Publicações

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External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) are frequently used to enhance the energy efficiency of the built environment. However, stains of presumable biological nature are often detected shortly after application, causing cladding defacement and altering the building aesthetics. To address which microbiota could contribute to these biodeterioration related color/aesthetic anomalies, samples collected from stains detected on the surface of building facades with ETICS in three residential sites in Lisbon, Portugal, were analyzed through microbiological culture-dependent technique and culture-independent amplicon DNA high throughput sequencing taxonomic profiling. The obtained data provided a comprehensive description of microbial communities assigned to diverse taxa of the major microbial groups of heterotrophic bacteria, fungi, cyanobacteria, and microalgae (through DNA plastid detection) in the sampled stains. Based on that, we propose that new microorganisms could be added to the list of bio-susceptibility testing organisms in ETICS. Furthermore, microbiota diversity depended more on facade location and cardinal orientation than on ETICS material composition. Overall, this study reveals the unique microbial communities of color/aesthetic biodeterioration stains in ETICS facades, unlike those of other surfaces, and the associated environmental dynamics.

External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) are widely used constructive solutions which aim at enhancing the building thermal performance. Nevertheless, ETICS can often present anomalies (e.g., stains and microcracks) throughout their service life, and vandalism actions, as in the case of graffiti, are rather common in urban areas. The removal of undesired graffiti is generally carried out through invasive chemical

Traditional carpentry joints can be found worldwide in many timber truss structures connecting rafter and tie beam. One failure mode of this connection result from shear in the tie beam beyond the notch either due to bad design or deterioration. In this article, the reduction in shear strength of Single Step Joints (SSJ) resulting from biological attack by anobiids was analysed. For this purpose, tests were carried out in non-degraded scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) specimens (reference) and compared to artificially degraded specimens with three different levels of degradation. The reduction of shear resistance was analysed in relation to the density of holes drilled during the degradation simulation, the loss of mass, and the reduction of the shear-resistant area. At lower degradation levels, no significant reduction in shear strength was observed. On the other hand, the linear regression shows a trend of resistance reduction with increasing degradation. Despite the relatively low coefficient of determination (r2

Post-insulating existing buildings is a promising solution for reducing operational CO2 emissions from the European built environment. Nonetheless, its efficacy is unclear when traditional and historic massive walls are considered, especially in Southern Europe.This study employs a validated and calibrated dynamic hygrothermal simulation model to assess indoor comfort and energy demands in a public library with thick stone masonry walls and intermittent occupation, considering three Southern European climates: Porto, Lisbon, and Bologna. Five insulation materials, including three thermal mortars and two conventional materials (Hydrophobic Mineral Wool and Expanded Polystyrene), are compared using internal and external insulation solutions. Thin insulation systems (4 cm) with moderate thermal resistance (Rt = 0.3

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No âmbito da reabilitação de um bairro de habitação social construído nos anos 80, constituído por 27 blocos de frações, foi desenvolvido um estudo de investigação com vista à avaliação das condições de conforto térmico no interior de várias frações constituintes do referido bairro, assim como da perceçãotérmica dos seus ocupantes, antes e após a intervenção de reabilitação.

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To reach European climate neutrality by 2050, the strategic importance of retrofitting the existing building stock is clear. For this scope, thermal rendering systems have emerged as a very feasible solution for historic and traditionally constructed walls. Nonetheless, a definitive guideline for the selection of suitable solutions for the application in this context is not yet available. This research aims at providing recommendations for the choice of hygric-compatible solutions in an early-stage design, for the context of temperate climates with mild winters. In this study, the massive masonry walls of three historic buildings located in Portugal and Italy are considered. Mono-dimensional hygrothermal simulations are validated against the data measured on-site. Simulations are then used to evaluate the impact of thermal renders on the walls, in comparison to more common insulation materials. Two moisture-related risks are considered: moisture accumulation and reduction of drying. This investigation shows that, for traditional porous walls, retrofitted configurations should be simulated not only under typical operational conditions but also considering a very high initial water content in the wall substrate, when the insulation is applied. Otherwise, moisture-related risks may be overlooked. Recommendations on the choice of thermal rendering systems are provided.

The identification of the main degradation agents and knowledge of the degradation mechanisms and long-term performance of ETICSs are of fundamental importance for the sustainable and efficient use of these systems. This review article presents the state of the art related to the durability of ETICSs, defining the required bases for their sustainable and efficient use. The aim is to identify the most common anomalies detected on ETICS façades and their causes, to overview the performance of ETICS, their performance parameters and requirements and to identify the most significant degradation mechanisms and the related failure modes. The results show that ETICS application is a key aspect in the performance and durability of the system, since most of the anomalies can be prevented with proper design, execution and appropriate assembly of the system components. The greatest drawbacks lie in dealing with enhancing the water resistance over time, which leads to extensive cases of anomalies, and improving the mechanical and thermal performance during the life cycle. Further research is needed to evaluate the synergistic effect of several degradation agents and mechanisms toward a development in optimized durability assessment methodologies for ETICSs.

Os revestimentos de paredes antigas têm uma imensa diversidade de materiais, texturas, cores e estilos e são como tal testemunhos da técnica, ciência e cultura ao longo da sua vida útil, contando a história da evolução através das intervenções sofridas.Na presente comunicação descrevem-se as principais estratégias de intervenção em revestimentos históricos e as opções mais relevantes a fazer em cada caso, expõem-se os critérios a ter em conta para fundamentar as opções tomadas e referem-se algumas das técnicas a usar, referindo as vantagens e desvantagens mais significativas e as lacunas de conhecimento existentes.

Grouting mortars for consolidation of historical renders showing loss of adhesionMartha Lins Tavares1, Mª Rosário Veiga2, Ana Fragata31Restorer, Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon, Portugal, marthal@lnec.pt2 Civil Engineer, Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon, Portugal, rveiga@lnec.pt3 Civil Engineer, Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon, Portugal, afragata@lnec.ptAbstract - Loss of adhesion is one of the main forms of degradation of old renders, in the form of separation of different render layers or between render and substrate, producing anomalies, such as debonding, detachment, cracks and lacuna on the render. In the present paper a study developed at LNEC

The study of renderings within conservation practice has acquired in recent years major technical and methodological advances. These are important elements of structures: as well as having a protective function, they have a decorative function of great relevance to the image of monuments, representing a value for the history of materials and technology used in each period.Exterior coatings are particularly exposed to climatic actions and environmental and mechanical impact so they are usually the first elements to suffer damage.The indiscriminate removal of old renders during the restoration works is still a common practice, however, whenever possible, the conservation and repair should be the first option, for ethical, historicand scientific reasons.If conservation of renders is not possible, for instance due to the extent and intensity of damage, it is important to use substitution products compatible with the substrate and with pre-existent mortars.When monuments and classified buildings are concerned, a study of the building should be carried out and the substitution render composition must be selected as similar as possible to the original. On theother hand, for current old buildings, compatibility (physical, chemical and esthetic compatibility) is the most important issue and industrial mortars, specially conceived for old buildings, may be a good option.In this paper some industrial mortars based on lime, conceived for old buildings

The study of renderings within conservation practice has acquired in recent years major technical andmethodological advances. These are important elements of structures: as well as having a protectivefunction, they have a decorative function of great relevance to the image of monuments, representing avalue for the history of materials and technology used in each period.Exterior coatings are particularly exposed to climatic actions and environmental and mechanicalimpact so they are usually the first elements to suffer damage.The indiscriminate removal of old renders during the restoration works is still a common practice,however, whenever possible, the conservation and repair should be the first option, for ethical, historicand scientific reasons.If conservation of renders is not possible, for instance due to the extent and intensity of damage, it isimportant to use substitution products compatible with the substrate and with pre-existent mortars.When monuments and classified buildings are concerned, a study of the building should be carried outand the substitution render composition must be selected as similar as possible to the original. On theother hand, for current old buildings, compatibility (physical, chemical and esthetic compatibility) isthe most important issue and industrial mortars, specially conceived for old buildings, may be a goodoption.In this paper some industrial mortars based on lime, conceived for old buildings

Salt crystallization in substitution renders for historical constructionsAna Fragata1, Maria do Rosário Veiga2, Ana Luísa Velosa31 Buildings Department, Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC), Portugal, afragata@lnec.pt2 Buildings Department, Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC), Portugal, rveiga@lnec.pt3 Department of civil Engineering, Universidade de Aveiro, GeoBic, Portugal, avelosa@ua.ptAbstract In Portugal, rehabilitation and conservation interventions are assumed of increasing relevance. Renders are used as decorative and protective coats, acting as sacrificial layers, particularly exposed to climatic actions and mechanical and environmental impact, becoming the most vulnerable constituents of historical buildings. Incompatible repair render solutions are still being specified, nowadays, for old buildings, not taking into account the specific situation, the background and the pre-existing materials. Salt damage is one of the major causes of renders decay, not only near the sea but also in continental areas. One of the most abundant and common salts present in walls is sodium chloride. The crystal growth is usually induced by changes in ambient temperature or relative humidity. These salts can appear in the walls from different sources: from the ground due to rising damp, carried by the wind as salt spray, flooding or originally present in materials, like unwashed beach sand or due to the salt transport behaviour of the substrate/render and the surrounding ambience severity (temperature and relative humidity) producing salt crystallization. In this paper an experimental laboratory campaign was developed with perforated red bricks rendered on both sides with four different render compositions and different permeability, submitted to capillary absorption in a sodium chloride solution. Particular attention is given to the influence of different renders solutions when contaminated with NaCl and along the several dissolution-crystalization cycles: (a) in the location of sodium chloride crystallization in the specimens; (b) crystallization quantification of different specimens. The final goal is to understand the relation between the more or less permeable renders and NaCl dissolution-crystallization cycles damage mechanisms, in order propose possible solutions to stop or slow down the salt decay process in walls contaminated with this salt and subjected to changes in ambient temperature and relative humidity.

O isolamento térmico da envolvente e, em particular, das zonas opacas das fachadas, tem um peso significativo no desempenho energético dos edifícios, no seu conforto térmico e higrotérmico e na durabilidade da estrutura e das alvenarias. Os Sistemas Compósitos de Isolamento Térmico pelo Exterior, conhecidos pela sigla ETICS, a partir da terminologia inglesa, são uma das soluções de isolamento térmico da envolvente vertical com maior aceitação, pela sua eficácia, versatilidade arquitectónica e relativa facilidade de aplicação. Nesta comunicação analisa-se a influência das características de cada componente no comportamento global dos ETICS, com base em estudos realizados pelo LNEC.

Energy consumption, comfort and indoor living space quality have gained increased significance with the approval (2001) of the European

Many historical buildings with renders based in air lime still exist in Portugal. These old mortars have proved to be durable and reliable materials. However, new lime mortars prepared nowadays to be used in conservation practice, often present low strength in comparison with cement mortars. The aggregates influence significantly the structure and behaviour of these mortars; apart from the different types of aggregates, as their mineralogy is concerned, the maximum size and their gradation, influence the structure of a binder-aggregate mixture. The aggregates added to a binding system have an influence on the volume stability, durability and structural performance, depending on the nature of rock, its mineral composition, particle shape and size distribution. With the restriction of the extraction of sand from rivers, due to environmental reasons, the aggregate proceeding from crushed calcareous rock becomes a serious alternative. Besides, calcareous aggregate has a chemical affinity with lime binder and it has been found in durable ancient mortars, thus it is a potential good solution. In this paper the role of different aggregates on the behaviour of lime mortars is examined, by studying the influence of different nature (Tagus river siliceous sand and crushed calcareous sand) and different size distributions, varying the filler contents. For that purpose a set of mortars with volumetric proportion of 1:3 (lime:aggregate), using silicious sand from Tagus river or calcareous sand and including different volume percentages of aggregate replacement by filler (0% of incorporation, 5% of incorporation, 10% of incorporation), were prepared. Tagus river sand is a natural sand often used for renders in the region of Lisbon. To permit comparison, the grain size distribution of the basic calcareous aggregate was adjusted to be similar to this siliceous sand. The percentages of filler added were based in previous studies, taking into consideration the improvement of mechanical resistance and water behaviour, but controlling the shrinkage. An evaluation of the main characteristics of this set of mortars was made in terms of: i) hygric behaviour (water absorption by capillarity), and ii) mechanical resistance (flexural and compressive strength and elastic modulus). This study aims to assess the viability and possible advantages of using calcareous aggregate in lime mortars and to evaluate the possibility of improving characteristics through a better compaction obtained by the incorporation of different ratios of filler.

Muitos rebocos antigos, cuidadosamente executados e aplicados segundo as regras da boa arte, tinhamgrande resistência e durabilidade; a atestá-lo estão muitos exemplos com séculos de existência, quechegaram aos nossos dias em bom estado de conservação.As texturas e cores tão características, os materiais seleccionados, a tecnologia usada - a boa arte deexecutar e aplicar, cujos segredos são, hoje, difíceis de penetrar -, o bom funcionamento global dasparedes gerado pela compatibilidade de materiais e de soluções construtivas, merecem ser preservados,não só porque fazem parte da nossa história e da nossa memória colectiva e caracterizam ambientes,mas tambem porque são importantes objectos de estudo da própria história dos materiais e dastecnologias da construção.Assim, nas intervenções em revestimentos de edifícios antigos deve optar-se pelo tipo de intervençãomenos intrusiva possível, respeitando critérios definidos cientificamente e seleccionando as técnicas e osmateriais de acordo com requisitos de compatibilidade.No presente trabalho, descrevem-se brevemente os revestimentos antigos de edifícios com base emargamassas; analisam-se as opções de intervenção e definem-se os critérios gerais a ter em conta na suaselecção; faz-se referência aos métodos experimentais de diagnóstico de anomalias de rebocos antigosusados actualmente no LNEC; indicam-se as soluções correntes adoptadas em rebocos de substituição eapresentam-se resultados experimentais a partir dos quais se apontam as principais vantagens e riscosde cada solução; apontam-se alguns parâmetros de aplicação e discute-se a sua influência nodesempenho final do revestimento.

Pretende-se, com a presente comunicação, apresentar os resultados de ensaios de sucção do vento realizados sobre sistemas betuminosos de impermeabilização de coberturas fixados mecanicamente, com base nos quais se define o respectivo campo de aplicação.

This book provides insights regarding the involvement of teenagers in the co-creation of public open spaces. It brings together conceptual reflections and an exploratory case study in Lisbon. It is an attempt to point out the intangible benefits of engaging young people in placemaking to academics, practitioners, policymakers, students, and all parties concerned with urban development. This book aims at inspiring progressive placemaking and co-creation processes. It attempts to reframe the debate on how vulnerable members of the community access public spaces, what their needs are, and what their response would be to a more people-centred urban design. It is with respect to these points that the book Territorial capacity and inclusion: Co-creating a public space with teenagers explores and analyses the engagement of teenagers in the production of public spaces. A group who rarely have opportunities to be heard and for their views to be considered. On these particular matters, the teenagers

Personal well-being, health and productivity of building occupants depend to a large extent on available thermal and visual conditions.Thermal and visual requirements have changed across centuries. Last century, as a result of the economic growth that occurred in developed societies, the satisfaction of those requirements gained importance. In a society and period where energy was abundant and cheap, the easiest way to provide desired indoor conditions consisted in the systematic use of artificial conditioning (AC) and electric lighting. As a consequence, resulting energy consumption became significant.Actually, the growing tendency for the use of AC systems, particularly in office buildings, transports and, more recently, in residential buildings and the systematic and the permanent use of electric lighting proceed.Although this fact may derive from a change in user comfort requirements and expectations, they may also reveal design and lifestyle trends conducting to unsustainable options concerning construction, rehabilitation and everyday use of buildings.As a matter of fact, some contradictory aspects can be detect: intolerance in relation to exterior/interior climate variations, the option of non-climate-conscious building solutions and the creation of controlled indoor climates which frequently do not provide the desired well-being conditions (in working, leisure or living places) and unnecessary and excessive energy consumption...

Mortars and sustainabilityMortars are construction materials composed of three main constituents: aggregates,binders, and water. There are other constituents that can be added to improve ormodify the mortars

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The challenge of creating places that promote place attachment, a sense of belonging and community identity peaks in places of super-diversity. Super-diversity commonly generates a fragmented society due to variegated cultural backgrounds, language and weak social bonds and civic activities. An increasingly wide and plural scenario is a challenge for place attachment. In such super-diverse places, largely due to immigration, new socio-spatial patterns and identities arise, posing a particular challenge for public space design. Placemaking, as a bottom-up and people-centred process of improving the liveability of cities through collaboration and community participation, could counter these challenges. It ideally creates a virtuous cycle in which the community transforms and reshapes spaces. Community engagement and a holistic focus on a sense of place are key components of placemaking, which in turn bears a great potential for empowerment. Moreover, placemaking approaches can potentially contribute to co-creation of physical and social spaces that bring locals and immigrants to interact with each other and to connect to the environment. This co-creation and engagement in a super-diverse context can be fostered through digital and mobile technologies, such as social media. This chapter discusses some of the challenges and opportunities posed to placemaking and place design in super-diverse urban contexts. The question that arises is: How can placemaking benefit from super-diversity to create place attachment and mutual benefits for the communities? As an inspiring discussion, the chapter considers some of the challenges posed by the current redesigning process of Martim Moniz Square in Lisbon

The challenge of creating places that promote place attachment, a sense of belonging and community identity peaks in places of super-diversity. Super-diversity commonly generates a fragmented society due to variegated cultural backgrounds, language and weak social bonds and civic activities. An increasingly wide and plural scenario is a challenge for place attachment. In such super-diverse places, largely due to immigration, new socio-spatial patterns and identities arise, posing a particular challenge for public space design. Placemaking, as a bottom-up and people-centred process of improving the liveability of cities through collaboration and community participation, could counter these challenges. It ideally creates a virtuous cycle in which the community transforms and reshapes spaces. Community engagement and a holistic focus on a sense of place are key components of placemaking, which in turn bears a great potential for empowerment. Moreover, placemaking approaches can potentially contribute to co-creation of physical and social spaces that bring locals and immigrants to interact with each other and to connect to the environment. This co-creation and engagement in a super-diverse context can be fostered through digital and mobile technologies, such as social media. This chapter discusses some of the challenges and opportunities posed to placemaking and place design in super-diverse urban contexts. The question that arises is: How can placemaking benefit from super-diversity to create place attachment and mutual benefits for the communities? As an inspiring discussion, the chapter considers some of the challenges posed by the current redesigning process of Martim Moniz Square in Lisbon

The EFFICACY HANDBOOK is a comprehensive guide that addresses critical aspects of energy efficiency and sustainability in building design. It covers a broad spectrum of topics, including understanding energy demands, addressing energy poverty, making informed choices about thermal insulation materials and retrofit solutions, considering the impact of climate change, and preparing for future scenarios. It also provides strategies for effectively engaging target groups.With this publication, the multidisciplinary team of the Efficacy project intends to synthesize and provide the main results of the project, which was completed in September 2023, regarding the Energy eFFiciency buIlding and CirculAr eConomY for thermal insulation solutions. It also includes some insights from the final workshop and technical guidelines. The main topics covered in this work are the following:- Energy poverty (EP) and energy demands- Choice of thermal insulation materials and retrofit solutions- Climate change and future scenarios- Target groups engagementWe hope that this publication will be a relevant contribution to the development of criteria for thermal insulation systems and that the results and guidelines presented here will be useful for all professionals involved in the building energy efficiency and climate change.

This chapter proposes an introductory conceptual framework to better understand some aspects of everyday relations of people and spaces. From the perspective of anthropology of space, it first provides a reflection on issues that are important for understanding these relationships, to then, in a second step, address the relevance of walking as a method to trigger a sensitive path. This chapter aims to raise the interest for urban planning that is more attentive to the multidimensionality of socio-territorial relations. To explore the sensitiveness of urban space it is important to consider (a) the perspective of users in terms of symbolic dimensions, socio-spatial and cultural practices, and sense of happiness and well-being; (b) the articulation between behavioural dimensions, sociocultural dynamics and the environment; (c) the approximation of concepts and categories to understand space from the perspective of different disciplines. Keywords - Attentiveness, socio-territorial relations, walking, urban planning

Resumo: Ambiente construído é um conceito amplo e difuso; talvez essa seja uma de suas virtudes capitais. A pesquisa nessa área de fronteiras tão impre­cisas permite abordagens de temas, escalas e métodos diversificados. Neste livro, a reunião de ensaios feitos por pesquisadores de diferentes países sobre variados tópicos, com apropriações metodológicas tão diversas, reafirma o caráter múltiplo desse campo. Nesta ótica, destaca-se o papel de uma observação sistemática e minuciosa das complexas interações que resultam da relação entre os múltiplos e diversificados usos dos espaços públicos urbanos, as apropriações, contra apropriações, representações do espaço e respectivas tem­poralidades envolvidas, considerando a sua ligação com propostas arquitetônico-urbanísticas de desenho e intervenção. Este livro é o registro de um momento do campo, mas também representa a possibilidade de novas incursões que podem alargar suas fronteiras. Abstract: Built environment is a broad and diffuse concept; perhaps this is one of its capital virtues. Research in this area of such inaccurate bound­aries allows approaches from diverse themes, scales and methods. In this book, the gathering of essays by researchers from different countries on various topics, with such diverse methodological ap­propriations, reaffirms the multiple character of this field. In this perspective, it highlights the role of a systematic and thorough observation of the complex interactions that result from the relationship between the multiple and diverse uses of urban public spaces, appropriations, against appropriations, representations of space and respective temporalities involved, considering their connection with architectural-urbanistic proposals of design and intervention. This book registers a specific moment in the field but it also rep­resents the possibility of further inroads that may broaden its borders.

As praças de uma cidade são espaços públicos consagrados historicamente à vida coletiva. Nesta publicação estão reunidos artigos que têm algumas importantes praças da área central da cidade do Rio de Janeiro como tema de estudo. As praças são analisadas a partir de suas dimensões material e simbólica, como produtos de ações que perpassam vários projetos para o espaço público. São destacadas as praças XV de novembro; Tiradentes; Mauá e Onze -esta última, já não mais existente fisicamente. As praças, portanto, se afirmam como estruturas espaciais de destaque no ambiente construído e como lugar para a representação da memória em tempos de constantes transformações. - The city's squares are public spaces historically dedicated to collective life. This publication brings together articles that have some important squares in the central area of the city of Rio de Janeiro as their subject of study. The squares are analyzed from their material and symbolic dimensions, as products of actions that permeate various projects for public space. There are highlighted the squares XV de Novembro; Tiradentes, Mauá and Onze - the latter, no longer physically existing. The squares, therefore, assert themselves as prominent spatial structures in the built environment and as a place for the representation of memory in times of constant transformation

A partir de uma incursão teórica sobre a noção de memória social, investiga-se como esta tem sido um recurso para incrementar a conexão das pessoas com os rios urbanos. A reflexão realiza-se no âmbito do estudo de caso presentemente em curso em Lisboa e que se dedica à investigação do contributo da memória no resgate da paisagem fluvial para o imaginário social e urbano contemporâneo. Para o efeito, aqui parte-se da relação da memória com os espaços materiais, naturais e mentais das sociedades humanas ligados à recordação de experiências passadas. Neste sentido, explora-se o seu contributo para recuperar os cursos de água para o imaginário social e urbano contemporâneo. Analisa-se como a memória tem sido discutida relativamente aos rios urbanos e que, em decorrência da iminência de riscos e de situações de catástrofes associadas ao sistema fluvial urbano, se tem destacado como recurso para a criação de dinâmicas de adaptação e resiliência. Seguidamente, analisam-se iniciativas que, fazendo recurso à memória ligada aos rios, contribuem para sensibilizar e influenciar a conexão das pessoas com os cursos de água em meio urbano, ainda que isto possa ser sugestivamente. Palavras-chave - Memória social, paisagem fluvial, imaginário social e urbano

O livro RIOS URBANOS NA IBERO-AMÉRICA - CASOS, CONTEXTOS E EXPERIÊNCIAS apresenta o primeiro conjunto de reflexões produzidos no âmbito da rede temática Ibero-americana RUN

Coimbra apresenta um elevado valor arquitetónico demonstrado pelos 36 imóveis, conjuntos ou sítios (22 monumentos nacionais e 14 imóveis de interesse público) actualmente classificados (DGPC, 2015) sendo a maioria deles localizados no Centro Histórico de Coimbra (CHC) e zona alta da cidade.No âmbito do projecto POCI/HEC/60371/2004

A relação entre património material (arquitetónico) e imaterial (como saber técnico-tradicional)orientou um estudo sobre técnicas e materiais tradicionais de revestimentos históricos exteriorescom base em cal, realizado para o Projeto «Conservação e durabilidade de revestimentoshistóricos: compatibilidade, técnicas e materiais

Indoor walls and ceilings are often coated with plasters. Due to the large surface in contact with indoor air, the plasters can passively contribute to moisture regulation and pollutant removal. The work presented intends to better understand this contribution, while enhancing, when possible, the plasters formulations for the purpose. The first step was to analyze the hygroscopic response of traditional and modern binder-based plasters. To do so, a first study was run to quantify the relative humidity fluctuations indoor. Then, the methods fitting the most the real indoor microclimates were selected for testing. The campaign was run along with bibliographic research, to match laboratory results with those ones present in literature. The compatibility with the preexisting materials and products and the eco-efficiency of the plasters are two parameters that were kept in mind during the work. According to that, clay and gypsum based plastering mortars were selected as the most promising materials. Both, in fact, are present in traditional architecture, besides being suitable solutions for new construction, and have low embodied energy. However, while the clay-based plasters showed a high hygroscopic behavior, the gypsum-based ones showed a lower one. For this reason, the latter was modified through the addition of biomass and the clay-based plasters were kept as a benchmark along the study. The plant selected for the scope is Acacia dealbata, an invasive species that plays a role in the spread of wood fires in Portugal. The biowaste addition was aimed at enhancing the moisture buffering of gypsum-based plasters without jeopardizing other properties or their carbon footprint. Good results were obtained, increasing the moisture buffering ability of the gypsum plaster up to double, even if still lower than the clay-based ones. The ozone reactivity and primary and secondary emission rates (VOCs) of the innovative gypsum-based plaster and the clay-based ones were also analyzed. The ozone removal ability of the gypsum-based plaster was improved by the biomass addition, the primary emissions increased a little, but the secondary ones were very low. Clay-based plasters overall confirmed their low emissions and ozone removal activity.

Exposure to weathering conditions requires selecting and applying solutions with appropriate durability to preserve façades without the need for frequent extensive rehabilitation actions. The consequent heat gain from solar radiation exposure accelerates the degradation of the most exposed façade layer, reducing their service life. An attractive solution to mitigate this overheating is the incorporation of functional nanomaterials in the façades finishing coatings, which reflect a part of the solar radiation in the near-infrared region. This solution may have an even higher influence on dark-coloured coatings, whose use has been increasing by architects and final consumers. To design more energy-efficient buildings, applying thermal insulation systems, such as External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS), is necessary. These systems experience significant surface temperature fluctuations (amplified by the dark colour application), causing dimensional variations and naturally leading to cracking.Therefore, this Doctoral Thesis proposes a strategy combining these two façade solutions: dark-coloured finishing coatings applied on ETICS, aiming to improve solar reflectance and reduce the surface temperature. The study focused on developing new dark-coloured formulations with reflective nanomaterials, without excessively changing the visual aesthetics. A systematic study of their intrinsic properties was performed to understand and predict the nanomaterials' behaviour and ability to reflect or absorb. Subsequently, a commercial TiO2 Rutile and a newly developed nanocomposite, combining two nanomaterials, were included in a dark-coloured commercial finishing coating for ETICS and the surface properties were evaluated. The thermo-optical properties revealed an overall total reflectance increase for the two samples (15% and 20%) compared to only 12% of the non-modified finishing coating, providing a similar visual aesthetic. The reflectance improvement observed with the incorporation of nanomaterials certainly impacted the surface temperature, as the modified finishing coatings showed better performance and durability, as evidenced in the accelerated ageing test as thermal oscillations responsible for fractures are reduced.From these results, this strategy could emerge as a promising solution for low-cost dark reflective coatings that can be easily applied on building façades

The importance of the selection of the type of aggregates and their effects on the modification of mortar properties is widely recognized. However, despite recent scientific advances on the effect of aggregates on the properties of mortars and concretes, few studies show how the characteristics of aggregates affect the microstructure and consequently, the final quality of mortars. Moreover, in general, existing studies show that there is an approach mostly related to the use of Portland cement, which several researchers have already shown that have adverse effects, when it is used in rehabilitation works of ancient buildings.In the context of rehabilitation, this factor is particularly relevant, since the main objective is to obtain mortarswith specific characteristics and performances compatible with those that exist in old masonry. The aggregate, as an integral part of mortars, and in some cases defined as their "skeleton", has a direct influence on themicrostructure of mortars, which, in turn, influences the physical, chemical and mechanical properties, as well as the finishing and the final appearance of the renders, especially in the case of lime mortars.Therefore, the present study intends to contribute to a better knowledge of the influence of mineralogical andphysical characteristics (grain size distribution and shape) of the natural aggregates on the mortars

No âmbito da revisão do regime de arrendamento urbano (NRAU), foi desenvolvido no Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC) o Método de Avaliação do Estado de Conservação de imóveis (MAEC). Este método permite determinar, de forma expedita, o estado de conservação de edifícios para efeitos de atualização de rendas, mediante a realização de inspeções visuais ao local, efetuadas por técnicos qualificados.O MAEC está em vigor desde novembro de 2006, tendo sido realizadas mais de 30 000 vistorias durante os primeiros quatro anos de implementação. Em junho de 2010, cerca de 2400 técnicos avaliadores estavam inscritos para realizar vistorias com o MAEC.Considerou se assim oportuno realizar um estudo que analisa a experiência obtida com a aplicação do MAEC. Para o efeito, foram analisados os resultados das vistorias realizadas com o MAEC entre janeiro de 2007 e maio de 2010 e a opinião que os principais intervenientes têm sobre o MAEC (i.e., técnicos avaliadores e técnicos das Comissões Arbitrais Municipais). Como complemento, foi realizado um estudo comparativo do MAEC com 16 outros métodos que avaliam o estado de conservação de imóveis (7 portugueses e 9 estrangeiros).Com base nos resultados destas análises, foram avançadas propostas de aperfeiçoamento do MAEC de dois tipos: (i) propostas para simplificar a aplicação da atual metodologia de avaliação e aumentar o nível de informação recolhida e de rigor dos resultados; e (ii) propostas para que a metodologia de avaliação do MAEC permita obter resultados complementares para além daqueles para os quais foi originalmente concebido mas que a experiência de aplicação tem vindo a provar necessários.Como conclusão geral, verifica se que o MAEC cumpre os objetivos principais para os quais foi concebido. Porém, é possível introduzir alguns aperfeiçoamentos que contribuirão quer para a simplificação quer para o aumento do rigor da aplicação do método.

As telhas cerâmicas são muito utilizadas há séculos no revestimento decoberturas inclinadas em Portugal e em muitos outros países. Alguns casos dedegradação acelerada têm vindo a afectar a durabilidade das telhas.Para avaliar o desempenho de telhas cerâmicas em ambiente marítimo foidesenvolvido um estudo experimental baseado em ensaios de envelhecimentoartificial acelerado.Este estudo compreende a caracterização de diversos tipos de telhascerâmicas, o desenvolvimento e realização de ensaios de envelhecimentoacelerado realizados em câmara de nevoeiro salino, a avaliação dadegradação provocada pelos ensaios acelerados e a comparação com adegradação sofrida por telhas em exposição natural.O estudo pretende reproduzir em laboratório os mecanismos de degradaçãoobservados em condições reais e identificar as características mais afectadas,procurando relações significativas entre grandezas relevantes medidas nosmateriais antes e depois da acção dos agentes externos.Pretende-se também, com base na análise comparativa dos resultados dosensaios de envelhecimento sobre diferentes tipos de telhas, identificarparâmetros de composição e de fabrico que contribuem para a degradação efornecer assim à indústria dados relevantes para melhorar a durabilidade dastelhas.

O presente trabalho reporta-se ao tema geral da conservação e restauro de revestimentosexteriores de edifícios antigos, destacando-se como tema específico as questões dodesenvolvimento de uma metodologia de estudo e reparação.Com este estudo foi possível um maior entendimento do comportamento dos revestimentosexteriores de edifícios antigos com base em cal, bem como estabelecer um maior rigor naaplicação de metodologias de conservação e restauro, tendo como objectivo principal a definiçãode uma metodologia de restauro conservativa para a salvaguarda das técnicas, da funcionalidadee do aspecto estético original da fachada exterior de edifícios antigos.Os principais contributos deste estudo foram: (i) estabelecer métodos de análises in situ dorevestimento, para conhecimento da sua técnica, da sua história e do seu estado de conservação;(ii) estabelecer métodos de análise das anomalias do revestimento, onde é possível quantificar ograu de deterioração; (iii) escolher a técnica e o produto consolidante adequado para o tratamentodas anomalias; (iv) especificar as distintas técnicas de restauro e definir os diversos produtosconsolidantes existentes para os revestimentos; (v) aplicar materiais tão compatíveis quantopossível com o revestimento, predominantemente compostos por ligantes minerais, dando-sepreferência aos materiais tradicionais, de modo a verificar a sua eficiência através de ensaioslaboratoriais (vi) estabelecer critérios de aplicação para cada produto ensaiado em função daanomalia observada nos revestimentos; (vi) definir uma estratégia de intervenção geral para cadatipo de revestimento e de anomalia.Enfim, o estudo permitiu estabelecer uma metodologia geral de restauro de revestimentos,desenvolvendo todo um conjunto de técnicas de ensaio, critérios de selecção de produtos e deavaliação de resultados, no sentido da melhor preservação do Património Histórico e do melhorcontrolo do processo de restauro.

A termografia é um método de análise que permite obter uma imagem da distribuiçãoaproximada da temperatura de um objecto, sem contacto físico com este.No domínio dos edifícios as utilizações mais habituais da análise termográfica visama avaliação da qualidade térmica da envolvente e a detecção de pontos de exfiltração ou deinfiltração de ar através dessa envolvente.A presença de humidade, sob a forma de vapor ou de água líquida, é a causa dediversas anomalias e degradações ocorridas nos elementos de construção.A detecção da humidade nos elementos de construção é realizada por métodos querdestrutivos quer não

Após cerca de vinte anos de esforços e de tentativas goradas foram publicadas em 2002 asnormas europeias de ensaio e de classificação de reacção ao fogo dos produtos deconstrução. Neste texto, após uma breve apontamento sobre os antecedentes da novaclassificação, apresentam-se os cinco métodos de ensaio adoptados e os critérios gerais dosistema europeu dessa classificação.Abordam-se, ainda, os aspectos práticos relacionados com a implementação deste sistema,dando-se especial ênfase à possibilidade e limitações da

No presente trabalho apresenta-se um estudo de caracterização térmica, por via analítica , de paredes de alvenaria de utilização corrente em Portugal.Com base no apuramento das características de alguns dos elementos de produção nacional para execução de paredes de alvenaria, definem-se os tipos de paredes que os integram,estabelecem-se para essas paredes uma classificação e uma numeração de referência,e calculam-se, compilam-se e analisam-se em termos comparativos as respectivos característicastérmicas.Em anexos, incluem-se: um exemplo de cálculo das características duma parede(ANEXO I); quadros dessas características para cada tipo de parede (ANEXO II}; e quadrosde síntese das referidas características (ANEXO III).

No presente trabalho apresenta-se um estudo de caracterização térmica, por via an~lítica, dos pavimentos prefabricados aligeirados de produção nacional.Com base no apuramento das características dos pavimentos comercializados com homologação válida em 1980, data do início deste estudo, seleccionaram-se gamas de pavimentosrepresentativas daquela produção, estabeleceu-se uma classificação e uma numeraçãode referência desses pavimentos, e calcularam-se, compilaram-se e analisaram-se em termoscomparativos as respectivas características térm icas.Em anexos, incluem-se: a relação das empresas produtoras dos pavimentos consider~dos no apuramento (Anexo I); um exemplo de cálculo das características de pavimentos(Anexo II); quadros dessas características para cada tipo de pavimento (Anexo III); quadros-síntese das referidas características (Anexo IV) e quadro de registo dos respectivos valoresextremos (Anexo V).

Na presente publicação que se destina a apoiar a realização de estudos no âmbito dodesempenho térmico dos edifícios e a aplicação do Regulamento das Características deComportamento Térmico dos Edifícios (RCCTE), apresentam-se, sob forma tabular, valoresconvencionais de cálculo, por um lado, de condutibilidades térmicas de materiais e deresistências térmicas superficiais, de espaços de ar não-ventilados e de alguns elementosopacos de construção (Anexo I) e, por outro lado, dos coeficientes de transmissão térmicade soluções correntes das envolventes opaca (Anexo II) e envidraçada (Anexo III) dosedifícios.Os vinte e dois quadros do Anexo II correspondentes aos elementos opacos da envolvente

A presente publicação destina-se a apoiar a realização de estudos no âmbito quer daaplicação do Sistema de Certificação Energética (SCE) de edifícios quer das intervençõesde reabilitação térmica dos edifícios existentes, eventualmente visando a verificação documprimento do Regulamento das Características de Comportamento Térmico dos Edifícios(RCCTE).Neste trabalho apresentam-se fichas sumárias descritivas e identificadoras das soluçõescaracterizadas e dos respectivos elementos constituintes, bem como os valoresconvencionais de cálculo das resistências térmicas e dos coeficientes de transmissãotérmica de soluções correntes da envolvente opaca dos edifícios construídos, em geral,antes dos anos 50 do século passado. Apresentam-se ainda alguns elementos decaracterização de soluções adoptadas nas Regiões Autónomas dos Açores e da Madeira.Deste modo a presente publicação visa complementar a Informação Técnica Edifícios (ITE)do LNEC denominada Coeficientes de transmissão térmica de elementos da envolventedos edifícios. Versão actualizada 2006 (ITE 50).Os valores convencionais apresentados (Anexo I) foram calculados a partir da definição desoluções típicas adoptadas na construção de edifícios em Portugal e nas RegiõesAutónomas, tendo como base valores convencionais das características relevantes(condutibilidades térmicas dos materiais, resistências térmicas superficiais e de espaços dear) constantes na ITE 50, e a informação prestada por técnicos dos Laboratórios Regionaisde Engenharia Civil (LREC) dos Açores e da Madeira.Em complemento aos parâmetros de caracterização térmica referidos, para cada uma dassoluções apresentadas indicam-se, ainda, valores convencionais das respectivas massassuperficiais, com o objectivo de apoiar a determinação da massa superficial útil (Msi)necessária à quantificação

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Values are at the core of any heritage project. While heritage value-thinking usually focuses on site values, it is crucial to pay attention to priorities, assumptions and values of the relevant stakeholders, and make sure they are aligned. Shared values represent a solid foundation for any project and also become the lighthouse that guides decision-making and actions at every stage. You should work collaboratively with stakeholders in order to: detect implicit assumptions detect collective needs collect future visions mapping levels and nature of commitments define the values of the project together with the relevant stakeholders.

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Local memory can be an important source of information about the historic site from the perspective of UBH valorisation. Local memory can include oral histories, photographs, and other documents that provide insight into the site