Publicações

As áreas urbanas constituem sistemas dinâmicos, complexos e vulneráveis envolvendo múltiplos serviços urbanos estratégicos, como abastecimento de água, gestão de águas residuais, pluviais e resíduos, energia, transportes. As pressões e impactos causados por eventos climáticos, como chuvas fortes, efeitos de maré ou secas, podem produzir impactos significativos nestes serviços causando efeitos em cascata, com graves consequências para pessoas, ambiente natural e economia. Os desafios das alterações climáticas (AC) nessas áreas exigem uma abordagem integrada para aumentar a resiliência urbana. Os serviços urbanos de águas, sendo fundamentais para a resiliência urbana apresentam, em geral, elevada vulnerabilidade aos impactos causados pelas AC. Para compreender a resiliência urbana é essencial avaliar a resiliência destes serviços e respetivas infraestruturas, seguindo uma abordagem integrada e envolvendo os vários stakeholders.Neste contexto, no âmbito do projeto H2020 RESCCUE Alterações climáticas; Resiliência; Serviços urbanos de águas Cardoso, M. A.; Brito, R.; Pereira, C.; David, L. M. Comunicações IST SEREA19 - XVI Seminário Ibero-americano sobre Sistemas de Abastecimento e Drenagem 12 pp.. DHA NES http://repositorio.lnec.pt:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/1012428 21436 2019 Approach To Develop a Climate Change Resilience Assessment Framework Urban areas are complex, vulnerable and continuously evolving, with interacting strategic services, assets and stakeholders. Potential effects of climate dynamics on urban areas may include the aggravation of current conditions, with identification of new hazards or risk drivers. These challenges require an integrated and forward-looking approach to sustainable urban development. Several tools and frameworks for assessing resilience have already been developed in different fields of study. However, aiming to focus on climate change, urban services and infrastructure, some specific needs were identified.In this light, a resilience assessment framework was developed to direct and facilitate an objective-driven resilience diagnosis of urban cities and services; to support decision on selection of resilience measures and development of strategies to enhance resilience to climate change; to outline a path to co-build Resilience Action Plans; and to track the progress of resilience in the city or in the service over time. The paper presents an outline of the structure of the framework and details the approach used in its development, including engagement tools and actions undertaken to assure stakeholder involvement in its development, validation and testing. Urban resilience; Performance metrics; Development approach; Climate change; Assessment framework Cardoso, M. A.; Brito, R. Comunicações IWA Publishing LESAM 2019 - Leading Edge Strategic Asset Management and PI Performance Indicators 10 pp.. DHA NES http://repositorio.lnec.pt:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/1012429 21437 2019 Strategic Asset Management approach for planning investment in a large-scale irrigation system. Urban water services have been applying infrastructure asset management (IAM) principles in the last two decades. Rural water services are still grasping this concept, even though some of the IAM fundamentals are already familiar in this context. Urban water services experience both internal pressures for water losses control and external pressures to assure service quality and sustainability, which are probably greater than in irrigation systems. Not only water for irrigation is usually cheaper than urban water but also irrigation systems are seldom a regulated service. The recent economic crisis in Europe emphasised the need to rationalize and justify investments; urban water services found in IAM a solution for efficient management while assuring both service quality and sustainability in the long term (Alegre et al., 2013). European utilities (such as for transport, gas, energy and water services) are in varying stages of asset management (AM), but have in common the need for a better alignment between AM strategy and investment planning. For AM leaders, making the right investment decisions is crucial (IAM Exchange, 2014). The availability of platforms for long-term financial sustainability was identified as one of the prime market opportunities by asset managers (Boon, J. 2017). Irrigation utilities have demonstrated an increased interest in IAM recently, and sound steps have to be taken. Typically, as large-scale irrigation systems are built almost entirely in a given time-frame, a significant part of the assets age at the same time and concentrated investment needs for rehabilitation are predictable. It is essential to have long-term investment programming, namely when the infrastructure is expected to have an indefinite life without jeopardizing service sustainability. This paper focuses on forecasting these needs in an aggregated way, not aiming to identify the specific assets to be intervened and when, but rather to provide a big picture for the long term investment plan. A methodology for this purpose was developed and applied to a large-scale irrigation utility in Portugal. The irrigation system is relatively recent but the utility is already seeking to anticipate and mitigate the concentrated investment needs. The methodology is in line with IAM fundamentals, recommended by IWA and the ISO 55000 standards. Specifically, in a first stage irrigation infrastructural assets that require rehabilitation investment were identified and the correspondent estate value was determined. Afterwards, investment alternatives that contribute to long-term service sustainability were identified and analysed. Dedicated platforms were developed and used. A system breakdown by functional areas and a proposal for infrastructure components disaggregation was made. This disaggregation was based upon similarity of both asset nature and technical useful life, supported on e.g. the type and characteristics of the assets, the quality of the materials or the maintenance practices. The diagnosis of the current situation and the evaluation of the alternatives were made, based on: (i) the Infrastructure Value Index (IVI, Alegre et al., 2014), which reflects the youth of the infrastructure, weighted with its residual value; (ii) the annual rehabilitation rate, as the annual financial effort in rehabilitation; and (iii) the assets in service with appropriate age, lower than their technical useful life. In the paper, the methodology and the specificities of this particular application to irrigation systems will be presented. Alignment with IAM and the contribution to a broader IAM system will be highlighted. Financial planning; Irrigation services; Infrastructure Asset Management (IAM) Brito, R.; Alegre, H.; Machado, P. Comunicações IWA Publishing IWA Specialist Conference 8 pp.. DHA NES http://repositorio.lnec.pt:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/1012430 21439 2019 As soluções baseadas na natureza como instrumentos para a resiliência urbana A resiliência emergiu como uma perspetiva atraente em relação às cidades, teorizadas como sistemas altamente complexos e adaptativos [1]. Um dos objetivos do desenvolvimento sustentável, propostos pela UNHABITAT, estabelece a resiliência nas cidades como uma questão crítica. A resiliência é usualmente entendida como a capacidade do sistema de absorver perturbações e reorganizar-se enquanto sofre mudanças. Este processo, de melhoria continua, visa essencialmente reter a mesma função, estrutura e identidade [2]. As soluções baseadas na natureza (Nature Based Solutions, NBS) surgiram como soluções sustentáveis para contribuir para a resiliência das cidades de forma a enfrentar os desafios das alterações climáticas. Alguns exemplos de NBS para controlo de caudais pluviais são bacias de retenção, coberturas verdes, zonas húmidas contruídas, valas com cobertura vegetal, entre outras. A União Europeia (UE) define NBS como ações que visam ajudar as sociedades face aos desafios ambientais, sociais e económicos de forma sustentável [3]. Esta comunicação visa apresentar a contribuição das NBS para a resiliência urbana, analisando os vários projetos e identificando as lacunas existentes. Também será desenvolvida uma análise dos sistemas de avaliação existentes e apresentada a estrutura preliminar de um sistema de avaliação do contributo das NBS para a resiliência urbana. Resiliência urbana; Nature Based Solutions (NBS); Indicadores Beceiro, P.; Brito, R.; Galvão, A. Comunicações IST SEREA 2019 - XVI Seminário Ibero-Americano sobre Sistemas de Abastecimento e Drenagem 12 pp.. DHA NES http://repositorio.lnec.pt:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/1012432 21441 2020 RESCCUE RAF app The constant expansion of urban areas ant its services has created new challenges to city managers. Climate Change (CC) is one of the most important topics, taking special importance in urban areas. Given its scalability, technology can take an important role to help city managers identify and mitigate specific CC-related problems in these areas. In this paper, a web application is presented to empower city managers with a tool that give them detailed data about their cities resilience to cope with CC, accessible from anywhere. The usage of this app allows city managers to take optimized measures to suppress weak areas of each city. This app is integrated as a service of the Portuguese Infrastructures Roadmap, under the Infraestrutura Nacional de Computação Distribuída (INCD) project INCD provides the resources for the apps Web application; Resilience; Assessment framework; Climate change Lopes, P.; Oliveira, A.; Pereira, C.; Brito, R.; Cardoso, M. A.; Martins, R.; David, M.; Gomes, J.; Pina, J. Comunicações MIPRO 2020 43rd International Convention on Information, Communication and Electronic Technology 8 pp.. DHA NES http://repositorio.lnec.pt:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/1012433 21442 2019 Uncertainty evaluation of totalization of flow and volume measurements in drinking water supply networks. Clean water and sanitation are one of the 17 sustainable development goals (SDG) of the United Nations Water supply; Volume; Uncertainty; Flow Ribeiro, A.; Loureiro, D.; Almeida, M. C.; Cox, M. G.; Sousa, J. A.; Almeida e Silva, M.; Martins, L.; Brito, R.; Ribeiro, A. Comunicações FLOWMEKO FLOWMEKO 2019 - 10th Internacional Flow Measurement Conference 6 pp.. DHA NES http://repositorio.lnec.pt:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/1012470 21443 2019 Rede de partilha de entidades gestoras de sistemas urbanos de água (iCITAGE.net) A gestão dos serviços urbanos de águas constitui uma preocupação central das entidades gestoras (EG), seja pela crescente pressão regulatória, por constituir uma prioridade para a ERSAR, seja pela necessidade de aumentar a eficiência e a sustentabilidade do serviço e ambiental. A crise económica, que afetou recentemente a atividade do setor, sublinhou esta necessidade de racionalização do uso de recursos e de justificação de investimentos. Entre as diversas áreas de atuação têm especial destaque a gestão patrimonial de infraestruturas (GPI), a gestão de perdas em sistemas de abastecimento de água e a redução de caudais afluentes indevidamente a sistemas de drenagem. Afluências indevidas; Perdas de água; Rede de partilha; Gestão patrimonial de infraestruturas Brito, R.; Loureiro, D.; Cardoso, M. A.; Santos, L.F.; Almeida, M. C. Comunicações IST SEREA 2019 - XVI Seminário Ibero-Americano sobre Sistemas de Abastecimento e Drenagem 11 pp.. DHA NES http://repositorio.lnec.pt:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/1012434 21444 2018 Analysing the importance of variables for sewer failure prediction The ability to adequately prioritise maintenance of sewer systems significantly increases the quality of the service provided by these systems. It is thus important to optimise decision making processes, a more feasible challenge as digital data becomes available. When defining the variables that should be used to predict sewer failure, it is important to identify the ones that mostly influence the quality of the predictions (i.e. the response variable) or to define the smallest number of variables that is adequate to conduct accurate predictions. In this study three different methods to identify the most important variables are evaluated. The first is the mutual information indicator, the second method is the stepwise search approach and the third method uses the out-of-bag samples concept, based on the random forest algorithm. The methods were applied to a real data set that consists on the categorization of sewer condition (critical, non-critical) and their physical characteristics (e.g. Length, Age, Diameter, Slope and Material). The mutual information and the stepwise search methods provided good predictions and produced similar results. The results obtained using out-of-bag samples based on random forest were somewhat different and can be justified by the lack of robustness to imbalanced class distributions. Sewer failure prediction models; Stepwise search; Random forests; Mutual information; Variable importance Carvalho, G.; Amado, C; Brito, R.; Coelho, S.T.; Leitão, J. P. Artigos de Revista Taylor & Francis Online Urban Water Journal Volume 15 - Issue 4. 338-345 pp.. DHA NES http://repositorio.lnec.pt:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/1012435 doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2018.1459748 21446 2019 Aplicação de metodologia de avaliação de desempenho a sistemas de águas pluviais A avaliação de desempenho é uma importante ferramenta de gestão no setor da água e a sua integração na gestão dos sistemas de águas pluviais (SAP) poderá constituir uma mais-valia para as entidades gestoras. Neste sentido, identificou-se a necessidade de desenvolver uma metodologia de avaliação de desempenho de SAP, que seja abrangente, objetiva, padronizada e flexível na sua aplicação. A metodologia apresentada é composta por objetivos, critérios de avaliação e indicadores de desempenho (ID), que constituem etapas de relevo na avaliação de desempenho. O objetivo do presente trabalho consistiu no desenvolvimento de um sistema de avaliação de desempenho a um caso de estudo, na bacia da Quinta do Borel, no concelho da Amadora. Os ID foram calculados a partir de dados obtidos em campanhas de inspeção e monitorização e de simulações hidráulicas de cenários climáticos e soluções de intervenção. As principais falhas de desempenho identificadas relacionam-se com a ocorrência de inundações, a existência de ligações indevidas de efluente doméstico ao SAP, a falta de capacidade hidráulica dos coletores em parte da rede pluvial e coletores sem capacidade de autolimpeza. Foram feitas recomendações de melhoria de desempenho e de obtenção de informação no caso de ID sem dados disponíveis e avaliou-se o potencial da metodologia proposta. Metodologia; Sistemas de águas pluviais; Avaliação de desempenho Santos, L.F.; Cardoso, M. A.; Galvão, A. Comunicações IST SEREA19 - XVI Seminário Ibero-americano sobre Sistemas de Abastecimento e Drenagem 12 pp.. DHA NES http://repositorio.lnec.pt:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/1012436 21447 2019 Performance assessment of storm water systems: framework and application results Performance assessment has not been a common practice within storm water systems Water utility; Framework; Storm water systems; Performance assessment Santos, L.F.; Cardoso, M. A.; Galvão, A. Comunicações IWA Publishing LESAM 2019 - Leading Edge Strategic Asset Management and PI Performance Indicators 11 pp.. DHA NES http://repositorio.lnec.pt:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/1012437 21448 2019 RESCCUE RAF app Climate change (CC) adaptation plays an important role in city and services management and resilience building, targeting the mitigation and adaptation to potential hazards in urban areas. Information technologies can play a leading role to promote fast adoption of the most relevant measures towards CC preparedness. In this paper, a web application is presented with the objective of empowering city and services managers with an accessible and reliable tool. The RESCCUE RAF App materializes a detailed CC resilience evaluation methodology with a user-friendly Web interface. It provides an evaluation of city resilience to CC impacts and urban systems vulnerabilities allowing to assess multi-sector dependencies under multiple CC scenarios. This app is integrated as a service of the Portuguese Infrastructures Roadmap, under the Infraestrutura Nacional de Computação Distribuída (INCD) infrastructure initiative that provides to the app the resources for data computation and storage, and assures its scalability to handle multiple user requests as well as database storage growth. The information provided by this app empowers city and urban services managers with an assessment allowing to know where they stand and to identify the resilience gaps, thus supporting decision on the most advantageous investments on the city and services and planning to cope with future challenges. Three case studies are being carried out in different cities (Barcelona, Lisbon and Bristol). The access to the application is made using credentials given upon request, to ensure data confidentiality. Inside the user Resilience assessment; RESCCUE RAF; Climate change Lopes, P.; Oliveira, A.; Pereira, C.; Brito, R.; Cardoso, M. A.; Martins, R.; David, M.; Gomes, J.; Pina, J. Comunicações IBERGRID IBERGRID 2019 - Delivering Innovative Computing and Data services to Researchers 1 p.. DHA NES http://repositorio.lnec.pt:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/1012438 21449 2020 RAF Resilience Assessment Framework Urban areas are dynamic, facing evolving hazards, having interacting strategic servicesand assets. Their management involves multiple stakeholders bringing additional complexity.Potential impacts of climate dynamics may aggravate current conditions and the appearance of newhazards. These challenges require an integrated and forward-looking approach to resilient andsustainable urban development, being essential to identify the real needs for its achievement.Several frameworks for assessing resilience have been developed in different fields. However,considering the focus on climate change and urban services, specific needs were identified,particularly in assessing strategic urban sectors and their interactions with others and with thewider urban system. A resilience assessment framework was developed directing and facilitatingan objective-driven resilience diagnosis of urban cities and services. This supports the decision onselection of resilience measures and the development of strategies to enhance resilience, outlining apath to co-build resilience action plans, and to track resilience progress in the city or service overtime. This paper presents the framework and the main results of its application to three cities havingdiverse contexts. It was demonstrated that the framework highlights where cities and urban servicesstand, regarding resilience to climate change, and identifies the most critical aspects to improve,including expected future impacts."

This paper aims to develop and apply an approach for short-, medium- and long-term scenario planning. Construction of water demand scenarios is of the utmost importance for planning, design and operation of distribution systems, providing useful information to promote more efficient use of water resources. The proposed approach offers a new perspective for water utilities to obtain coherent and plausible descriptive scenarios as well as realistic water demand projections. This approach was applied to network sectors in existing water distributions systems, using extensive network flow data. Descriptive scenarios for water demand, considering trends and the uncertainties of the future, were obtained, together with improved Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) models, with the inclusion of the key variable temperature and by using historical billed consumption, socio-demographic and infrastructure data. In addition, water demand projections for short- and long-term periods were obtained through the inclusion of future trends in the MLR models. Results from MLR models show enhanced empirical relations between water demand variables and water consumption key factors. This approach was validated using different distribution systems and the results have demonstrated the efficiency of the developed models for the projection of water demand.

In many water distribution systems, water losses are a major problem and an integrated management strategy is required for both the efficient use of water resources and the minimisation of non-revenue water. For foul sewer systems, the inflow of stormwater and infiltration of groundwater affects the management of both sewer systems and wastewater treatment plants. Monitoring of flows represents a critical task within approaches for control of either water losses in distribution systems and infiltration and rain-induced inflows in foul systems. Implementation of monitoring typically involves the following steps: (i) system information updating and digital mapping; (ii) system zoning; and (iii) system flow monitoring. Costs for monitoring are essential for utilities to estimate more accurately the costs of control of water losses, infiltration and inflow and to support more robust decision-making. Costs and infrastructure data were collected from 20 Portuguese water and wastewater utilities. Multiple linear regression analysis is used to obtain cost functions for meter chambers as a function of the volume and for purchase and installation of flow meters as a function of nominal diameter in water supply systems. For the steps of system information updating, digital mapping and system zoning single unit costs are estimated.

Investigou-se a capacidade de sedimentos em suspensão no estuário do Tejo para co-transportar Escherichia coli, como indicador do comportamento das bactérias entéricas. Esta capacidade foi atestada i) pela correlação entre a concentração de sólidos suspensos totais e de E. coli em amostras de água colhidas na praia de Algés, cais de Alcântara e marina do Parque das Nações, à superfície (0,15 m) e próximo do fundo (1 - 9 m), na preia- e baixa-mar, bem como ii) pela co-deposição de E. coli e sedimentos em suspensão nas amostras. O co-transporte de E. coli foi particularmente significativo para os sedimentos com uma estrutura porosa rica em substâncias poliméricas extracelulares (Alcântara e Parque das Nações), cuja tendência para flocular foi evidenciada em ensaios de sedimentação em coluna. Considerando i) os valores dos coeficientes de atenuação da radiação ultravioleta das águas amostradas, ii) a sua dependência da concentração em sólidos suspensos e iii) os teores a que estes ocorrem no estuário, inferiu-se que neste a radiação UV-B extingue-se para valores próximos do nulo a menos de 1,5 m de profundidade e que, portanto, a influência da radiação solar no decaimento da contaminação bacteriana é apenas relevante em zonas pouco profundas do estuário do Tejo e com baixo teor em sólidos suspensos.

Gullies are sewer inlets placed in pavements usually covered by bar grates. They are the most common linking-element used to drain a wide range of flows from surface runoff into the buried drainage system. Their hydraulic behavior and their overall hydraulic performance is dependent on the flow conditions, the gully dimension, geometry, and location of the outlet device. Herein a numerical research based on Volume Of Fluid (VOF) to detect the interface, and on the Shear Stress Transport SSTk-w turbulence model was conducted to study the importance of the outlet location and characterize flows through them in drainage conditions. Results provided detailed information about flow features, discharge coefficients, and efficiencies for different outlet locations. The authors identified three different regimes, R1, R2, and R3, and concluded that the outlet location influences the velocity field along the gully, the discharge coefficient, and the drainage efficiency. This allows for the estimation of uncertainty and its variation for different outlet positions.

Projetar a drenagem superficial para eventos excecionais, que excedem a capacidade de transporte da rede de coletores em áreas urbanas, tem sido uma estratégia de mitigação e adaptação aos efeitos das alterações climáticas. Nos últimos anos, também tem vindo a ser aplicado nas novas urbanizações de um número crescente de cidades em todo o mundo. Consiste em conceber percursos contínuos de escorrência superficial, incluindo a drenagem sobre estradas locais e secundárias, por forma a gerir os caudais em excesso decorrentes de chuvadas extremas e evitar impactes significativos das inundações. Neste artigo faz-se uma revisão dos critérios de segurança mais utilizados, que geralmente limitam a altura de água, a velocidade do escoamento da inundação e relações entre estas variáveis, e avaliam-se os efeitos da forma da secção transversal, da rugosidade e do declive dos arruamentos no cumprimento desses critérios. A avaliação é efetuada com base em expressões analíticas e resultados gráficos.

The current study aims at economic asset valuation of water and wastewater infrastructures to prioritize rehabilitation interventions using the infrastructure value index (IVI) as a key performance indicator. The proposed methodology follows a three-step procedure: (1) identification, characterization and site inspection of existing assets; (2) estimation of the current replacement cost and the current value; and (3) establishment of the priority needs. Data from a utility in the Algarve region of Portugal are used as a case study. The specific objectives are to illustrate the methodology and highlight the inherent challenges and complexities associated with economic asset valuation. Results include the IVI calculation for different assets using scenarios of service lives. Different strategic interventions of rehabilitation in the long term were studied, allowing to assess the evolution of IVI, rehabilitation cost and increased risk assets. Asset valuation is important to establish short-term rehabilitation priorities and to analyse long-term strategies of rehabilitation.

The ability to adequately prioritise maintenance of sewer systems significantly increases the quality of the service provided by these systems. It is thus important to optimise decision making processes, a more feasible challenge as digital data becomes available. When defining the variables that should be used to predict sewer failure, it is important to identify the ones that mostly influence the quality of the predictions (i.e. the response variable) or to define the smallest number of variables that is adequate to conduct accurate predictions. In this study three different methods to identify the most important variables are evaluated. The first is the mutual information indicator, the second method is the stepwise search approach and the third method uses the out-of-bag samples concept, based on the random forest algorithm. The methods were applied to a real data set that consists on the categorization of sewer condition (critical, non-critical) and their physical characteristics (e.g. Length, Age, Diameter, Slope and Material). The mutual information and the stepwise search methods provided good predictions and produced similar results. The results obtained using out-of-bag samples based on random forest were somewhat different and can be justified by the lack of robustness to imbalanced class distributions.

Concentration polarization is intrinsically associated with the selective character ofmembranes and often means flux decline and which causes a subsequent decrease of ultrafiltrationand nanofiltration performance. More important is the fact that it acts as a precursor of membranefouling and creates severe fouling problems in the longer times range. The quantification of itsdependence on the operating parameters of cross-flow velocities and transmembrane pressuresmakes recourse to the film theory to introduce mass-transfer coefficients that generally are calculatedby dimensionless correlations of the Sherwood number as a function of the Reynolds and Schmidtnumbers. In the present work, the mass-transfer coefficients are obtained through the fitting ofexperimental results by the pressure variation method. The ultrafiltration/nanofiltration of the winerywastewaters from the racking operation is carried out with the membranes ETNA 01PP (Alfa Laval)and NF 270 (Dow Filmtec) under a wide range of cross-flow velocities and transmembrane pressuresup to 15 bar.

This paper presents a novel methodology for assessing the overall efficiency of indoor water uses in the household. The methodology comprises three main components of assessment: the evaluation based onefficient patterns, the comparison with peers grouped by clustering techniques and the performance of water use devices based on penalty functions. A water use index is calculated for individual households for each component; this index can be used to compare and to rank the performance of different households. The most representative results from a real life case study composed of 43 households are presented herein. The proposed methodology can support urban demand managers to identify low efficiencies, to set viable water efficiency targets, to calculate potential water savings and, subsequently, to implement water demand management strategies customized to less-efficient water use devices and to groups of consumers with specific socio-demographic characteristics.

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O Guia Técnico n.º 27 concretiza a 4.ª geração do sistema de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços da ERSAR, sendo o resultado de um excelente exemplo de colaboração entre a ERSAR, enquanto entidade reguladora, o Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil e a Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, a quem não podíamos deixar de agradecer, alargando este agradecimento ao universo das entidades gestoras reguladas, cujos contributos prestados durante a consulta ao setor foram integrados nesta versão final.

The European project LIFE IMPETUS demonstrated low-investment, low-energy, flexible, and easy to implement measures for improving the removal of pharmaceutical compounds in urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with activated sludge (CAS) treatment, the most common biological process in those plants in Portugal and worldwide.The project addressed two major groups of technical solutions: i) operating strategies to enhance the biological treatment for PhC removal, measures identified using sound benchmarking tools, and ii) powdered activated carbon (PAC) addition to the biological reactor, using eco-friendly adsorbents, to control the recalcitrant PhCs and those with incomplete and variable biological removal. These technical guidelines compile the best practices and best lessons learned in LIFE IMPETUS project regarding PhC monitoring and improvement of PhC control in urban CAS-WWTPs using the approached technical solutions. The document aims at an easy and comprehensive use by water practitioners, water regulators, academia, and students of different backgrounds, answering to the questions of what, where, how, how much (cost), and when to monitor and control PhCs in urban CAS-WWTPs. Incentives for PhC control in urban WWTPs are also tackled.

The Technical Guide presents the 4th generation of the service quality assessment system, which abandons some 3rd generation indicators and adds new ones to respond to the latest challenges to supply services, urban waste water management and urban waste management. Changes are also made to definitions and benchmarks for some indicators are adjusted.

O projeto Avaler+

These technical guidelines provides guidance on the use of the hybrid process of powdered activate carbon adsorption and ceramic microfiltration for sustainable drinking water production. They were developed based on the field demonstration of the technology, in Portugal, with a pilot prototype, within the LIFE Hymenb project LIFE12 ENV/PT/001154 "Tailoring hybrid membrane processes for sustainable drinking water production", conducted by LNEC - the National Civil Engineering Laboratory and Águas do Algarve, S.A.

O objetivo do presente Guia é a apresentação e a especificação dosistema correspondente à 2.ª geração de avaliação da qualidade dosserviços de abastecimento de água, de saneamento de águas residuaisurbanas e de gestão de resíduos urbanos prestados pelas entidadesgestoras sujeitas a regulação.Este sistema constitui uma peça fundamental do modelo de regulaçãoem implementação pela ERSAR, sumariamente descrito neste Guia emais detalhadamente descrito em [1], nomeadamente no que respeitaà componente da regulação da qualidade do serviço, de forma a tornarpossível a avaliação quantificada.Note-se que, de acordo com o disposto na alínea e) do n.º 1 do artigo 5.ºdo Decreto-Lei n.º 277/2009, de 2 de outubro, a ERSAR tem atribuiçõesnão apenas para assegurar a regulação da qualidade de serviço prestadoaos utilizadores pelas entidades gestoras, mas também para avaliaro desempenho dessas entidades, promovendo a melhoria dos níveis deserviço. É no quadro destas atribuições que se pretende promover estesistema de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços de águas e resíduos.A 2.ª geração do sistema de avaliação da qualidade do serviço resultouda análise crítica do sistema de indicadores adotado na 1.ª geração e darespetiva aplicação desde 2004 ao universo das entidades concessionáriase teve em conta o estado atual de conhecimentos e a experiênciainternacional entretanto adquirida.Para além da identificação e da especificação de todos os componentesdo sistema de avaliação, e em particular do conjunto de indicadores dequalidade do serviço a utilizar em cada um dos três tipos de serviços,são também definidos os procedimentos de avaliação, através dadefinição da informação a obter, do cálculo de indicadores, da sua interpretaçãoe análise comparativa, numa perspetiva de benchmarking, eda produção do relatório de síntese.

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O objectivo do presente Guia é a apresentação e a especificação do sistema correspondente à 2.ª geração de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços de abastecimento de água, de saneamento de águas residuais urbanas e de gestão de resíduos urbanos prestados pelas entidades gestoras sujeitas a regulação. Este sistema constitui uma peça fundamental do modelo de regulação em implementação pela ERSAR, sumariamente descrito neste Guia e mais detalhadamente descrito em [1], nomeadamente no que respeita à componente da regulação da qualidade do serviço, de forma a tornar possível a avaliação quantificada. Note-se que, de acordo com o disposto nas alíneas e) do artigo 5.º do Decreto-Lei n.º 277/2009, de 2 de Outubro, a ERSAR tem atribuições não apenas para assegurar a regulação da qualidade de serviço prestado aos utilizadores pelas entidades gestoras bem como para avaliar o desempenho dessas entidades, promovendo a melhoria dos níveis de serviço. É no quadro destas atribuições que se pretende promover este sistema de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços de águas e resíduos. A 2.ª geração do sistema de avaliação da qualidade do serviço resultou da análise crítica do sistema de indicadores adoptado na 1.ª geração e da respectiva aplicação desde 2004 ao universo das entidades concessionárias e teve em conta o estado actual de conhecimentos e a experiência internacional entretanto adquirida. Para além da identificação e da especificação de todos os componentes do sistema de avaliação, e em particular do conjunto de indicadores de qualidade do serviço a utilizar em cada um dos três tipos de serviços, são também definidos os procedimentos de avaliação, através da definição da informação a obter, do cálculo de indicadores, da sua interpretação e análise comparativa, numa perspectiva de benchmarking, e da produção do relatório de síntese.

Os objetivos da nova DARU são ambiciosos, exigindo maior eficácia e eficiência

Asset management (AM) has become increasingly important in various sectors and organizations over the lastfew decades. This introductory chapter provides an overview of asset management to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of AM, summarizing its application to urban drainage asset management (UDAM), an asset-intensive sector. The chapter includes a short history, from general AM to UDAM, and refers to milestones, key organizations, and standards. It describes AM principles and different perspectives to approach the subject. The UDAM context is outlined, providing the general processes which can influence strategic, tactical, or operational decision levels, accounting for the specific perspectives and objectives on the subject. The main approaches applied to UDAM are broadly described, some of which incorporate a balance of costs, risks, opportunities, and performance, while others focus on specific aspects. The chapter presents different types of approaches to AM, ranging from those based on condition, reliability, and risk to those based on value, followed by those based on performance or quality of service, highlighting common aspects or overlaps between them. When appropriate, guidance to the chapters where additional information on the subject can be found is provided. Finally, challenges, limitations and opportunities are highlighted.

The number of climate-related disasters has progressively increased in the last two decades and this trend will drastically exacerbate in the medium- and long-term horizons according to climate change projections. In this framework, through a multi-disciplinary team and a strong background acquired in recent projects, ICARIA aims to promote the use of asset-level modeling to achieve a better understanding of climate related tangible direct and indirect impacts on critical assets due to complex, cascading, and compound disasters. Furthermore, it takes into account the related risk reduction provided by suitable, sustainable, and cost-effective adaptation solutions. ICARIA focuses on both (i) critical assets and services that were not designed for potential climate change-related impacts that can increase the unplanned outages and failures, and (ii) on housing, natural areas, and population. Cutting edge methods regarding climate scenario building, asset-level-coupled models, and multi-risk assessment approaches will be implemented and replicated in three EU regions to understand how future climate scenarios might affect critical assets and to provide decision-making support tools to private and public risk owners to assess the costs and benefits of various adaptation solutions.

Activated carbons are versatile adsorbents that can play a crucial role in the enhancement of wastewater treatment, namely by controlling organic microcontaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and organic matter. These materials have a 100-year market availability, large scientific testing at lab-scale and applicability in consolidated technologies. However, the use of activated carbons at full-scale wastewater treatment is still emerging, driven by the increasing awareness on environmental and human threats mainly resulting from CECs. The present chapter reviews the literature on the application of activated carbons in full- or large pilot-scale plants, highlighting the state-of-art knowledge on practical issues on operational set-ups, improvements on water overall quality, and costs. The selection criteria and properties of the powdered and granular (PAC and GAC) materials used, and the pros and critical aspects of their application, relevant for product development and process optimisation, are also analysed and determine the research needs proposed for a technical, economic, and environmentally sustainable application of activated carbon in full-scale advanced wastewater treatment.

Urban areas are dynamic, complex, and vulnerable systems involving multiple strategic services such as water supply, wastewater, and stormwater and waste management. Climate-change trends may directly affect the urban water cycle, through heavy rainfall, tides, and droughts, potentially causing cascading impacts with serious consequences for people, the natural and built environments, and the economy. These challenges to urban areas require an integrated and sustainable approach to increase their resilience, with the allocation of the needed resources, including the development and implementation of disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies, plans, and regulations in all relevant sectors. This chapter describes a resilience-assessment framework to be used by cities and urban-service managers. It considers a structured and objective-driven assessment aiming at supporting the development and monitoring of cities' and urban services' resilience action plans, thus contributing to appropriate DRR investments. Our approach considers four resilience dimensions: organizational, spatial, functional, and physical. It is aligned with the UNDRR's Disaster Resilience Scorecard for Cities and addresses the priorities of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. In this chapter, we apply the resilience-assessment framework to the waste and mobility sectors in Lisbon (Portugal), identifying main opportunities to enhance their resilience and supporting the development of resilience and DRR strategies.

Atualmente os sistemas urbanos de água são reconhecidos como infraestruturas in­dispensáveis de suporte para a prestação de serviços públicos de primeira necessida­de à saúde e bem-estar das populações e à economia das sociedades

This paper aims to explain why and how innovative technologies are enablers of strategic asset management (SAM) of water supply, wastewater and storm water systems.

Urban areas are dynamic, complex, and vulnerable systems involving multiple strategic urban services, stakeholders, and citizens. Strategic services essential to society include water and sewerage (water supply, and wastewater and stormwater management), waste management, energy supply, public lighting, transport, and public security. The potential effects of climate dynamics on the urban areas might lead to the aggravation of existing fragile conditions and the emergence of new hazards or risk factors, with major impacts on strategic urban services, people, the natural and built environment, and the economy. Climate change challenges to urban areas thus require an integrated and sustainable approach to increase their resilience, with the allocation of the needed resources at all administrative levels. These include the development and implementation of disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies, policies, plans, laws, and regulations in all relevant sectors (UNISDR, 2015). This chapter describes a resilience assessment framework to be used by cities and urban-service managers. The framework considers a structured and objective-driven assessment aiming at supporting the development and monitoring of cities

This chapter briefly presents concepts and methodologies to support the management of urban drainage infrastructure. After the introduction, data requirements for assessing the condition of urban drainage systems are presented. Data can be collected in different ways. Data analysis allows for determining structural and functional issues and system performance. The causes and consequences of failures are required for condition assessment and are the subject of the risk section. Any intervention in the urban drainage system has a cost that must be assessed. Mathematical modelling of the urban drainage systems has an advantage for evaluating the hydraulic and structural performance. Decisions on the management of urban drainage rehabilitation need to be addressed considering the different points of view or aspects that are often contradictory. This may be addressed by using multi-criteria decision analysis methodologies.

Urban water services make use of extensive networked infrastructures - water supply and drainage systems. Efficient management of these services relies on the quality of measurements of hydraulic variables in pipes and sewers to support robust analysis of systems

This research aims at developing a comprehensive approach for assessing the energy use and efficiency in wastewater systems, considering the water-energy-greenhouse gas (W-E-G) emissions nexus supported by methods and tools, such as a tailored energy balance and a performance assessment system (PAS). This approach is aligned with continuous improvement principles and allows carrying out the diagnosis of energy efficiency in wastewater systems supporting the building of a portfolio of energy use improvement measures responding to strategic objectives and attending to the systems

Drinking water storage tanks are essential components of water supply systems to store water, to level off pressure in networks and to meet emergency storage. They are also frequent sources of deterioration of drinking water quality and safety owing to inadequate tank design and operation. Mostly, existing tanks design, dimensions and operation do not account for water mixing and renewal.

Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) are crucial to achieving the goals of the United Nations Agenda 2030 for sustainable development and other global agendas, such as the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. In the last decade, the NBS umbrella concept has become more relevant intending to contribute to urban resilience and to address the climate change challenges. NBS are living solutions inspired by nature that use or mimic natural processes intending to face several societal challenges, from the perspective of resource-efficient use and the promotion of economic and environmental benefits. Currently, cities are encouraged to understand and measure the NBS contribution to identify adequate strategies for enhancing resilience and prioritize investments accordingly. The objective of the present thesis is to promote and enhance the NBS implementation in cities, focused on solutions for stormwater management and control. Based on the analysis of their contribution to urban resilience, the potential to meet environmental, social, and economic challenges and to adapt across diverse urban scales and contexts is demonstrated. In this sense, a Resilience Assessment Framework (RAF) to assess the NBS contribution to urban resilience was developed. This framework aims to assess the NBS contribution to urban resilience. Moreover, a Guidance for the RAF application in cities with different resilience maturity was developed, which involved the RAF validation by seven cities (from a national and international context), that participated voluntarily in this phase. In this context, the developed RAF is comprehensive and multidimensional. It is driven by the definition of objectives, criteria, and metrics, according to the proposed structure for assessing the water supply and wastewater system service performance in the framework of the ISO 24500 standards of the International Organization for Standardization. For an oriented assessment of the criteria, qualitative and quantitative metrics were defined, considering data from different sources and complexity. Reference values were also identified and metrics' classifications were defined. In this classification, each answer is associated with a resilience development level, intending to assess the NBS contribution to urban resilience on a normalized scale. To support the RAF application to cities with different resilience maturity (in terms of resilience and available information), three analysis degrees (essential, complementary, and comprehensive) and a set of metrics were proposed, which are pre-defined in the guidance for the RAF application. To support the selection of the analysis degree more adequate to any city, a structure to characterize the city's profile was developed. This complementary profile also supports the interpretation of the RAF results, both at the city and at the level of specific NBS. To conclude, the application of the RAF essential analysis degree to the seven participating cities, with different challenges regarding urban resilience and NBS, and of the comprehensive analysis degree (complete RAF) to Porto´s urban area, through an assemble assessment at the city and NBS levels, were presented.

Over the past two decades, performance assessment (PA) has been one of the areas show-ing the greatest advancement in the water sector. PA aims to measure effectiveness and/or efficiency of an activity or process using performance metrics, supporting the decision-making process and the continuous improvement of water utilities. Despite the potential benefits, few projects, and initiatives on PA have been undertaken regarding storm water systems (SWS). The present thesis aims to develop a performance assessment framework (PAF), applicable to both conventional SWS and sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS), objective driven and focused on systems

Infrastructure asset management (IAM) has been increasingly becoming a key topic in the mind-set shift of the water sector managers and policy makers, allowing to assist in the operational, tactical and strategic decision-making in urban water infrastructures. Nevertheless, IAM implementation by the water utilities is still far from needed and not widespread, due to several challenges and constraints, mainly associated with limited human, technological and financial resources. The current research aims at enhancing urban water infrastructure asset management through an integrated decision-making approach, that includes novel methodologies for condition assessment, service life prediction and cost modelling. This approach can be applied at three assessment levels

Este trabalho tem como objetivo melhorar a eficiência energética dos sistemas de abastecimento de água através do desenvolvimento de uma metodologia orientada por objetivos e com recurso ao balanço energético e a métricas de desempenho que permitem identificar as principais origens de ineficiência energética dos sistemas, comparar diferentes alternativas de intervenção e contribuir para a melhoria contínua destes sistemas.A metodologia de investigação seguida contempla desenvolvimentos científicos aliados a uma aplicação prática num conjunto alargado de casos de estudo através de ferramentas de cálculo automático desenvolvidas para o efeito. Os desenvolvimentos científicos consistem na formulação matemática de um balanço energético flexível em termos de dados necessários para a sua implementação; o desenvolvimento de métricas de desempenho que permitem identificar a origem das ineficiências energéticas (equipamentos, perdas de água ou configuração e operação) e a sua sistematização numa metodologia que segue os princípios de melhoria contínua (Plan-Do-Check-Act). A aplicação a casos de estudo é efetuada em três etapas. A primeira etapa consiste na aplicação do balanço energético agregado e métricas de desempenho para diagnosticar ineficiências a nível global em sistemas sem modelo matemático. A segunda etapa consiste na aplicação de um balanço detalhado com recurso a modelos matemáticos, bem como uma análise de sensibilidade aos diferentes métodos. A terceira etapa centra-se na aplicação detalhada de dois casos de estudo para ilustrar a metodologia.Os principais resultados são: i) uma metodologia integrada para o diagnóstico água-energia em sistemas de abastecimento de água; ii) um novo balanço energético para sistemas de abastecimento de água; iii) resultados da aplicação do balanço e das métricas de eficiência energética em 110 sistemas; iv) ferramentas para cálculo das diferentes formulações de balanço energético e de métricas de desempenho; e v) valores reais e exemplos de soluções não convencionais que conduziram a melhorias de desempenho energético.

As estações de tratamento de águas residuais (ETAR) são atualmente alvo de esforços de melhoria do seu desempenho técnico, ambiental e económico. Empresas, reguladores e organismos de financiamento têm utilizado sistemas de avaliação de desempenho para apoiar as suas decisões. Neste contexto, o LNEC desenvolveu a 1.ª e 2.ª geração do sistema de avaliação de desempenho (PAS) de ETAR baseado em indicadores (PIs) e índices de desempenho (PXs). Para ambos, os valores de referência para o julgamento do desempenho são elementos chave. Apesar de serem elementos cruciais, os valores de referência precisavam ainda de ser definidos para avaliar e melhorar o desempenho das ETAR com foco na eficiência energética e gestão de afluências pluviais. Assim, o objetivo da tese foi desenvolver a terceira geração do PAS com valores de referência para avaliar o desempenho. Os PIs e PXs focam os objetivos principais da ETAR, ou seja, garantir a sustentabilidade técnica, econômica e ambiental, garantindo um tratamento eficaz e fiável com o consumo mínimo de energia, reagentes e produção de lamas. A estratégia seguida consistiu em desenvolver ou selecionar a partir da segunda geração do PAS sub-conjuntos de PIs e PXs de acordo com os objetivos, nomeadamente, eficácia, fiabilidade, desempenho energético e consumo de reagentes e gestão das lamas. Os valores de referência foram derivados com base numa revisão da literatura, equações empíricas e/ou estudos de campo e, sempre que aplicável, incorporam o efeito de parâmetros chave, de modo a avaliar o efeito das variações de caudal e de concentração. Foi desenvolvida uma análise estatística dos PXs para avaliar a fiabilidade da ETAR. Foi também demonstrada a flexibilidade do sistema de avaliação de desempenho para diferentes objetivos e uma abordagem para diagnosticar oportunidades de melhoria do desempenho, utilizando os PIs e PXs num ciclo PDCA (plan-do-check-act).

Este trabalho de investigação teve como objectivo principal propor, aplicar e validar uma metodologia que permitisse transformar dados de consumo urbano de água, obtidos a partir de sistemas de telemetria, em informação útil para a gestão dos serviços de água e para os consumidores.A metodologia encontra-se estruturada em quatro módulos: planeamento e monitorização,processamento de dados, produção de informação de caracterização e previsão eclassificação. Tirando partido de dados de consumo telemedidos aos vários níveis, desde o cliente individual às zonas de medição e controlo (ZMC), procede-se à aplicação dametodologia para caracterização de grandes consumidores, previsão do consumodoméstico nocturno, avaliação do efeito da variação de pressão no consumo autorizado enas perdas de água e previsão do consumo em ZMC.Para além da metodologia estruturada para a análise de consumos, as principaiscontribuições inovadoras são o desenvolvimento de modelos de previsão e de classificação do consumo em ZMC, em função das variáveis explicativas mais significativas, e a obtenção de expressões para a variação do consumo autorizado e das perdas reais com a pressão.O trabalho desenvolvido contribuirá para um uso mais eficiente da água, através de ummelhor conhecimento sobre as várias componentes do consumo urbano de água, assimcomo para o estabelecimento de critérios de projecto e de exploração da rede maissustentados.

Os serviços de abastecimento de água (SAA) têm vindo a incorporar princípios desustentabilidade na sua prática de gestão. O estado da arte em metodologias de avaliação dedesempenho de SAA mostrou a necessidade de abordar especificamente o tratamento,considerado insatisfatoriamente nas abordagens sistematizadas existentes.Na presente dissertação desenvolveu-se um sistema de avaliação de desempenho (PAS) deestações de tratamento de água (ETA), orientado por objectivos, normalizado e quantitativo,destinado a apoiar a tomada de decisão, e cobrindo os domínios qualidade da água tratada,eficiência/fiabilidade, utilização de água, energia e materiais, gestão de subprodutos, segurança,recursos humanos e económico financeiros.O PAS integra uma componente para avaliação do desempenho global, baseada em indicadoresde desempenho, e uma componente para avaliação do desempenho operacional, baseada emíndices de desempenho que avaliam, numa escala 0-300, a qualidade da água tratada, eficiênciasdas várias operações/processos unitários (OPU) e sua relação com condições de operação.Foi desenvolvida uma ferramenta de cálculo automático do PAS.A aplicação do PAS a cinco ETA de características diversas permitiu avaliar a evoluçãotemporal do seu desempenho, comparar estações e OPU, e identificar oportunidades de melhoriana operação das OPU, na qualidade da água tratada e utilização de recursos.

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Este estudo visa aumentar a confiança na reutilização segura da água, utilizando tecnologias de tratamento avançado como ultrafiltração, ozonização e osmose inversa para avaliar a sua eficácia e limitações. Desenvolvido numa estação de tratamento de águas residuais (ETAR), o estudo comparou a qualidade da água resultante de processos em grande escala, como a ultrafiltração, com água tratada adicionalmente através de um sistema piloto de ozonização e osmose inversa, ou apenas osmose inversa. Todos os esquemas de tratamento estudados produziram água adequada ao consumo humano.

EXCLUSIVO: AWARE-P vence prémio alemão e conquista novo reconhecimento internacional: É a primeira vez que é distinguido um projecto de um país que não fala alemão, entrevista de Ana Santiago (Jornalista do Jornal Água & Ambiente - Portal Ambiente Online) a Helena Alegre, 19 de Agosto de 2014

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