Artigos de Revista
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Comparative study of the effect of long-term ageing on the behaviour of bitumen and mastics with mineral fillers
This study aims to evaluate the effect of mineral fillers on bitumen ageing. Two different bitumens and four mastics were investigated in the unaged and long-term aged states, based on different properties (consistency, rheology, fatigue resistance and ductility). Mastics stiffened less due to ageing treatment than bitumens, especially with granite filler. However, the results of the performance tests were not definitive regarding the effect of the filler. Aged bitumen showed greater fatigue resistance and higher specific energy of ductile fracture than unaged bitumen, whereas the mastics showed minor variations in the specific energy of ductile fracture with ageing treatment, which is indicative of less ageing, but the fatigue resistance decreased significantly in mastics with one of the bitumens.
Ano: 2019
Número Páginas:
76-89pp.
Autor(es): Carl, C.; Lopes, P.; Sá-da-Costa, M.; Canon Fallaa, G.; Leischner, S.; Micaelo, R.
Revista: Construction and Building Materials
Editor: Elsevier
Volume:
225.
Keywords: Ductility fracture; Fatigue testing; Rheological properties; Ageing; Filler-bitumen interaction; Bituminous mastic
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Durability of adhesively bonded joints between pultruded GFRP adherends under hygrothermal and natural ageing
This paper presents an experimental and numerical study about the durability of adhesively bonded joints between pultruded glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) adherends for civil engineering applications. Single lap joint (SLJ) specimens were manufactured using either epoxy (EP) or polyurethane (PUR) adhesive and exposed to the following hygrothermal and outdoor ageing conditions for up to 730 days: water and salt water immersion at 20 °C and 40 °C, continuous condensation at 40 °C, salt fog spray at 35 ºC, and outdoor ageing in Lisbon, Portugal. At predetermined times, the mechanical behaviour of the SLJs was assessed through shear tests, in a dry condition. Results obtained show that hygrothermal ageing detrimentally affected the failure load and stiffness of the SLJs made with both adhesives, although this degradation was balanced to some extent by post-curing effects and the desorption period. The magnitude of such degradation was not significantly influenced by the immersion media, but was largely affected by temperature. Outdoor ageing did not cause significant changes in terms of stiffness; for both adhesives, ultimate load presented a moderate increasing trend, with cyclic pattern, reflecting the effects of seasonal changes in weather. For both adhesives, failure always initiated in one of the GFRP adherends, regardless of the ageing process. However, ageing seemed to affect the portion of bond area with either (light) fibre-tear or adhesive failure: in EP-GFRP specimens, the area with adhesive failure (initially null) increased due to ageing, while in PUR-GFRP specimens (significant in unaged joints) it decreased. The final part of the paper presents non-linear finite element (FE) models of the SLJs; these models were developed to numerically simulate the mechanical performance of the joints and to estimate the influence of ageing on the bond vs. slip laws that describe the interaction between the GFRP adherends.
Ano: 2018
Número Páginas:
475-488.
Autor(es): Sousa, J.; Correia, J. R.; J. GONILHA; Cabral-Fonseca, S.; J.P. FIRMO; Keller, T.
Revista: Composites Part B
Editor: Elsevier Ltd
Volume:
158.
Keywords: Mechanical behavior; Natural ageing; Hygrothermal ageing; Durability; Single lap joint; Adhesively bonded joint; Epoxy adhesive; Polyurethane adhesive; Pultrusion; GFRP
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Durability of FRP - concrete bonded joints in structural rehabilitation: a review
Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composites have been the source of an increasing interest in the field of rehabilitation, namely for repair and strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. One of the most effective techniques comprises externally bonded FRP composites, in which the efficacy of rehabilitation depends considerably on the integrity and durability of the bond established between the FRP and the substrate, which is provided by a structural adhesive. This paper presents a concise review of critical durability issues associated with the structural bond between FRP and concrete for rehabilitation purposes. A number of factors determining the durability of FRP-concrete bonded joints have been identified and grouped into the following categories: materials adhesive and adherends, joint characteristics and in-service conditions. For each of those factors, the main findings obtained in previous studies are summarized and the aspects that need fuarther investigation are outlined.
Ano: 2018
Autor(es): Cabral-Fonseca, S.; Correia, J. R.; Custódio, J.; Silva, H. M.; Sousa, J.; Machado, Â.
Revista: International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives
Editor: Elsevier
Keywords: Composite; Concrete; Adhesive; Durability
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Effects of thermal cycles on adhesively bonded joints between pultruded GFRP adherends
This paper presents an experimental study about the effects of thermal cycles on adhesively bonded joints between pultruded glass fibre reinforced polyester (GFRP) adherends used in civil engineering structural applications. Single lap bonded joints were produced with two commercial polymeric adhesives - epoxy (EP) and polyurethane (PUR) - and exposed to a mild (Mediterranean) range of thermal variations (-5 °C to 40 °C) for up to 350 cycles in a dry condition. The mechanical performance of the adhesively bonded joints was assessed by means of single lap shear tests. Regardless of the inherent differences between both adhesives, results obtained show that the global effect of thermal cycles on the load vs. displacement response of EP-GFRP and PUR-GFRP joints was similar. For both adhesives, thermal cycles caused considerable reduction of joint stiffness and strength, with maximum reductions of 18% and 22% for EP-GFRP joints, respectively, and 19% and 11% for PUR GFRP joints. The degradation of performance was influenced by post-curing effects, more relevant in the PUR adhesive. Before exposure to thermal cycles, both types of specimens exhibited similar failure mechanisms, which generally (80-90% of cases) involved light fibre tear and fibre tear modes, attesting the effectiveness of the adhesion process and material compatibility. Exposure to thermal cycles did not influence the failure modes of the PUR-GFRP joints; however, EP-GFRP joints became more prone to adhesive failure after being subjected to thermal cycles. Overall, the results obtained indicate that thermal cycles degrade bonded joints between pultruded GFRP adherends; however, for the conditions used in this study, this degradation seems to be compatible with the structural use of this type of joints in civil infrastructure.
Ano: 2018
Número Páginas:
518-529.
Autor(es): Sousa, J.; Correia, J. R.; Firmo, João P.; Cabral-Fonseca, S.; J. GONILHA
Revista: Composite Structures
Editor: Elsevier Ltd
Volume:
202.
Keywords: Durability; Thermal cycles; Adesively bonded joints; Epoxy; Polyurethane; Pultruded GFRP adherends
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Some permanent effects of hygrothermal and outdoor ageing on a structural polyurethane adhesive used in civil engineering applications
This paper presents an experimental study about the effects of hygrothermal and outdoor ageing on a polyurethane (PUR) adhesive used in civil engineering applications. Small scale adhesive coupons were exposed to different types of ageing environments for up to two years: (i) immersion in demineralised water at 20 and 40 °C, (ii) immersion in salt water at 20 and 40 °C, (iii) continuous condensation environment at 40 °C, and (iv) outdoor ageing in Lisbon, Portugal. At predetermined times, after a desorption period until constant mass, the effects of such exposure on the physical and mechanical responses of the PUR adhesive was investigated using the following techniques: (i) water sorption, (ii) dynamic mechanical analyses (DMA); (iii) flexural; and (iv) in plane shear tests. The diffusion mechanisms observed were not purely Fickian; a long relaxation period was noticed, with water molecules being continuously incorporated in the adhesive until the end of the experiments; two alternative analytical modelling approaches were successfully used to simulate the diffusion processes. After immersion in water and salt water for two years, the viscoelastic behaviour of the adhesive showed signs of post-curing phenomena, and some of the physical degradation was found to be reversible due to drying, although it was not explicitly quantified; accordingly, the Tg showed increasing trends (11 14%). The mechanical properties of the adhesive showed signs of irreversible degradation mechanisms, more relevant on the in-plane shear properties, with reductions up to 26% in strength and 44% in modulus under the harsher conditions. Flexural properties also exhibited irreversible degradation, with maximum reductions up to 30% in strength and 36% in modulus. Increased temperature did not have a significant effect in the flexural and shear strength, but caused higher degradation in the corresponding moduli. The degradation caused by salt water immersion and continuous condensation was comparable to that in demineralized water immersion (at the same temperature).
Ano: 2018
Número Páginas:
406-419.
Autor(es): Sousa, J.; Correia, J. R.; Cabral-Fonseca, S.
Revista: International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives
Editor: Elsevier Ltd
Volume:
84.
Keywords: Outdoor ageing; Hygrothermal ageing; Polyurethane; Structural adhesive; Durability
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Durability of an epoxy adhesive used in civil structural applications
This paper presents an experimental study about the durability of a cold curing structural epoxy (EP) adhesive exposed to different hygrothermal and outdoor ageing environments, typical of civil engineering applications, for up to two years: water and salt water immersion at 20 °C and 40 °C, continuous condensation at 40 °C, and outdoor ageing in a mild Mediterranean climate. After specific exposure periods, changes in the following physical properties and mechanical behaviour of the adhesive were assessed: (i) media diffusion, through water uptake (in hygrothermal environments); (ii) viscoelastic behaviour, through dynamic mechanical analyses (DMA); and (iii) flexural and (iv) in plane shear behaviour. Regarding media diffusion, water uptake did not follow a Fickian behaviour and a final saturation stage was not reached; two alternative non Fickian analytical models were successfully fitted to the test data and the corresponding diffusion parameters were determined. In what concerns the viscoelastic behaviour, while continuous condensation and outdoor ageing caused negligible changes, the Tg of the adhesive generally decreased due to immersion (around 20% in water and 10% in salt water after two years); in addition, at later stages of water immersion, the tan ? curve showed significant shape differences, with the usual curve peak being replaced by two different peaks; a generalised reduction of the storage modulus at the glassy plateau was also noted. In terms of mechanical performance, such plasticization effects were visible in the flexural and shear stress strain behaviours. The flexural properties exhibited irreversible degradation, with the highest reductions (two years of ageing in water at 40 °C) being about 24% and 30% in strength and modulus, respectively. Regarding the shear properties, in hygrothermal environments the shear modulus showed similar decreasing trends to the flexural modulus (43% reduction after one year), but the shear strength increased (~25%); the outdoor ageing affected the shear properties in the same way, but the magnitudes of the changes were lower.
Ano: 2017
Número Páginas:
618-633pp.
Autor(es): Sousa, J.; Correia, J. R.; Cabral-Fonseca, S.
Revista: Construction and Building Materials
Editor: Elsevier
Volume:
161.
Keywords: Outdoor ageing; Hygrothermal ageing; Durability; Epoxy; Structural adhesive
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Creep of sandwich panels with longitudinal reinforcement ribs for civil engineering applications: Experiments and composite creep modeling
N/A
Ano: 2016
Autor(es): Garrido, M.; Correia, J. R.; Keller, T.; Cabral-Fonseca, S.
Revista: Journal of Composites for Construction
Editor: ASCE
Keywords: Glass fiber-reinforced polymer; Polyurethane foam; Composite creep model; Ribs; Composite sandwich panels
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Determining creep ratio in buried pipes for applications without pressure. Accuracy of experimental results
Abstract A buried plastic pipe undergoes deformation, but it stabilizes at the end of a certain time not exceeding two years. Thus, there is an interest in determining the extrapolated creep of structured wall plastic pipes at 2 years. The main goal of this work is to present information regarding the assessment of results and their accuracy, based both on the requirements of the product standard [3] and on the uncertainty of the tests.
Ano: 2016
Número Páginas:
8893pp..
Autor(es): Real, L. P.
Revista: Polymer Testing
Editor: Elsevier
Volume:
volume 49.
Keywords: Uncertainty; Structured-wall piping systems; Non-pressure buried pipes; Creep
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Durability of glass fibre reinforced polymer pultruded profiles: comparision between QUV accelerated exposure and natural weathering in a mediterranean climate
N/A
Ano: 2016
Número Páginas:
207-219pp.
Autor(es): Sousa, J.; Correia, J. R.; Cabral-Fonseca, S.
Revista: Experimental Techniques
Editor: Wiley
Volume:
40.
Keywords: Experimental tests; Durability; Artificial accelerated ageing (QUV); Natural ageing; GFRP
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Effects of thermal cycles on the mechanical response of pultruded GFRP profiles used in civil engineering applications
This paper presents a literature review and results of an experimental study about the effects of thermal cycles on the physical and mechanical properties of pultruded glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) profiles used in civil engineering structural applications. The GFRP profiles used in this study present similar fibre architecture, differing only in their matrix nature: unsaturated polyester and vinylester. Small-scale coupons obtained from both types of GFRP profiles were exposed to a Mediterranean range of thermal variations (-5 °C to 40 °C) for up to 190 cycles in a dry condition. The effects of such exposure on the physical and mechanical response of the GFRP materials were assessed and compared using the following experimental techniques: (a) dynamic mechanical analyses (DMA) to assess the viscoelastic behaviour; (b) tensile, flexural and interlaminar shear tests, to evaluate the mechanical properties; and (c) scanning electron microscopy (SEM), to monitor the potential changes in the microstructure due to the degradation (if any) caused by the thermal cycles, as well as the possible changes into the main mechanisms of fracture. After exposure to thermal cycles, the viscoelastic behaviour of the GFRP profiles presented only slight changes, indicating no significant degradation, neither in the matrix structure nor at the fibre-matrix interphase. In terms of mechanical properties, both types of GFRP materials suffered slight changes regarding tensile and interlaminar shear properties. Flexural properties were more affected, particularly the flexural modulus, especially in the first cycles, as degradation tended to stabilize for increasing cycles. The GFRP profile made of vinylester resin presented better overall performance than the one made of polyester, especially regarding the tensile properties. SEM observations of the surfaces of fracture of mechanically tested pultruded specimens showed two main mechanisms of crack propagation: cohesive rupture (matrix cracking), where the crack propagates inside the matrix, and adhesive rupture (fibre-matrix debonding), where the crack propagates at the interface fibre-matrix. Degradation of the polyester matrix caused by the thermal cycles is evidenced by extensive matrix microcracking and increased fibre-matrix debonding. The vinylester matrix resists better to such degradation as fibre-matrix debonding occurs in less extent, and matrix microcracking is scarcely present.
Ano: 2014
Número Páginas:
12.
Autor(es): Sousa, J.; Correia, J. R.; Cabral-Fonseca, S.; Diogo, A.
Revista: Composite Structures
Editor: Elsevier
Volume:
116.
Keywords: Experimental tests; Polyester; Vinylester; Thermal cycles; Durability; Gfrp
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Comunicações
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Degradação de perfis pultrudidos de GFRP em ambientes marítimos
Neste artigo apresenta-se resultados de um estudo experimental, ainda em curso, sobre a durabilidade em ambientes marítimos de perfis pultrudidos de GFRP, constituídos por resinas de poliéster insaturado e viniléster reforçadas com fibra de vidro. Diversos provetes foram submetidos a imersão durante 12 meses em (i) água desionizada e (ii) água salgada, a diferentes temperaturas (20 ºC, 40 ºC e 60 ºC), e a (iii) nevoeiro salino durante 2000 horas, após o que as suas propriedades físicas, químicas, mecânicas e estéticas foram avaliadas.
Ano: 2010
Autor(es): Cabral-Fonseca, S.; Correia, J. R.; Carreiro, A.; Costa, R.; Rodrigues, M. P.; Eusébio, M. I.; Branco, F. A.
Keywords: Envelhecimento; Ambientes marítimos; Durabilidade; Perfis de gfrp
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Evaluation of recycled hdpe for pipe applications
To assess the quality of polyethylene pipes compounded with recycled polyethylene for applications in drainage and sewerage, several analysis techniques were applied, some of them being not previewed in the performance characteristics standards. The measured physical, chemical and mechanical properties of raw-materials, intermediate compounds and final products, were used to evaluate the performance of the different formulations, allowing to an understanding of the thermo-mechanical effects of the several transformation processes. The analysis of the results will help us to optimising the manufacture parameters and to check the formulations, in view of its upgrading. The effect of a nanoclay was also studied. INTRODUCTION
Ano: 2010
Número Páginas:
1.
Autor(es): Sampaio, M. O.; Real, L. P.
Editor: LNEC/ MoDeSt Hellenic Organizing Committee
Keywords: Formulations; Drainage; Nanoclay; Recycled; Pipes; Hdpe
Marca de Qualidade Qualicoat. Licença 820. 2Inspecção
Marca de Qualidade Qualicoat. Renovação da homologação. P-0467. CIN
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Reabilitação de estruturas com materiais compósitos de matriz polimérica reforçados com fibras
Neste artigo é abordado o tema da utilização de materiais compósitos de matriz polimérica reforçados com fibras na reabilitação de estruturas. Procuraram-se sistematizar os motivos que têm conduzido ao sucesso da aplicação desta família de materiais, designadamente por darem aos projectistas a possibilidade de construir soluções por medida que se adeqúem aos requisitos específicos de uma dada aplicação.
Ano: 2010
Autor(es): Cabral-Fonseca, S.
Editor: LNEC
Keywords: Polímeros reforçados com fibras; Materiais compósitos; Reabilitação
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Resistência a variações de temperatura cíclicas de perfis pultrudidos de poliéster e de viniléster reforçados com fibras de vidro
Neste artigo apresentam-se resultados da apreciação da resistência a variações térmicas de dois tipos de perfis estruturais fabricados por pultrusão e reforçados com fibras de vidro, que diferem na natureza da sua matriz: poliéster insaturado e viniléster. Este trabalho encontra-se inserido num projecto de investigação em curso, cujo objectivo é analisar a durabilidade deste tipo de produtos, utilizados em aplicações estruturais na Engenharia Civil.
Ano: 2010
Autor(es): Cabral-Fonseca, S.; Correia, J. R.; Carreiro, A.; Costa, R.; Rodrigues, M. P.; Branco, F. A.
Keywords: Poliéster e viniléster; Ciclos térmicos; Durabilidade; Polímeros reforçados com fibras de vidro
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Ageing of PVC for outdoor applications: role of water and inorganic fillers
In most of polymer ageing studies conducted at laboratory, there is a trend to underestimate some of the parameters involved in natural exposure, leading to poor simulation results and low reliability of the real world phenomena. Moreover, the nature of polymer and its formulation should be taken into account due to possible synergies and antagonisms between environment and polymer additives. Among the underestimated parameters, we can stress the role of ambient humidity and inorganic fillers. These additives are usually considered to be inert regarding the degradation induced by radiation. In this work, four different PVC formulations, designed for outdoor applications, in the form of calendered films were submitted to artificial accelerated ageing under different radiation sources, without and with spray of water, and to natural exposure. The influence of the different photo-oxidation conditions was evaluated by means of Xray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIRS). The photo-oxidation of PVC can be studied by FTIR measurements following the formation of oxidation products of carbonyl type, due to radical attack to the double bonds in the molecular structure of PVC, enhanced by radiation and temperature. Results have shown that relative rates of PVC degradation reactions are different under different photo-oxidative conditions. XPS results show that, in technical PVC formulations, the fraction of chloride ion trapped in the inorganic filler is a better parameter to measure the PVC degradation (measured by the yellowing index variation) than the amount of total remaining (or lost) chlorine in the surface. When the ageing method includes water jets, the top superficial layer made from the inorganic filler and the organic products from the PVC degradation is removed and leaves behind a much more homogeneous layer which is more resistant towards ageing than the as processed one that contains defects introduced by the calendering process. XPS also makes clear that zinc-calcium additive is a better thermal stabilizer than the dibutyltinmaleate and the presence of the tinuvin P retards the PVC degradation. The best simulation of the natural weathering of such PVC materials in laboratory conditions needs to consider, besides the light, the intervention of water jets and/or humidity as well as the existence of light and dark periods.
Ano: 2009
Número Páginas:
10 pp.
Autor(es): Real, L. P.; A.M. Ferraria; Rego, A. M. B.
Editor: Thomas Reichert
Keywords: Yellowing; Pvc; Ftir; Weathering; Xps
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Ageing of PVC for Outdoor Applications: Role of Water and Inorganic Fillers
In most of polymer ageing studies conducted at laboratory, there is a trend to subestimate some of the parameters involved in natural exposure, leading to a poor simulation results and low reliability of the real world phenomena. Moreover the nature of polymer and its formulation should be taken into account due to possible synergies and antagonisms between environment and polymer additives. Among the subestimated parameters, we can stress the role of ambient humidity and inorganic fillers. These last additives are usually considered to be inert regarding the degradation induced by radiation. In this work we used X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIRS) to evaluate the influence of the different photo-oxidation conditions. Different PVC formulations, designed for outdoor applications, in the form of calendered films, were submitted to artificial accelerated ageing under different radiation sources, with and without water spray, and also to natural exposure in Lisbon. Usually, PVC degradation is evaluated by dosing evolved chlorine under the form of HCl or Cl2. XPS results show that, in technical PVC formulations, the fraction of chloride ions trapped in the inorganic filler is a better parameter to measure the PVC degradation (measured by the yellowing index variation) than the total lost (or remaining) chlorine in the surface. FTIRS measurements were used to follow the formation of oxidation products of the carbonyl type, which are due to radical attack on the double bonds in the molecular structure of PVC. Results show that relative rates of PVC degradation reactions are different under different photo-oxidative conditions. Combination of XPS and FTIRS analyses have shown that the best simulations of the natural weathering of such PVC materials under laboratory conditions needs to consider, besides the light, the intervention of water jets and/or humidity as well as the existence of light and dark periods.
Ano: 2009
Número Páginas:
213-222.
Autor(es): Real, L. P.
Editor: EWS
Keywords: Xps; Weathering; Durability; Pvc
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Chemical and thermal characterization of road bitumen ageing
N/A
Ano: 2009
Número Páginas:
8.
Autor(es): Sá-da-Costa, M.; Farcas,F.; Luís F. Santos; Eusébio, M. I.; Diogo, A.
Editor: em CD
Keywords: Dsc; Hp-gpc; Ftir; Sara; Bitumen ageing
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Durability of epoxy adhesives used to bond CFRP laminates to concrete structures
An experimental program was undertaken to evaluate the durability of three commercial epoxy adhesives used for bonding repairing and strengthening Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastics (CFRP) to concrete structures. The changes in physical and mechanical properties after exposure for up to 18 months under different environmental conditions are reported and discussed.
Ano: 2009
Número Páginas:
8.
Autor(es): Cabral-Fonseca, S.; Nunes, J. P.; Rodrigues, M. P.; Eusébio, M. I.
Editor: em CD
Keywords: Durability; Cfrp; Adhesives; Epoxy; Concrete; Rehabilitation
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Informações Científicas e Técnicas
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Estatística de ensaios interlaboratoriais - Tratamento e avaliação de resultados experimentais
Os resultados experimentais, obtidos através da medição de propriedades dos materiais e produtos, requerem tratamento específico e adequado, de forma a garantir a sua qualidade. É por isso muitas vezes necessário recorrer a métodos estatísticos para fazer a análise do tipo de distribuição dos resultados, proceder à deteção de valores suspeitos num conjunto de observações e à eventual rejeição de resultados anómalos. Este tipo de tratamento estatístico é principalmente adequado a ensaios de intercomparação, quer do foro metrológico (comparação de valores de padrões ou materiais de referência, mediante medição efetuada por operadores de diferentes laboratórios metrológicos, com incerteza variável), quer do âmbito dos laboratórios de ensaio. Os ensaios de Comparação Interlaboratorial realizados por laboratórios de ensaio, constituem uma ferramenta de garantia da Qualidade e são utilizados para a validação de métodos de ensaio (incerteza e robustez) e como um meio para a determinação das características de desempenho dos laboratórios, nomeadamente da reprodutibilidade e da repetibilidade. Nesta publicação faz-se uma descrição dos vários parâmetros que devem ser determinados em ensaios interlaboratoriais do tipo Intercomparações com valor de consenso e respetivos métodos de cálculo. A estatística aqui apresentada pode, numa boa parte dos casos, ser também aplicada à análise de resultados de medições experimentais correntes.
Ano: 2015
Autor(es): Real, L. P.
Keywords: Garantia de qualidade; Método estatístico; Ensaio interlaboratorial
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Weathering and polymer degradation - Review article
The main purpose of this Paper is to present a state of the art about weathering and polymer degradation. This review was presented during a training course promoted by the 5th European Weathering Symposium EWS (XXVIIth Colloquium of Danubian Countries on Natural and Artificial Ageing of Polymers), which was held in Lisbon on September 21 - 23, 2011, organised on behalf of CEEES (Confederation of European Environmental Engineering Societies) by the German Management Society for Environmental Engineering GUS (Gesellschaft für Umweltsimulation e.V.) and supported by SOPSAR (Sociedade Portuguesa de Simulação Ambiental e de Avaliação de Riscos), APIP (Associação Portuguesa da Indústria de Plásticos) and LNEC (Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil). The main topics of this review are the weathering of polymers and composites, the determination, simulation and effects of relevant climatic quantities, innovative polymer additives, new test procedures and devices, instrumental methods of analysis to evaluate polymer degradation, recent developments in polymeric materials and composites designed for outdoor applications and methods for service-life prediction.
Ano: 2012
Número Páginas:
135pp.
Autor(es): Real, L. P.
Editor: LNEC
Keywords: Durability of construction materials; Construction materials degradation; Materials construction weathering; Composite materials; Polymer
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