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Em muitos países desenvolvidos, a madeira sempre foi e continua a ser vista essencial¬mente como material estrutural, frequen¬temente oculto ou protegido por rebocos ou outros revestimentos, pelo que nem sempre nos apercebemos da sua presença. Em Portugal, a utilizaçào estrutural da madeira, que foi durante longo tempo confinada a coberturas e pavimentos, tem vindo a mudar com o progressivo abandono dessas utilizações tradicionais e, nas últimas duas décadas, com a construção de numerosas estruturas de madeira lamelada colada, por vezes de grande vão, e de casas de habitação unifamiliares, em que a expressão visual da madeira determina frequentemente a sua escolha (Fig. 1).A madeira à vista tem ganho adeptos, em parte pelas suas características estéticas e pelo conforto que confere aos ambientes, mas também por ser um material sustentável e pela mensagem que a sua utilização consequente¬mente transmite.Sendo um material orgânico de origem natural, a madeira apresenta grande variabilidade (entre espécies e dentro de uma mesma espécie). anisotropia, higroscopicidade e suscetibilidade à degradação pela radiação ultravioleta e por agentes biológicos como fungos e insetos. Compreende-se deste modo que a utilização de madeira em revestimentos exteriores, especialmente se exposta aos agentes atmosféricos, levante problemas acrescidos no que respeita ao seu desempenho e durabilidade.

A madeira está patente em muitos dos equipamentos, ferramentas e instalações históricas no interior da mina, destacando-se o engenho para elevação do sal e as caleiras para drenagem da água de infiltração.No entanto, um dos aspectos mais notáveis do complexo de Wieliczka é, sem dúvida, o conjunto de .estruturas de madeira usadas na estabilização lateral e suporte de tetos de muitos poços e galerias, alguns de grande dimensão, e nas muitas escadas de acesso no interior da mina.

This article describes a numerical modelthat was developed for the analysis of composite timber

Referem-se os principais aspetos do desempenho dos elementos e estruturas de madeira que são afetados pelas condições ambientais. Apresentam-se os estudos conduzidos para obter informação relevante sobre as condições de serviço e discutem-se algumas situações paradigmáticas em que o conhecimento dessas condições é determinante para garantir a resistência e a durabilidade das estruturas de madeira.

Timber-concrete composite structures are often used as upgrade solutions for existent timber floors. The timber cross section ismaintained and a concrete layer is poured over the floorboard surface. Floorboards help with loading distribution on the beams. The study presented is based on laboratory tests that used specimens made with a lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC). The use of this type of concrete, compared with normal weight concrete (NWC), has the advantage of lower dead weights, and might be very important in many cases, namely, when the supporting structure has limited strength. Many design works of timber-concrete composite connections do not takeinto account the timber interlayer, which is known to reduce the load-carrying capacity and the stiffness of the connection. Previousinvestigations of NWC found that the inclusion of the interlayer leads to average reductions of 30% and 50% for the load capacity and slip modulus, respectively. The current investigation with LWAC found that such reductions are up to 10 and 30%, respectively. DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000299. © 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers.

This article presents a study on stress-laminated timber bridges. The technique is useful for the rehabilitation andconstruction of bridges. It consists of a series of timber planks placed side by side and compressed transversely with highstrengthsteel prestressing bars. A prototype of this kind of structure was built in the Department of Civil Engineering at theUniversity of Coimbra. The prototype, a stress-laminated timber bridge deck with butt joints, was 6 m long, 2.7 m wide, and0.20 m thick. The experimental program was developed with two main objectives: to study the evolution of the prestressvalue applied to the structure and to observe the bridge structural behavior under the effect of loads simulating the action of astandard vehicle. Practical difficulties and/or limitations and potentialities of the system when maritime pine is used as thetimber material are also discussed. This article reports the experimental program and the results, with emphasis on the tensionlosses in the prestressed steel bars.

Application of cork oak wood as solid wood elements for flooring was experimentally assessed by measuring dimensional stability to air humidity and liquid water, response to loads applied while in serviceand abrasion due to people traffic using boards cut from the stem of five mature cork oak trees (Quercus suber L.). The results obtained from dimensional stability tests showed a performance of a medium movementin-service and small swelling in liquid water (2

Sapwood samples of Pinus pinaster wood weretreated with a 70% furfuryl alcohol mixture.Weight percent gain (WPG), equilibrium moisture content, dimensional stability, MOE, bending strength, hardness, density and durability were determined.WPG was on average 38%. Equilibrium moisture content decreased more than 40%. Dimensional stability increased reaching an ASE of 45%.MOE was little affected by the treatment but bending strength increased by about 6%.Hardness increased by about 50%, and density by 37%.Mass loss due to Postia placenta and Coniophora puteana decreased by 96% and 86%, respectively. Furfurylation of Pinus pinaster wood shows an interesting potential to improve the wood quality for solid timber products.

Rehabilitation/restoration systems involvingbonded-in rods represent an efficient alternative method for the repair and/or reinforcement of structural timber members. However, in spite of their advantages, their use is still restrained by the lack ofknowledge about their long-term performance. In order to correct this situation it is necessary to gain a greater understanding of their durability, creep and fatigue behaviour. However, reliable and realisticaccelerated ageing tests do not yet exist, and the application of the existing European or American standards to epoxy bonded products are much too penalising, since they merely impose severe conditions that are not verified in service although these may be suitable for other adhesives. To address these concerns a test procedure to assess long-term behaviour of bonded-in rod connections was developed with the aim of providing a simple method for the selection of candidate repair system materials forspecific applications. The data collected so far using the realistic performance assessment test (RPAT) appears to predict correctly the end-use performance for different adhesives as well as for differenttimbers.

A madeira foi historicamente um dos materiais mais utilizados em caixilharia e ainda hoje é utilizada para a realização de caixilharia de elevado desempenho.

The invasive drywood termite Cryptotermes brevis (WalkerJ was accidentally introduced In the Azores Islands (Portu¬galJ, causing severe damage to structural timbers in buildings. Research on efficient monitoring and control methods is crucial to the definition of future integrated pest management strategies and for the preservation of wooden struc¬tures in the Azorean Islands.Blocks of eight wood species [white tola, kambala, sucupira, Norway spruce, redwood, Australian blackwood, blue gum and Japanese cedar) and two wood derived products [oriented strand board - OSB and medium-density fiberboard¬ MDF were exposed for two years, to drywood termites, inside a house with an active Infestation. One organic solvent [propiconazole, 1.22% , permethrln, 0.24%) was applied to all wood species and 0SB: MDF was not submitted to any treatment. Two different methods for organic solvent application were used: by brushing or by immersion. Drywood termites attack was evaluated through the observation of: sealed or no sealed holes In wood or wooden products, pel¬lets or termites presenceA redundancy analysis was performed and three variables were considered significant, no treatment, OSB and MDF. Generally, non treated blocks of all wood species and 0SB were the most consumed. 0SB was severely attacked, since it had the higher number of holes, although some were not sealed, indicating possible difficulties in drywood termites installation. Some variables showed 100% protection against drywood termite attack during the test period:a) organic solvent application [sucupira and white tola), b) organic solvent applied by immersion [Australian blackwood, Norway spruce, japanese cedar and kambala); c) organic solvent applied b~ brushing (redwood and blue gum). Untreated kam¬bala and blue gum had the lowest number of holes in the bloc"s though severe infestation of blue gum sapwood had been found previously on the same buildingNon destructive techniques for termites' detection are very Important for early prevention and control measures. A microwave detection device and an acoustic detection device were tested for termites' detection. Microwave detector negative detections were false in half of detections made: positive detections were false in 42% of the cases. For the acoustic detector 15% of negative detections were correct; all positive detections were correct. Acoustic and microwave detection techniques potential In detecting early Infestation of C. brevis should be further investigated.

Kosovo is a relatively small country with 10870 km2 where 42% of its territory is covered with trees. To date, Kosovo has passed through three important phases of economic development: the emergency phase after the recent war, the second phase with. the privatization of social enterprises and the present third phase of sustainable developmentThe after war period was very important for the forest sector as it led to its reconstruction, privatization and development aiming at the internal and foreign markets. Positive developments in the field of wood industry led to a marked increase in the number of work places offered and consequent requirement for a specialized and qualified workforce.These developments have been sustained by higher education programs addressing these issues. One of the study programs is offered by the Faculty of Applied Technical Sciences, in Ferizaj, within the University of Prishtina. This is the only higher education institution in Kosovo, which for 35 years has been offering opportunity to study in wood industry and cooperates with wood processing enterprises and with the Kosovo Wood Processing Association.Curriculum projects are focused in a way that the study process should be more closely related with industrial practices and scientific analyses of all practical parts in the economical context. The large proportion of forests in Kosovo represents a relatively good potential for development of this sector both for the domestic market, and for exports of wood products. This sector can also be very attractive for foreign investments and can generated new jobs.It is therefore essential to have scientific and technical knowledge on the national forests as well as on the species' quality for wood processing.

Pinus pinaster wood was impregnated with paraffin to different levels using a hot-coldprocess with the hot step at 170-180 ºC and 2-4h. Weight gain, density, equilibriummoisture and dimensional stability (ASE) at 35% and 65% relative humidity and termitedurability against Reticulitermes grassei (Clément) were determined. The weight gain(WG) ranged between 16% and 87% according to treatment. It was determined that 30minutes in the cold bath was enough to reach maximum penetration. Density increasedfrom 0.57 to 0.99, almost reaching the water density. ASE ranged between 38-96% and16-71% for respectively 35% and 65% relative humidity. The best anti shrinkingefficiency (ASE) was obtained for a combined treatment at 180 ºC (4h) and 61% WG.Nevertheless the use of a higher temperature bath did not significantly improve thedimensional stability when compared at the same paraffin WG. Equilibrium moisturecontent decreased drastically due to the treatment from 9.9%, 12.0% to 0.5% and 2.1%for 35% and 65% relative humidity. Termite durability improved from level 4 to level 3of attack. Treated wood presented higher termite mortality (52%) against (17%) ofuntreated wood. The preliminary tests with paraffin impregnation showed that wood haslower equilibrium moisture, higher dimensional stability and density and a higher resistance against termites.

A madeira sempre existiu em abundância no território nacional. Como material único ouconjugada com outros, a madeira assumiu um papel importante na construção de cidades como Lisboa, Guimarães, Porto ou Lamego. De facto, a imagem urbana de muitas áreas resulta, principalmente, da utilização de madeira na construção de segundos ou terceiros pisos e da possibilidade de edificar trapeiras e mansardas sobre as coberturas. Também, em zonas piscatórias, a madeira foi o material escolhido para a edificação sobre estacaria ou, maisrecentemente, sobre fundações de betão.O presente artigo, inserido no âmbito de uma dissertação de doutoramento na Universidade de Évora e em colaboração com o Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, pretende dar a conhecer a riqueza e diversidade dos sistemas construtivos de paredes interiores e exteriores em que a madeira é o principal material. Na maioria das vezes, o seu esqueleto é cheio com alvenarias detijolo ou pedra e argamassas de terra ou areia e cal. Exteriormente, é protegido com rebocos, lousas em escama ou chapas onduladas pintadas. Wood has always existed abundantly in the Portuguese territory. Either used as a single material or in combination with others, it has taken a major role in urban constructive sceneries such as Lisboa, Guimarães, Porto or Lamego. In fact, it has been a key factor in the overall image of such urban areas as it was frequently used in second and third floors build ups as well as in dormers and top roof lofts. Also, in fishing areas, wood can be widely found on buildings on piles or, morerecently, on concrete foundations. This research, included as part of a doctoral dissertation at the University of Évora with the collaboration of National Laboratory for Civil Engineering, aims to reveal the richness and diversity of partition and external wall constructive systems where wood is the main material. In most cases,the skeleton is filled in with brick, masonry, earth, sand and lime mortars, and on the outside it is finished with plaster, flake slates or painted corrugated iron sheet. The article proposes to explorethe different building systems.

Traditional buildings basically include natural and autochthonous construction materials and are built with sustainable construction techniques. The knowledge of these materials

This paper presents the in situ experimental conservation work performed on three timberstructural elements from a XIX century building: two floor beams and one roof beam.This palace was built in 1877 in the centre of Lisbon initially with residential purposes. It has four floors, with timber structural horizontal elements, stairs and roof beams(generally of Pinus sylvestris). The exterior walls are made of irregular stone masonry bedded on mortar, rendered and painted.

The assessment of the structural performance of existing timber structures is dependent,among other factors, on the capacity to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of structural timber elements in situ. This paper discusses the possibilities/advantages of using a probabilistic approach to obtain a more reliable prediction of the referenceproperties of these timber members in situ. The presented approach combines informationfrom common non-destructive techniques (NDT), such as visual assessment andultrasounds, and those from semi-destructive tests (SDT), as meso tension specimens andwood cores. An application of this approach to maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) andchestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) timber pieces of structural dimension is presented.

Este trabalho visa analisar o efeito nos valores característicos de resistência mecânica do Pinho bravo nacional (Pinus pinaster Ait.), resultante do ajustamento de diferentes distribuições de probabilidade. No estudo foram utilizados resultados de ensaios conduzidos em 1990 no âmbito de um projecto europeu. As propriedades analisadas foram a resistência e o módulo de elasticidade à flexão e a massa volúmica. O estudo considerou as classes de qualidade englobadas na norma portuguesa NP 4305 - Classificação Visual de Madeira de Pinho Bravo para Estruturas (IPQ 1995). No que se refere às distribuições de probabilidade foram estudadas as distribuições estatísticas normais, lognormal e Weibull bi-paramétrica. Data from mechanical tests of Portuguese maritime pine timber, which was gathered in 1990 was analysed for mechanical properties such as bending strength, modulus of elasticity and density. Visual grades were determined using the Portuguese visual grading standard NP4305 (IPQ 1995) and were analysed for their strength profiles. Normal, lognormal and Weibull distributions were determined and compared to the dataset.

Os nós constituem um dos defeitos da madeira com maior impacto no seu comportamento mecânico. No presente trabalho são analisados alguns critérios de avaliação da influência dos nós no comportamento mecânico de elementos de madeira. É analisada igualmente a possibilidade de utilização de um registo termográfico, obtido por meio de uma câmara de infravermelhos no decurso dos ensaios mecânicos, para uma melhor compreensão do efeito dos nós nesse mesmo comportamento. O estudo englobou o ensaio à compressão paralela às fibras de provetes de Pinho bravo apresentando uma gama variada de nós.Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que a utilização somente de critério relativos às características do nó explica cerca de 30 % da variabilidade observada nos resultados da resistência à compressão. Uma melhoria significativa (r2 0.60) foi obtida incluindo informação sobre as características da madeira limpa (massa volúmica). As imagens termográficas permitem uma melhor percepção da origem e propagação do dano, possibilitando que análises futuras mais exaustivas possam melhorar os modelos agora obtidos. Knots are one of the wood

Com foco na busca por alternativas menos tóxicas para o controlo de fungos e insectos que deterioram a madeira, o presente trabalho trás os resultados obtidos em ensaios de triagem inicial para avaliação do potencial fungicida e/ou fungistático do extracto bruto de folhas de duas espécies botânicas nativas do Brasil. O método empregado neste estudo consistiu naimpregnação de discos de papel de filtro com diversas concentrações dos extractos de folhas de Senna multijuga e Senna spectabilis, ambas da família Fabaceae e o contacto destes com os fungos basidiomicetas Gloeophyllum trabeum e Pycnoporus sanguineus, responsáveis, respectivamente, por podridão castanha e branca da madeira. Os resultados obtidos apontampara o efeito inibitório de ambos os extractos e efeito fungistático de Senna multijuga. Focusing the search for less toxic alternatives for controlling fungi and insects that damage wood, this work presents the results obtained in initial screening tests for assessing the antifungal potential from the crude extract of leaves of two plant species natives from Brazil. The methodused in this study consisted in the impregnation of filter paper disks with various concentrations of extracts of leaves of Senna spectabilis and Senna multijuga, both from the family Fabaceae andcontact of them with the fungi basidiomycetes Gloeophyllum trabeum and Pycnoporus sanguineus, responsible respectively for brown and white rot. The results indicate the inhibitory effect of both extracts and the fungistatic effect of Senna multijuga.

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O Museu da Academia das Ciências de Lisboa possui uma preciosa xiloteca assinada pelo Mestre dos marceneiros portugueses, José Aniceto Rapozo contendo 1213 amostras de madeiras do Brasil e 12 de outras origens. A sua importância no progresso do conhecimento dos recursos florestais do Brasil naviragem dos séculos dezoito e dezanove conduziu ao estudo em curso. Dada a devastação verificada em vastas áreas florestais brasileiras, surgem dificuldades por certas espécies poderem ter distribuiçãogeográfica diferente (com eventual extinção, geral ou localizada), por insuficiência do material de comparação, e por ambiguidade das designações comerciais.Foi possível identificar esta xiloteca como uma de quatro encomendadas a Aniceto Rapozo pelo Príncipe Regente. A análise das amostras de madeira e a informação documental mostram que a colecçãotem por base uma remessa de 5008 amostras de madeiras do Brasil enviada em 1784 para o Arsenal Real do Exército, em Lisboa, pelo Vice-Rei do Brasil, Luís de Vasconcellos e Souza.O valor científico do conjunto é evidenciado pela identificação botânica das espéciesrepresentadas. Na situação actual, a identificação das espécies florestais representadas na amostragem foiinteiramente conseguida em 14% dos casos, conseguida mas ainda por confirmar em 27%. Dado o carácter preliminar deste estudo, os seus resultados serão ulteriormente publicados com mais pormenor. Among the Lisbon Academy of Sciences Museum collection there is a valuable xylarium by theleading Portuguese master cabinet-maker José Aniceto Rapozo (1756-1824), comprising 1213 wood samples from Brazil plus 12 from elsewhere. This collection is most important since it allows us to improve the knowledge on Brazilian forest resources by the end of the eighteenth century and thebeginning of the next. This study aims to establish its historical framework and scientific value. Owing tooverexploitation and even devastation of very large forest areas in Brazil, difficulties for our study aroseeither as some species may have now a different geographical distribution (and eventually may have underwent local or general extinction), by lack of adequate comparison material, or because of ambiguityof the commercial names.Results so far obtained allowed us to recognize the xylarium as one of the four commanded Rapozo by the Regent Prince, later King João VI (1767-1826). Taking into account the wood samples analyses as well as bibliographic data it is possible to conclude that the collection was prepared from a set 3 of 5008 Brazilian wood samples sent to the Royal Arsenal in Lisbon in 1784 by the Brazil

This work collects information about laboratory tests to evaluate the properties of agro-industrial wastes used for thermal insulation building materials considering them individually and in composits. It focuses on bio-susceptibility, as one of the main aspects to consider for bio-based building products.

Innovation in structures and construction materials demands a more accurate performance analysis during the life cycle. In addition, climatic changes pose new challenges to civil infrastructures that were not so relevant in the past. In most cases, the traditional test methods cannot accurately assess the complex phenomena involved in durability. The modern and complex factors require a different approach to durability analysis. The purpose of this chapter is to present innovative durability tests on construction materials: wood; rammed earth, cob and unfired blocks; natural stone; bituminous binders and mixtures; and Fibre Reinforced Polymers (FRP) to concrete bonded connections. Most of these tests concern the accelerated simulation of the main phenomena involved in durability performance

Laboratory tests were carried out to define production parameters of innovative eco-efficient composites made up of hazelnut shells as aggregate and a sodium silicate solution as adhesive. The aim was to maximize the content of bio-aggregates and minimize the amount of adhesive, guaranteeing the feasibility of producing samples. Therefore, after preliminary testing, the percentages of hazelnut shells and the sodium silicate solution were kept constant: 70% and 30% of the total volume, respectively. However, the characteristics of the considered composites did not allow the production of uniform samples. The sodium silicate solution was not rapidly absorbed by the bio-aggregates; during the drying process, it was deposited on the bottom side of the samples. The uniformity of the samples is required to guarantee a correct evaluation of their performance and future homogeneous panels. Hence, different production parameters were investigated, such as drying at T

The durability of construction materials is a key concern and can be related to different actions such as weathering conditions outdoors enhanced by climatic change, chemical and biological attack, abrasion, and other conditions of service over time. Frequently, several actions develop simultaneously, making it difficult to reproduce in situ conditions in laboratory. Furthermore, testing to assess durability depends largely on the nature of the material itself or on the way it has been assembled with other materials. The ageing techniques to assess long-term durability performance of construction materials are based on accelerated durability tests, which include, for example, thermal stress, freeze

This paper presents an overview of research carried out to assess the bonding suitability of Portuguese timbers.Most work developed in the last decades has focused Maritime pine timber, due to its traditional use in building construction, good mechanical properties and availability. Untreated, as well as preservative treated Maritime pine have been studied, as its impregnability allows deep treatment suitable for applications in Use Classes 3 and 4.Recent results on bonding preservative treated Maritime pine wood are discussed.Preliminary results regarding other species that are becoming available in the Portuguese market are also presented, as an attempt to reduce pressure on Maritime pine timber as well as to seek more valuable alternatives for their traditional uses.

No presente trabalho apresentam-se os resultados mais relevantes obtidos num programa experimental desenvolvido no LNEC com o objetivo de caracterizar a aderência dos varões nervurados do tipo A500NR SD existentes no mercado, fundamentalmente para melhorar a modelação do comportamento dos elementos de betão armado de zonas críticas de estruturas inseridas em zonas sísmicas.O programa experimental desenvolvido pretende simular as condições de aderência existentes num varão horizontal de uma ligação viga-pilar e tem como principais variáveis varões de dois diâmetros frequentemente utilizados (16 e 25 mm), dois níveis diferentes de área relativa das nervuras (A e B) e duas classes de betão (C1 e C2), ambos representativos do betão utilizado nas construções mais relevantes.Os resultados obtidos quer nos ensaios monotónicos quer nos ensaios cíclicos apontam para um decréscimo da tensão de aderência com o aumento do diâmetro da ordem dos 10%. O aumento da área relativa das nervuras transversais traduz-se num incremento da tensão máxima de aderência da ordem dos 15%, com uma redução do deslizamento que ronda os 15%. Nesse sentido, este estudo propôs que, no caso dos varões com maior área relativa das nervuras, a tensão de aderência máxima possa variar entre 2,35 e 2,65 vezes a raiz quadrada da resistência do betão à compressão e que o patamar onde a tensão de aderência é máxima se situe entre 0,5 e 1,5 mm de deslizamento.Explorou-se também o fenómeno da entrada em cedência da armadura tendo-se concluído que, em provetes que pretendem simular as condições de aderência existentes num varão horizontal de uma ligação viga-pilar, a entrada em cedência da armadura conduz a uma redução da tensão de aderência máxima inferior a 10%, quer regime monotónico quer em regime cíclico.

O presente trabalho de investigação refere-se à conservação de elementos estruturais de madeira medianamente degradados por fungos em edifícios antigos. Propõe-se estudar a compatibilidade entre produtos de tratamento e de consolidação por impregnação, aplicados sequencialmente. A avaliação do processo foi realizada maioritariamente em laboratório e na óptica do desempenho mecânico conjunto da madeira e produtos aplicados, por intermédio de ensaios físico-mecânicos destrutivos e não destrutivos e também por ensaios mecânicos não destrutivos realizados in situ. Foram utilizados produtos comerciais, aplicando-os às espécies de madeira correntemente encontradas nos edifícios antigos da zona de Lisboa: Pinho bravo e Casquinha. Procedeu-se à avaliação mecânica de madeira nova e antiga, em estado são e degradado; ao desenvolvimento de um método de medição da profundidade de penetração de produtos de tratamento; à avaliação da capacidade consolidante de madeira degradada por produtos poliméricos fluidos e à avaliação da sua actuação conjunta, estudada com e sem envelhecimento artificial. Os resultados obtidos indicaram significativos aumentos de capacidade mecânica da madeira degradada, quando submetida a tratamento e consolidação Este trabalho desenvolve, assim, uma proposta de solução para a madeira que não se encontra sã, mas que ainda possui capacidade resistente, não necessitando, por isso, de ser removida. O processo de tratamento e consolidação promove resistência aos agentes biológicos e, simultaneamente, recuperação de alguma resistência mecânica da madeira, conferindo-lhe capacidade para continuar em serviço.

Subterranean termites from the genus Reticulitermes are an important pest ofwood in service throughout southern Europe and elsewhere. For effective termitecontrol with long term protection but minimal environmental damage, newintegrated approaches to termite management are needed. Baiting-based systemsseem to be promising non-traditional methods for termite control, targeting thecolony as a whole. However, control through baiting is only feasible when it isknown that the toxicant can be transferred to all the colonies foraging on theinfested area and also throughout each individual colony. Accordingly, the workdescribed is specifically designed to achieve a better understanding of thedistribution and delimitation of colonies within a population of Reticulitermes,with parallel insights into foraging behaviour and colony organization.Initially, the species/subspecies spectrum present within the notionalReticulitermes group in Portugal was reassessed. It was shown that Reticulitermesgrassei is the only species encountered. Foraging activity was then assessed in anexperimental woodland site over two successive annual cycles, both by thesampling of natural lying dead wood and by a standard baiting grid. R. grasseiseem to select wood with larger diameter, with an apparent preference for materialalready decayed by fungi. Both termite and fungal attack on wood seems to bepromoted by higher moisture levels, such as prevail in larger litter items andduring seasonal rains. Termites were unable to detect and direct their foragingtowards sound wood in laboratory conditions, suggesting that the network ofinfochemical signals is more complex than just volatiles emanating from soundwood. Mark-release-recapture (MRR) was used to delineate foraging groups,which were then allocated to their parent colonies by the use of microsatellitemarkers. The results suggest that resource sharing is a facultative behaviour,specifically when food is not a limiting factor for colony development. Theimplications of all these findings for bait technology and protocols are discussed,with reference to the local population ecology of Reticulitermes.

The project CircularBuild -

Relatório final do projeto PTDC/ECM/099121/2008

O presente trabalho apresenta um projecto de versão portuguesa da Norma Europeia EN 10002-2, e insere-se numa série de estudos programados pelo autor, enquanto coordenador da normalização nacional no domínio dos ensaios mecânicos, físicos e não-destrutivos de materiais metálicos.O texto do projecto de norma apresentado consiste na versão final de uma proposta redigida pelo autor, na sequência dos estudos efectuados ao nível da Comissão Técnica de Normalização competente.

O presente trabalho apresenta um projecto de versão portuguesa da Norma Europeia EN 10002-5, e insere-se numa série de estudos programados pelo autor, enquanto coordenador da normalização nacional no domínio dos ensaios mecânicos, físicos e não-destrutivos de materiais metálicos.O texto do projecto de revisão apresentado consiste na versão final de uma proposta redigida pelo autor, na sequência dos estudos efectuados ao nível da Comissão Técnica de Normalização competente.

O presente relatório descreve a participação do LNEC no programa europeu de intercomparação de calibrações de forças

O presente trabalho apresenta um projecto de revisão da Norma Portuguesa NP 850 (1985)

O presente trabalho apresenta um projecto de revisão da Norma Portuguesa NP 386 (1965)

O presente trabalho apresenta um projecto de revisão das Normas Portuguesas NP 449 (1966)

O presente trabalho apresenta um projecto de revisão da Norma Portuguesa NP 450 (1966)

O presente trabalho apresenta um projecto de Norma Portuguesa relativo ao ensaio de dilatação de anéis de tubos metálicos, e insere-se numa série de estudos programados pelo autor, enquanto coordenador da normalização nacional no domínio dos ensaios mecânicos, físicos e não-destrutivos de materiais metálicos, com a finalidade de preencher lacunas da Normalização Portuguesa neste domínio que a indústria e as instituições ligadas ao controlo da qualidade considerem ser mais urgente colmatar.O texto apresentado consiste na versão final de uma proposta redigida pelo autor, na sequência dos estudos efectuados ao nível da Comissão Técnica de Normalização competente.

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