análise das anomalias do revestimento, onde é possível quantificar ograu de deterioração; (iii) escolher a técnica e o produto consolidante adequado para o tratamentodas anomalias; (iv) especificar as distintas técnicas de restauro e definir os diversos produtosconsolidantes existentes para os revestimentos; (v) aplicar materiais tão compatíveis quantopossível com o revestimento, predominantemente compostos por ligantes minerais, dando-sepreferência aos materiais tradicionais, de modo a verificar a sua eficiência através de ensaioslaboratoriais (vi) estabelecer critérios de aplicação para cada produto ensaiado em função daanomalia observada nos revestimentos; (vi) definir uma estratégia de intervenção geral para cadatipo de revestimento e de anomalia.Enfim, o estudo permitiu estabelecer uma metodologia geral de restauro de revestimentos,desenvolvendo todo um conjunto de técnicas de ensaio, critérios de selecção de produtos e deavaliação de resultados, no sentido da melhor preservação do Património Histórico e do melhorcontrolo do processo de restauro.

A termografia é um método de análise que permite obter uma imagem da distribuiçãoaproximada da temperatura de um objecto, sem contacto físico com este.No domínio dos edifícios as utilizações mais habituais da análise termográfica visama avaliação da qualidade térmica da envolvente e a detecção de pontos de exfiltração ou deinfiltração de ar através dessa envolvente.A presença de humidade, sob a forma de vapor ou de água líquida, é a causa dediversas anomalias e degradações ocorridas nos elementos de construção.A detecção da humidade nos elementos de construção é realizada por métodos querdestrutivos quer não

Após cerca de vinte anos de esforços e de tentativas goradas foram publicadas em 2002 asnormas europeias de ensaio e de classificação de reacção ao fogo dos produtos deconstrução. Neste texto, após uma breve apontamento sobre os antecedentes da novaclassificação, apresentam-se os cinco métodos de ensaio adoptados e os critérios gerais dosistema europeu dessa classificação.Abordam-se, ainda, os aspectos práticos relacionados com a implementação deste sistema,dando-se especial ênfase à possibilidade e limitações da

No presente trabalho apresenta-se um estudo de caracterização térmica, por via analítica , de paredes de alvenaria de utilização corrente em Portugal.Com base no apuramento das características de alguns dos elementos de produção nacional para execução de paredes de alvenaria, definem-se os tipos de paredes que os integram,estabelecem-se para essas paredes uma classificação e uma numeração de referência,e calculam-se, compilam-se e analisam-se em termos comparativos as respectivos característicastérmicas.Em anexos, incluem-se: um exemplo de cálculo das características duma parede(ANEXO I); quadros dessas características para cada tipo de parede (ANEXO II}; e quadrosde síntese das referidas características (ANEXO III).

No presente trabalho apresenta-se um estudo de caracterização térmica, por via an~lítica, dos pavimentos prefabricados aligeirados de produção nacional.Com base no apuramento das características dos pavimentos comercializados com homologação válida em 1980, data do início deste estudo, seleccionaram-se gamas de pavimentosrepresentativas daquela produção, estabeleceu-se uma classificação e uma numeraçãode referência desses pavimentos, e calcularam-se, compilaram-se e analisaram-se em termoscomparativos as respectivas características térm icas.Em anexos, incluem-se: a relação das empresas produtoras dos pavimentos consider~dos no apuramento (Anexo I); um exemplo de cálculo das características de pavimentos(Anexo II); quadros dessas características para cada tipo de pavimento (Anexo III); quadros-síntese das referidas características (Anexo IV) e quadro de registo dos respectivos valoresextremos (Anexo V).

Na presente publicação que se destina a apoiar a realização de estudos no âmbito dodesempenho térmico dos edifícios e a aplicação do Regulamento das Características deComportamento Térmico dos Edifícios (RCCTE), apresentam-se, sob forma tabular, valoresconvencionais de cálculo, por um lado, de condutibilidades térmicas de materiais e deresistências térmicas superficiais, de espaços de ar não-ventilados e de alguns elementosopacos de construção (Anexo I) e, por outro lado, dos coeficientes de transmissão térmicade soluções correntes das envolventes opaca (Anexo II) e envidraçada (Anexo III) dosedifícios.Os vinte e dois quadros do Anexo II correspondentes aos elementos opacos da envolvente

A presente publicação destina-se a apoiar a realização de estudos no âmbito quer daaplicação do Sistema de Certificação Energética (SCE) de edifícios quer das intervençõesde reabilitação térmica dos edifícios existentes, eventualmente visando a verificação documprimento do Regulamento das Características de Comportamento Térmico dos Edifícios(RCCTE).Neste trabalho apresentam-se fichas sumárias descritivas e identificadoras das soluçõescaracterizadas e dos respectivos elementos constituintes, bem como os valoresconvencionais de cálculo das resistências térmicas e dos coeficientes de transmissãotérmica de soluções correntes da envolvente opaca dos edifícios construídos, em geral,antes dos anos 50 do século passado. Apresentam-se ainda alguns elementos decaracterização de soluções adoptadas nas Regiões Autónomas dos Açores e da Madeira.Deste modo a presente publicação visa complementar a Informação Técnica Edifícios (ITE)do LNEC denominada Coeficientes de transmissão térmica de elementos da envolventedos edifícios. Versão actualizada 2006 (ITE 50).Os valores convencionais apresentados (Anexo I) foram calculados a partir da definição desoluções típicas adoptadas na construção de edifícios em Portugal e nas RegiõesAutónomas, tendo como base valores convencionais das características relevantes(condutibilidades térmicas dos materiais, resistências térmicas superficiais e de espaços dear) constantes na ITE 50, e a informação prestada por técnicos dos Laboratórios Regionaisde Engenharia Civil (LREC) dos Açores e da Madeira.Em complemento aos parâmetros de caracterização térmica referidos, para cada uma dassoluções apresentadas indicam-se, ainda, valores convencionais das respectivas massassuperficiais, com o objectivo de apoiar a determinação da massa superficial útil (Msi)necessária à quantificação

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