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The use of adhesives to produce assembled structural joints in the building industry is increasing, particularly in the context of on-site rehabilitation of timber structures. On their own or together with steel or fibre reinforced polymer composite connecting materials, adhesives can provide low intrusive, fast, versatileand effective on-site repair or reinforcement interventions to timber structures. Most common applicationsinvolve sealing and repair of cracks, drying fissures and delamination of glued laminated members; replacement of decayed beam ends; strengthening of timber members; and repair and strengthening of mechanical timber joints. The performance of bonded joints highly depends on their design and detailing, surfaces preparation, selection and application of adhesives, and full compliance with their cure schedule. Therefore, the work should be carried out by well-informed, trained and certified operators following a QualityAssurance Program to ensure satisfactory end-product strength and durability.Despite some recent developments, the exploitation of the full potential for on-site bonded joints is mainlyrestrained at present by the lack of structural design guidance, standards for durability assessment and onsiteacceptance testing.This article discusses briefly the use of adhesives on the construction site in the context of structural repair and reinforcement; the requirements and practical difficulties in the work on site with regards to the strength and durability of the rehabilitated timber structure; and the consequent need for quality control. It also highlights the characteristics and requirements that must be fulfilled by structural adhesives and reinforcingmaterials; factors affecting performance and durability of bonded joints; and ways to improve adhesion and durability. Finally, it points out some research needs and future developments identified by the authors.© Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2010

The use of adhesives to produce assembled structural joints in the building industry is increasing, particularlyin the context of on-site rehabilitation of timber structures. On their own or together with steel orfibre reinforced polymer composite connecting materials, adhesives can provide low intrusive, fast, versatileand effective on-site repair or reinforcement interventions to timber structures. Most common applicationsinvolve sealing and repair of cracks, drying fissures and delamination of glued laminated members; replacementof decayed beam ends; strengthening of timber members; and repair and strengthening of mechanicaltimber joints. The performance of bonded joints highly depends on their design and detailing, surfacespreparation, selection and application of adhesives, and full compliance with their cure schedule. Therefore,the work should be carried out by well-informed, trained and certified operators following a QualityAssurance Program to ensure satisfactory end-product strength and durability.Despite some recent developments, the exploitation of the full potential for on-site bonded joints is mainlyrestrained at present by the lack of structural design guidance, standards for durability assessment and onsiteacceptance testing.This article discusses briefly the use of adhesives on the construction site in the context of structural repairand reinforcement; the requirements and practical difficulties in the work on site with regards to the strengthand durability of the rehabilitated timber structure; and the consequent need for quality control. It alsohighlights the characteristics and requirements that must be fulfilled by structural adhesives and reinforcingmaterials; factors affecting performance and durability of bonded joints; and ways to improve adhesion anddurability. Finally, it points out some research needs and future developments identified by the authors.

In recent years an increased shift in the geographical range of species has been documented, which coincides with globalwarming. On the Portuguese coast the raising of sea-surface temperatures and salinity has also been affecting the intertidal species range. The aim of the present study was to assess changes in the wood boring community present in the Tagus Estuary by comparing data from present surveys with historical records from the 1960s and 1970s. A shift in the activity of wood boring species was observed in the Tagus Estuary. In recent surveys, the main agents of wood destruction in the Tagus were Limnoria tripunctata and Limnoria quadripunctata. In the 1960s and 1970s only L. tripunctata was reported as occurring in the Tagus estuary but it was not considered at threat to wooden structures exposed in the sea. The present predominance of limnoriids in the Tagus might be related to several factors but possibly the most important was the increase in salinity in the area, as limnoriids appear to be restricted to waters with salinities closed to that of seawater. The teredinid species also changed in the area. In the 1960s and 1970s Teredo navalis was reported as the only teredinid species occurring in the Tagus. In recent surveys however, this species was not found, instead two other teredinid species were present Lyrodus pedicellatus and Nototeredo norvagica. The absence of T. navalis in recent surveys might be related to competition with L. pedicellatus.

As concerns for the quality and durability of buildings are grow¬ing. solutions are needed to increase the likelihood of being able to preserve the physical and mechanical integrity of constructions. and this is more demanding when the building has historical value (1).Conspicuous among the anomalies currently most observed in buildings' timber structures are those caused by xylotrophic organ¬isms such as rot fungi and subterranean termites. as well as dry¬wood termites and woodworms, The first two occur in timber with high moisture content and the second two in dry timber Keeping timber in a good state of preservation and remediate an infection 01' infestation both normally require the use of chemical compounds [2], Treating the wood or using treated wood not only helps homeowners save money but also conserves forests (3.4], Details of these treatment products should nevertheless be duly noted after applicationUntil the early 1990s the use of CCA (chromated copper arse¬nate) compounds and active substances such as pentachlorophe¬nol. copper, tin or lindane applied in organic solvents (LOSP) was generalized [2-41. Although some of these formulations were very efficient at extending the life of wood. the health hazard to workers and the risk of environmental impact on the soil and landscape has to be seriously considered [3.4]. In the last few decades severerestrictions were therefore imposed on the use of many of the sub¬stances mentioned above in Europe [51. and in the USA where for instance, CCA was phased out of all new residential uses. from Jan¬uary 2004 [61,Some traditional products based on established practices are also in general use, They include linseed oil, a good water repellent finishing, and used motor oil. which is often applied (particularly in Portugal) in the preventive treatment of wood. though with very arguable effectiveness.Present day maintenance or rehabilitation interventions in old buildings will necessarily lead to the use of newer and more envi¬ronmentally benign products on existing timber (Fig. 1). However, the effectiveness of curative/preventive measures is often impaired by the presence of previous treatments or finishes, not always well documented and difficult to characterize.In this context. there is a need for a penetration test that would allow swift evaluation whether a particular new wood preserva¬tive eao be used, The test should also be of minimum disturbance to the structure under rehabilitation,

A preferência por Pinho bravo "resinado" / "não resinado" é ainda frequentemente expressa em Cadernos de Encargos. No entanto, as consequências para a qualidade da madeira de Pinheiro bravo (Pinus pinaster Ait.) resultantes da práctica de resinagem à vida (extracção moderada de resina, ao longo de muitos anos) têm sido alvo de discussão, não havendo consenso quanto à vantagem de um ou outro tipo de madeira. Tanto se assiste à preferência por madeira resinada, acreditando que o afluxo de resina aumenta a sua durabilidade, como à preferência por madeira não resinada baseada na sua hipotética maior resistência mecânica. Os conceitos "madeira seca" e "madeira tratada" correspondem a dois parâmetros distintos da especificação de uma madeira e não podem ser confundidos. A secagem da madeira pretende sobretudo minimizar a variação dimensional dos elementos após aplicação em obra, enquanto o tratamento (preservação) da madeira corresponde à introdução na madeira de um produto preservador destinado a conferir-lhe durabilidade adequada face ao risco de ataque de agentes biológicos.

Na reabilitação de edificios antigos surge muitas vezes a necessidade de empregar madeira semelhante à original, de forma a minimizar o impacto da intervenção. Esta preocupação leva à especificação de madeira pela respectiva designação comercial, por se associar a essa designação um conjunto de características [estéticas, mecãnicas e de durabilidade) "garantidas".O resultado nem sempre é satisfatório de. vida,I) à qualidade [defeitos e característicasestruturais) variar entre lotes oriundos de diferentes localizaçóes geográficas com condições de crescimento distintas [Figura I) e mesmo dentro de um dado lote de madeira;2) à mesma designação comercial abranger um conjunto de material, por vezes muito diversificado.

Occurrence of the West Indian drywood termite, Cryptotermes brevis, isregistered for the first time as established populations in Barcelona (Spain) and also additional information is given regarding a recent record from Lisbon (Portugal). This serious invasive termite pest wasdetected in five buildings in Barcelona, Spain and one building in Lisbon,Portugal.

A passagem do furacão Katrina pelo Golfo do México em 29 de Agosto de 2005 e os seus efeitos devastadores na costa sul dos Estados Unidos, em termos humanos e materiais, estão ainda bem presentes no terreno e na nossa memória colectiva.Este furacão foi dos mais fortes a atingir a costa dos Estados Unidos da América nos últimos 100 anos. Atingiu os estados de Luisiana, Alabama e Mississípi, sendo a inundação de cerca de 80% da cidade de New Orleans, em consequência da falha do sistema de diques que deveriam proteger a sua área metropolitana das águas do lago Pontchartrain, a face mais visivel da destruição causada.As inundações, os ventos fortes [superiores a 140mph, cerca de 22Skm/h] que lhe garantiram a classificação de furacão de grau 4 ao atingir a costa dos EUA, a chuva intensa e os detritos transportados pelo furacão destruíram ou tornaram inabitáveis mais de 300.000 casas na região costeira do Golfo.Os prejuízos estimados ascenderam a 96 mil milhões de dólares, com mais de 1800 mortos, 1,1 milhões de pessoas evacuadas e 770.000 deslocadas.Fora das zonas inundadas, o vento, a chuva e os detritos lançados pelo vento causaram extensos danos nas construções, entre elas um grande número de edifícios aligeirados com estrutura de madeira, que correspondem ao sistema de construção corrente de edifícios unifamiliares realizados muitas vezes em regime de auto-construção.Sem pôr em causa a extrema violência da tempestade, a destruição verifica da pareceu no entanto algo desproporcionada, suscitando em alguns meios considerações menos abonatórias relativamente às casas de madeira.A análise dos danos infligidos a estas casas e respectivos pormenores construtivos permitiria no entanto concluir que a devastação se deveu em grande medida a deficiências sistemáticas presentes nos edifícios, relevantes para a sua resistência ao vento, e que esta teria sido muito minimizada se a construção tivesse seguido os princípios e normas regulamentares de dimensionamento e de construção vigentes.Um estudo recentemente apresentado por Gopu e Levitan [1] sistematiza os danos so¬fridos durante o furacão pelas construções aligeiradas com estrutura de madeira e identifica as deficiências mais frequentemente encontradas nestes edifícios. Aponta ainda as principais lições a retirar e algumas medidas que poderiam ter evitado, e permitirão evitar de futuro, semelhantes níveis de destruição.O texto que se segue procura transcrever, no essencial, os resultados do estudo apresenta¬do por esses autores.

A especificação da madeira para a construção assenta ainda hoje, muitas vezes, em critérios pouco objectivos, de difícil verificação e reduzida eficácia.Algumas especificações

This article presents a nonlinear finite element model developed to simulate the load-deformation behavior of wood joints when loaded by a dowel-type fastener. Particular attention was paid to the initialload-deformation behavior that had a significant influence on the joint stiffness, a joint property with a largeinfluence on the mechanical behavior of wood-based composite structures connected with semirigid joints.To obtain accurate predictions of joint deformation, the material models available in the literature were adapted and nonlinear deformations were taken into consideration during very early loading. The proposedmodel precisely describes the embedding behavior of different wood species and densities. Numerical results compared very well with those obtained in experiments. Based on this analysis, the recommendation is to obtain the material model inputs based on design values available in the literature.

The invasive drywood termite Cryptotermes brevis (WalkerJ was accidentally introduced In the Azores Islands (Portu¬galJ, causing severe damage to structural timbers in buildings. Research on efficient monitoring and control methods is crucial to the definition of future integrated pest management strategies and for the preservation of wooden struc¬tures in the Azorean Islands.Blocks of eight wood species [white tola, kambala, sucupira, Norway spruce, redwood, Australian blackwood, blue gum and Japanese cedar) and two wood derived products [oriented strand board - OSB and medium-density fiberboard¬ MDF were exposed for two years, to drywood termites, inside a house with an active Infestation. One organic solvent [propiconazole, 1.22% , permethrln, 0.24%) was applied to all wood species and 0SB: MDF was not submitted to any treatment. Two different methods for organic solvent application were used: by brushing or by immersion. Drywood termites attack was evaluated through the observation of: sealed or no sealed holes In wood or wooden products, pel¬lets or termites presenceA redundancy analysis was performed and three variables were considered significant, no treatment, OSB and MDF. Generally, non treated blocks of all wood species and 0SB were the most consumed. 0SB was severely attacked, since it had the higher number of holes, although some were not sealed, indicating possible difficulties in drywood termites installation. Some variables showed 100% protection against drywood termite attack during the test period:a) organic solvent application [sucupira and white tola), b) organic solvent applied by immersion [Australian blackwood, Norway spruce, japanese cedar and kambala); c) organic solvent applied b~ brushing (redwood and blue gum). Untreated kam¬bala and blue gum had the lowest number of holes in the bloc"s though severe infestation of blue gum sapwood had been found previously on the same buildingNon destructive techniques for termites' detection are very Important for early prevention and control measures. A microwave detection device and an acoustic detection device were tested for termites' detection. Microwave detector negative detections were false in half of detections made: positive detections were false in 42% of the cases. For the acoustic detector 15% of negative detections were correct; all positive detections were correct. Acoustic and microwave detection techniques potential In detecting early Infestation of C. brevis should be further investigated.

Kosovo is a relatively small country with 10870 km2 where 42% of its territory is covered with trees. To date, Kosovo has passed through three important phases of economic development: the emergency phase after the recent war, the second phase with. the privatization of social enterprises and the present third phase of sustainable developmentThe after war period was very important for the forest sector as it led to its reconstruction, privatization and development aiming at the internal and foreign markets. Positive developments in the field of wood industry led to a marked increase in the number of work places offered and consequent requirement for a specialized and qualified workforce.These developments have been sustained by higher education programs addressing these issues. One of the study programs is offered by the Faculty of Applied Technical Sciences, in Ferizaj, within the University of Prishtina. This is the only higher education institution in Kosovo, which for 35 years has been offering opportunity to study in wood industry and cooperates with wood processing enterprises and with the Kosovo Wood Processing Association.Curriculum projects are focused in a way that the study process should be more closely related with industrial practices and scientific analyses of all practical parts in the economical context. The large proportion of forests in Kosovo represents a relatively good potential for development of this sector both for the domestic market, and for exports of wood products. This sector can also be very attractive for foreign investments and can generated new jobs.It is therefore essential to have scientific and technical knowledge on the national forests as well as on the species' quality for wood processing.

Pinus pinaster wood was impregnated with paraffin to different levels using a hot-coldprocess with the hot step at 170-180 ºC and 2-4h. Weight gain, density, equilibriummoisture and dimensional stability (ASE) at 35% and 65% relative humidity and termitedurability against Reticulitermes grassei (Clément) were determined. The weight gain(WG) ranged between 16% and 87% according to treatment. It was determined that 30minutes in the cold bath was enough to reach maximum penetration. Density increasedfrom 0.57 to 0.99, almost reaching the water density. ASE ranged between 38-96% and16-71% for respectively 35% and 65% relative humidity. The best anti shrinkingefficiency (ASE) was obtained for a combined treatment at 180 ºC (4h) and 61% WG.Nevertheless the use of a higher temperature bath did not significantly improve thedimensional stability when compared at the same paraffin WG. Equilibrium moisturecontent decreased drastically due to the treatment from 9.9%, 12.0% to 0.5% and 2.1%for 35% and 65% relative humidity. Termite durability improved from level 4 to level 3of attack. Treated wood presented higher termite mortality (52%) against (17%) ofuntreated wood. The preliminary tests with paraffin impregnation showed that wood haslower equilibrium moisture, higher dimensional stability and density and a higher resistance against termites.

A madeira sempre existiu em abundância no território nacional. Como material único ouconjugada com outros, a madeira assumiu um papel importante na construção de cidades como Lisboa, Guimarães, Porto ou Lamego. De facto, a imagem urbana de muitas áreas resulta, principalmente, da utilização de madeira na construção de segundos ou terceiros pisos e da possibilidade de edificar trapeiras e mansardas sobre as coberturas. Também, em zonas piscatórias, a madeira foi o material escolhido para a edificação sobre estacaria ou, maisrecentemente, sobre fundações de betão.O presente artigo, inserido no âmbito de uma dissertação de doutoramento na Universidade de Évora e em colaboração com o Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, pretende dar a conhecer a riqueza e diversidade dos sistemas construtivos de paredes interiores e exteriores em que a madeira é o principal material. Na maioria das vezes, o seu esqueleto é cheio com alvenarias detijolo ou pedra e argamassas de terra ou areia e cal. Exteriormente, é protegido com rebocos, lousas em escama ou chapas onduladas pintadas. Wood has always existed abundantly in the Portuguese territory. Either used as a single material or in combination with others, it has taken a major role in urban constructive sceneries such as Lisboa, Guimarães, Porto or Lamego. In fact, it has been a key factor in the overall image of such urban areas as it was frequently used in second and third floors build ups as well as in dormers and top roof lofts. Also, in fishing areas, wood can be widely found on buildings on piles or, morerecently, on concrete foundations. This research, included as part of a doctoral dissertation at the University of Évora with the collaboration of National Laboratory for Civil Engineering, aims to reveal the richness and diversity of partition and external wall constructive systems where wood is the main material. In most cases,the skeleton is filled in with brick, masonry, earth, sand and lime mortars, and on the outside it is finished with plaster, flake slates or painted corrugated iron sheet. The article proposes to explorethe different building systems.

Traditional buildings basically include natural and autochthonous construction materials and are built with sustainable construction techniques. The knowledge of these materials

This paper presents the in situ experimental conservation work performed on three timberstructural elements from a XIX century building: two floor beams and one roof beam.This palace was built in 1877 in the centre of Lisbon initially with residential purposes. It has four floors, with timber structural horizontal elements, stairs and roof beams(generally of Pinus sylvestris). The exterior walls are made of irregular stone masonry bedded on mortar, rendered and painted.

The assessment of the structural performance of existing timber structures is dependent,among other factors, on the capacity to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of structural timber elements in situ. This paper discusses the possibilities/advantages of using a probabilistic approach to obtain a more reliable prediction of the referenceproperties of these timber members in situ. The presented approach combines informationfrom common non-destructive techniques (NDT), such as visual assessment andultrasounds, and those from semi-destructive tests (SDT), as meso tension specimens andwood cores. An application of this approach to maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) andchestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) timber pieces of structural dimension is presented.

Este trabalho visa analisar o efeito nos valores característicos de resistência mecânica do Pinho bravo nacional (Pinus pinaster Ait.), resultante do ajustamento de diferentes distribuições de probabilidade. No estudo foram utilizados resultados de ensaios conduzidos em 1990 no âmbito de um projecto europeu. As propriedades analisadas foram a resistência e o módulo de elasticidade à flexão e a massa volúmica. O estudo considerou as classes de qualidade englobadas na norma portuguesa NP 4305 - Classificação Visual de Madeira de Pinho Bravo para Estruturas (IPQ 1995). No que se refere às distribuições de probabilidade foram estudadas as distribuições estatísticas normais, lognormal e Weibull bi-paramétrica. Data from mechanical tests of Portuguese maritime pine timber, which was gathered in 1990 was analysed for mechanical properties such as bending strength, modulus of elasticity and density. Visual grades were determined using the Portuguese visual grading standard NP4305 (IPQ 1995) and were analysed for their strength profiles. Normal, lognormal and Weibull distributions were determined and compared to the dataset.

Os nós constituem um dos defeitos da madeira com maior impacto no seu comportamento mecânico. No presente trabalho são analisados alguns critérios de avaliação da influência dos nós no comportamento mecânico de elementos de madeira. É analisada igualmente a possibilidade de utilização de um registo termográfico, obtido por meio de uma câmara de infravermelhos no decurso dos ensaios mecânicos, para uma melhor compreensão do efeito dos nós nesse mesmo comportamento. O estudo englobou o ensaio à compressão paralela às fibras de provetes de Pinho bravo apresentando uma gama variada de nós.Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que a utilização somente de critério relativos às características do nó explica cerca de 30 % da variabilidade observada nos resultados da resistência à compressão. Uma melhoria significativa (r2 0.60) foi obtida incluindo informação sobre as características da madeira limpa (massa volúmica). As imagens termográficas permitem uma melhor percepção da origem e propagação do dano, possibilitando que análises futuras mais exaustivas possam melhorar os modelos agora obtidos. Knots are one of the wood

Com foco na busca por alternativas menos tóxicas para o controlo de fungos e insectos que deterioram a madeira, o presente trabalho trás os resultados obtidos em ensaios de triagem inicial para avaliação do potencial fungicida e/ou fungistático do extracto bruto de folhas de duas espécies botânicas nativas do Brasil. O método empregado neste estudo consistiu naimpregnação de discos de papel de filtro com diversas concentrações dos extractos de folhas de Senna multijuga e Senna spectabilis, ambas da família Fabaceae e o contacto destes com os fungos basidiomicetas Gloeophyllum trabeum e Pycnoporus sanguineus, responsáveis, respectivamente, por podridão castanha e branca da madeira. Os resultados obtidos apontampara o efeito inibitório de ambos os extractos e efeito fungistático de Senna multijuga. Focusing the search for less toxic alternatives for controlling fungi and insects that damage wood, this work presents the results obtained in initial screening tests for assessing the antifungal potential from the crude extract of leaves of two plant species natives from Brazil. The methodused in this study consisted in the impregnation of filter paper disks with various concentrations of extracts of leaves of Senna spectabilis and Senna multijuga, both from the family Fabaceae andcontact of them with the fungi basidiomycetes Gloeophyllum trabeum and Pycnoporus sanguineus, responsible respectively for brown and white rot. The results indicate the inhibitory effect of both extracts and the fungistatic effect of Senna multijuga.

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O Museu da Academia das Ciências de Lisboa possui uma preciosa xiloteca assinada pelo Mestre dos marceneiros portugueses, José Aniceto Rapozo contendo 1213 amostras de madeiras do Brasil e 12 de outras origens. A sua importância no progresso do conhecimento dos recursos florestais do Brasil naviragem dos séculos dezoito e dezanove conduziu ao estudo em curso. Dada a devastação verificada em vastas áreas florestais brasileiras, surgem dificuldades por certas espécies poderem ter distribuiçãogeográfica diferente (com eventual extinção, geral ou localizada), por insuficiência do material de comparação, e por ambiguidade das designações comerciais.Foi possível identificar esta xiloteca como uma de quatro encomendadas a Aniceto Rapozo pelo Príncipe Regente. A análise das amostras de madeira e a informação documental mostram que a colecçãotem por base uma remessa de 5008 amostras de madeiras do Brasil enviada em 1784 para o Arsenal Real do Exército, em Lisboa, pelo Vice-Rei do Brasil, Luís de Vasconcellos e Souza.O valor científico do conjunto é evidenciado pela identificação botânica das espéciesrepresentadas. Na situação actual, a identificação das espécies florestais representadas na amostragem foiinteiramente conseguida em 14% dos casos, conseguida mas ainda por confirmar em 27%. Dado o carácter preliminar deste estudo, os seus resultados serão ulteriormente publicados com mais pormenor. Among the Lisbon Academy of Sciences Museum collection there is a valuable xylarium by theleading Portuguese master cabinet-maker José Aniceto Rapozo (1756-1824), comprising 1213 wood samples from Brazil plus 12 from elsewhere. This collection is most important since it allows us to improve the knowledge on Brazilian forest resources by the end of the eighteenth century and thebeginning of the next. This study aims to establish its historical framework and scientific value. Owing tooverexploitation and even devastation of very large forest areas in Brazil, difficulties for our study aroseeither as some species may have now a different geographical distribution (and eventually may have underwent local or general extinction), by lack of adequate comparison material, or because of ambiguityof the commercial names.Results so far obtained allowed us to recognize the xylarium as one of the four commanded Rapozo by the Regent Prince, later King João VI (1767-1826). Taking into account the wood samples analyses as well as bibliographic data it is possible to conclude that the collection was prepared from a set 3 of 5008 Brazilian wood samples sent to the Royal Arsenal in Lisbon in 1784 by the Brazil

This work collects information about laboratory tests to evaluate the properties of agro-industrial wastes used for thermal insulation building materials considering them individually and in composits. It focuses on bio-susceptibility, as one of the main aspects to consider for bio-based building products.

Innovation in structures and construction materials demands a more accurate performance analysis during the life cycle. In addition, climatic changes pose new challenges to civil infrastructures that were not so relevant in the past. In most cases, the traditional test methods cannot accurately assess the complex phenomena involved in durability. The modern and complex factors require a different approach to durability analysis. The purpose of this chapter is to present innovative durability tests on construction materials: wood; rammed earth, cob and unfired blocks; natural stone; bituminous binders and mixtures; and Fibre Reinforced Polymers (FRP) to concrete bonded connections. Most of these tests concern the accelerated simulation of the main phenomena involved in durability performance

Laboratory tests were carried out to define production parameters of innovative eco-efficient composites made up of hazelnut shells as aggregate and a sodium silicate solution as adhesive. The aim was to maximize the content of bio-aggregates and minimize the amount of adhesive, guaranteeing the feasibility of producing samples. Therefore, after preliminary testing, the percentages of hazelnut shells and the sodium silicate solution were kept constant: 70% and 30% of the total volume, respectively. However, the characteristics of the considered composites did not allow the production of uniform samples. The sodium silicate solution was not rapidly absorbed by the bio-aggregates; during the drying process, it was deposited on the bottom side of the samples. The uniformity of the samples is required to guarantee a correct evaluation of their performance and future homogeneous panels. Hence, different production parameters were investigated, such as drying at T

The durability of construction materials is a key concern and can be related to different actions such as weathering conditions outdoors enhanced by climatic change, chemical and biological attack, abrasion, and other conditions of service over time. Frequently, several actions develop simultaneously, making it difficult to reproduce in situ conditions in laboratory. Furthermore, testing to assess durability depends largely on the nature of the material itself or on the way it has been assembled with other materials. The ageing techniques to assess long-term durability performance of construction materials are based on accelerated durability tests, which include, for example, thermal stress, freeze

This paper presents an overview of research carried out to assess the bonding suitability of Portuguese timbers.Most work developed in the last decades has focused Maritime pine timber, due to its traditional use in building construction, good mechanical properties and availability. Untreated, as well as preservative treated Maritime pine have been studied, as its impregnability allows deep treatment suitable for applications in Use Classes 3 and 4.Recent results on bonding preservative treated Maritime pine wood are discussed.Preliminary results regarding other species that are becoming available in the Portuguese market are also presented, as an attempt to reduce pressure on Maritime pine timber as well as to seek more valuable alternatives for their traditional uses.

No presente trabalho apresentam-se os resultados mais relevantes obtidos num programa experimental desenvolvido no LNEC com o objetivo de caracterizar a aderência dos varões nervurados do tipo A500NR SD existentes no mercado, fundamentalmente para melhorar a modelação do comportamento dos elementos de betão armado de zonas críticas de estruturas inseridas em zonas sísmicas.O programa experimental desenvolvido pretende simular as condições de aderência existentes num varão horizontal de uma ligação viga-pilar e tem como principais variáveis varões de dois diâmetros frequentemente utilizados (16 e 25 mm), dois níveis diferentes de área relativa das nervuras (A e B) e duas classes de betão (C1 e C2), ambos representativos do betão utilizado nas construções mais relevantes.Os resultados obtidos quer nos ensaios monotónicos quer nos ensaios cíclicos apontam para um decréscimo da tensão de aderência com o aumento do diâmetro da ordem dos 10%. O aumento da área relativa das nervuras transversais traduz-se num incremento da tensão máxima de aderência da ordem dos 15%, com uma redução do deslizamento que ronda os 15%. Nesse sentido, este estudo propôs que, no caso dos varões com maior área relativa das nervuras, a tensão de aderência máxima possa variar entre 2,35 e 2,65 vezes a raiz quadrada da resistência do betão à compressão e que o patamar onde a tensão de aderência é máxima se situe entre 0,5 e 1,5 mm de deslizamento.Explorou-se também o fenómeno da entrada em cedência da armadura tendo-se concluído que, em provetes que pretendem simular as condições de aderência existentes num varão horizontal de uma ligação viga-pilar, a entrada em cedência da armadura conduz a uma redução da tensão de aderência máxima inferior a 10%, quer regime monotónico quer em regime cíclico.

O presente trabalho de investigação refere-se à conservação de elementos estruturais de madeira medianamente degradados por fungos em edifícios antigos. Propõe-se estudar a compatibilidade entre produtos de tratamento e de consolidação por impregnação, aplicados sequencialmente. A avaliação do processo foi realizada maioritariamente em laboratório e na óptica do desempenho mecânico conjunto da madeira e produtos aplicados, por intermédio de ensaios físico-mecânicos destrutivos e não destrutivos e também por ensaios mecânicos não destrutivos realizados in situ. Foram utilizados produtos comerciais, aplicando-os às espécies de madeira correntemente encontradas nos edifícios antigos da zona de Lisboa: Pinho bravo e Casquinha. Procedeu-se à avaliação mecânica de madeira nova e antiga, em estado são e degradado; ao desenvolvimento de um método de medição da profundidade de penetração de produtos de tratamento; à avaliação da capacidade consolidante de madeira degradada por produtos poliméricos fluidos e à avaliação da sua actuação conjunta, estudada com e sem envelhecimento artificial. Os resultados obtidos indicaram significativos aumentos de capacidade mecânica da madeira degradada, quando submetida a tratamento e consolidação Este trabalho desenvolve, assim, uma proposta de solução para a madeira que não se encontra sã, mas que ainda possui capacidade resistente, não necessitando, por isso, de ser removida. O processo de tratamento e consolidação promove resistência aos agentes biológicos e, simultaneamente, recuperação de alguma resistência mecânica da madeira, conferindo-lhe capacidade para continuar em serviço.

Subterranean termites from the genus Reticulitermes are an important pest ofwood in service throughout southern Europe and elsewhere. For effective termitecontrol with long term protection but minimal environmental damage, newintegrated approaches to termite management are needed. Baiting-based systemsseem to be promising non-traditional methods for termite control, targeting thecolony as a whole. However, control through baiting is only feasible when it isknown that the toxicant can be transferred to all the colonies foraging on theinfested area and also throughout each individual colony. Accordingly, the workdescribed is specifically designed to achieve a better understanding of thedistribution and delimitation of colonies within a population of Reticulitermes,with parallel insights into foraging behaviour and colony organization.Initially, the species/subspecies spectrum present within the notionalReticulitermes group in Portugal was reassessed. It was shown that Reticulitermesgrassei is the only species encountered. Foraging activity was then assessed in anexperimental woodland site over two successive annual cycles, both by thesampling of natural lying dead wood and by a standard baiting grid. R. grasseiseem to select wood with larger diameter, with an apparent preference for materialalready decayed by fungi. Both termite and fungal attack on wood seems to bepromoted by higher moisture levels, such as prevail in larger litter items andduring seasonal rains. Termites were unable to detect and direct their foragingtowards sound wood in laboratory conditions, suggesting that the network ofinfochemical signals is more complex than just volatiles emanating from soundwood. Mark-release-recapture (MRR) was used to delineate foraging groups,which were then allocated to their parent colonies by the use of microsatellitemarkers. The results suggest that resource sharing is a facultative behaviour,specifically when food is not a limiting factor for colony development. Theimplications of all these findings for bait technology and protocols are discussed,with reference to the local population ecology of Reticulitermes.

O presente trabalho apresenta um projecto de revisão da Norma Portuguesa NP 550 (1969)

O presente trabalho apresenta um projecto de revisão da Norma Portuguesa NP 448 (1966)

O presente trabalho apresenta um projecto de Norma Portuguesa relativo ao ensaio de tracção de anéis de tubos metálicos, e insere-se numa série de estudos programados pelo autor, enquanto coordenador da normalização nacional no domínio dos ensaios mecânicos, físicos e não-destrutivos de materiais metálicos, com a finalidade de preencher lacunas da Normalização Portuguesa neste domínio que a indústria e as instituições ligadas ao controlo da qualidade considerem ser mais urgente colmatar.O texto apresentado consiste na versão final de uma proposta redigida pelo autor, na sequência dos estudos efectuados ao nível da Comissão Técnica de Normalização competente.

O presente trabalho apresenta um projecto de revisão da Norma Portuguesa NP 740 (1969)

O presente trabalho apresenta um projecto de Norma Portuguesa contendo uma tabela com a indicação dos números de dureza Vickers a utilizar como resultado dos ensaios efectuados sobre superfícies planas de materiais metálicos, de acordo com a Norma NP 711-1. Este projecto insere-se numa série de estudos programados pelo autor, enquanto coordenador da normalização nacional no domínio dos ensaios mecânicos, físicos e não-destrutivos de materiais metálicos, a fim de actualizar as Normas Portuguesas existentes neste domínio.O texto apresentado consiste na versão final de uma proposta redigida pelo autor, na sequência dos estudos efectuados ao nível da Comissão Técnica de Normalização competente.

O presente trabalho apresenta um projecto de Norma Portuguesa contendo uma tabela com a indicação dos números de dureza Vickers a utilizar como resultado dos ensaios efectuados sobre superfícies planas de materiais metálicos, de acordo com a Norma NP 711-2. Este projecto insere-se numa série de estudos programados pelo autor, enquanto coordenador da normalização nacional no domínio dos ensaios mecânicos, físicos e não-destrutivos de materiais metálicos, a fim de actualizar as Normas Portuguesas existentes neste domínio.O texto apresentado consiste na versão final de uma proposta redigida pelo autor, na sequência dos estudos efectuados ao nível da Comissão Técnica de Normalização competente.

O presente trabalho apresenta um projecto de revisão da Norma Portuguesa NP 106 (1965)

O presente trabalho apresenta um projecto de revisão da Norma Portuguesa NP 141 (1958)

O presente trabalho apresenta um projecto de Norma Portuguesa relativo ao ensaio de dureza Rockwell de materiais metálicos planos de pequena espessura, escalas Bm e 30Tm, e insere-se numa série de estudos programados pelo autor, enquanto coordenador da normalização nacional no domínio dos ensaios mecânicos, físicos e não-destrutivos de materiais metálicos, com a finalidade de preencher lacunas da Normalização Portuguesa neste domínio que a indústria e as instituições ligadas ao controlo da qualidade considerem ser mais urgente colmatar.O texto apresentado consiste na versão final de uma proposta redigida pelo autor, na sequência dos estudos efectuados ao nível da Comissão Técnica de Normalização competente.

O presente trabalho apresenta um projecto de Norma Portuguesa relativo ao ensaio de dureza Rockwell superficial de materiais metálicos, escalas N e T, e insere-se numa série de estudos programados pelo autor, enquanto coordenador da normalização nacional no domínio dos ensaios mecânicos, físicos e não-destrutivos de materiais metálicos, com a finalidade de preencher lacunas da Normalização Portuguesa neste domínio que a indústria e as instituições ligadas ao controlo da qualidade considerem ser mais urgente colmatar.O texto apresentado consiste na versão final de uma proposta redigida pelo autor, na sequência dos estudos efectuados ao nível da Comissão Técnica de Normalização competente.

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