Publicações

Urban flooding occurrence has significant impacts and negative effects that require an adequate assessment, taking into consideration the different consequences associated with them. This study proposes a methodology based on the development and use of a 1D/2D integrated mathematical modelling and subsequent application of the technical performance assessment to support the flood management in estuarine margins. The 1D/2D integrated modelling is developed using the combination of Mike Urban and Mike Flood software through the application of the Overland Flow tool. The performance assessment in stormwater systems is based on the application of performance indicators (PIs) using the information provided by 1D and 1D/2D integrated modelling. The set of PIs includes a part from the system of the IWA for wastewater services, those that are applicable to flooding management of stormwater systems; another part corresponds to some new PIs proposed, based on the modelling capabilities (1D and 1D/2D). The advantages and disadvantages of the use of information obtained from 1D/2D modelling in comparison to 1D modelling is also analysed. The methodology was tested and validated for the Dafundo case study, where the risk of flooding occurrence is focused on the downtown catchment area.

This paper presents a novel energy balance scheme and performance indicators for assessing energy efficiency in water supply systems. This assessment consists of a three-step procedure: system characterisation and data collection, energy balance calculation and energy performance indicators assessment. The main innovation is the integrated approach between energy and water balances allowing the quantification of energy inefficiencies directly associated with water losses. Comprehensive energy performance indicators can be calculated by utilities with different maturity levels allowing a fair comparison of energy efficiency between systems with different layouts and operational schemes. This energy balance scheme has been applied by 17 water utilities in Portugal. Results have shown that systems provide more than twice the minimum energy necessary to supply their consumers and, consequently, there is a significant energy saving potential: 40% through water loss reduction, 30% for changes in network operation and layout and 30% for pump inefficiency reduction.

Flow monitoring in wastewater systems is used for system operation or for billing purposes, among others. Given the difficult measurement conditions, gaps in measurement series occur frequently and stakeholders need an appropriate method to estimate missing data. In data scarcity situations, mathematical modelling of the underlying physical processes may not be feasible and other methods are required. Partial least squares (PLS) regression is a multivariate statistical method suited to correlated data and has been frequently used for water quality estimates. PLS suitability for hourly and daily flow estimations was tested, based on previous flow and precipitation data, which urban water utilities currently monitor. Results were evaluated using proposed performance criteria and classes. The estimation errors were comparable to the ones obtained in physical process modelling. The application of the proposed method for flow estimation in sewers, in two common scenarios of wet and dry weather flows, is presented and discussed.

O fósforo é um recurso não renovável, fundamental para a produção agrícola e, portanto, estratégico para a Europa. O paradoxo do fósforo resulta da antecipação de dificuldades futuras na satisfação da procura mundial deste elemento, a par do crescente aumento da frequência e intensificação da eutrofização de massas de água, fruto da dispersão excessiva de nutrientes nos ecossistemas terrestres e aquáticos. Importa assim promover uma gestão sustentável do fósforo, designadamente aumentando a eficiência da sua utilização na agricultura e valorizando o que existe em materiais orgânicos. Neste artigo discute-se o papel do fósforo na redução das pressões sobre o nexus água-energia-alimentos num contexto de economia circular, e o potencial associado à sua recuperação a partir de águas residuais urbanas. Propõe-se uma estratégia de tratamento e descrevem-se várias opções tecnológicas que promovem a acumulação-libertação-recuperação de fósforo e apresenta-se um conjunto de indicadores chave para avaliação do desempenho das instalações na recuperação deste elemento. Os indicadores consideram a reutilização de água, valorização de lamas e/ou produção de estruvite, e a descarga de fósforo no meio recetor, e são parte de um sistema de apoio à operação e gestão patrimonial destas infraestruturas.

The presence of dissolved oxygen (DO) in water flows is an important factor to ensure the aerobic conditions recognised as beneficial to preventing the occurrence of detrimental effects. The incorporation of DO in wastewater flowing in sewer systems is a process widely investigated in order to quantify the effect of continuous reaeration through the air-liquid interface or air entrained due to the presence of singularities such as drops or junctions. The location of sewer drops to enhance air entrainment and subsequently reaeration is an effective practice to promote aerobic conditions in sewers. In the present paper, vertical drops, backdrops and stepped drops were modelled using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code FLOW-3D® to evaluate the air-water flows due to the turbulence induced by the presence of these types of structures. An assessment of the hydraulic variables and an analysis of the air entrainment based on the available experimental studies were carried out. The results of the CFD models for these structures were validated using measurements of discharge, pressure head and water depth obtained in the corresponding physical models. A very good fit was obtained for the hydraulic behaviour. After validation of numerical models, analysis of the air entrainment was carried out.

Water utilities have to deal with different challenges including ageing infrastructures, demand variability, climate change and increased societal expectations. This paper aims at outlining potential synergies between communication promotion and the implementation of a structured approach to enhance water loss and energy management in water utilities. The use of a structured approach in the decision-making process leverages knowledge production from various stakeholders, enabling them to propose solutions for the challenges faced by the water utilities. Collaboration is essential to achieve improvements in the long-term by breaking down information silos and boundaries resulting from functional specialism. In the scope of the iPerdas 2014 project, seventeen Portuguese water utilities followed a joint training and capacity building approach to work strategically with water loss and energy efficiency issues. The benefits of implementing a comprehensive communication framework are presented, highlighting the interconnected nature of barriers to energy and water efficiency and the need to address these barriers in a holistic manner. The paper concludes with the presentation of some lessons learned regarding the promotion of communication in collaborative projects.

No projeto LIFE Hymemb foi desenvolvido um protótipo de adsorção com Carvão Ativado em Pó e Microfiltração cerâmica (PAC/MF) que esteve a operar continuamente, durante um ano e meio, na estação de tratamento de água (ETA) de Alcantarilha para demonstrar a eficácia, fiabilidade e eficiência deste processo em particular no controlo de fármacos, pesticidas, cianotoxinas, vírus e protozoários na água para consumo humano. O protótipo aliou a tecnologia de membranas de baixa pressão, a microfiltração com membranas cerâmicas, emergente na Europa mas ainda não utilizada em Portugal, com a adsorção a PAC, aplicado

A iniciativa em Energia, Qualidade e Tratamento de Água

Pharmaceutical compounds (PhCs) are emerging contaminants of environmental-health concern that, if not controlled, could adversely affect drinking water sources and water reuse projects, two key issues of sustainable water management. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are crucial barriers against PhCs, but many of these compounds are resistant to conventional treatments, thus cost-effective and resource efficient solutions based on existing infrastructure are essential. The LIFE Impetus project aims at demonstrating feasible measures for improving the control of PhCs in urban WWTPs with conventional activated sludge (CAS) treatment, namely strategies based on chemically enhanced barriers with adsorbent and/or coagulant addition.For the adsorbents, biomass-derived powdered activated carbons (PACs) are being developed and benchmarked against commercial PACs. The first selection of biomass took into account the availability of national industrial wastes and so cork and carob processing wastes were chemically and steam activated. Selected materials were used in laboratory tests assessing the adsorption of a short-list of representative PhCs, first in a synthetic inorganic matrix and then in a real competitive scenario using secondary effluents from Beirolas (BEI) and Faro Noroeste (FNW), the two project case studies both WWTPs with conventional activated sludge treatment.

A resiliência é usualmente entendida como a capacidade de um sistema de absorver umaperturbação e reorganizar-se enquanto sofre mudanças, de modo a manter a mesma função,estrutura, identidade e capacidade de resposta (Folke, 2006). A resiliência emergiu como umaperspetiva interessante para as cidades, teorizadas como sistemas adaptativos altamentecomplexos (Meerow et al. 2016). Segundo a OCDE, uma cidade resiliente deve ser adaptativa,robusta, redundante, flexível, com recursos, inclusiva e integrada (Sayass, 2016). As NatureBased Solutions (NBS) surgiram como soluções sustentáveis para contribuir para a resiliênciadas cidades, de forma a enfrentar os desafios das alterações climáticas. A Comissão Europeiadefine NBS como ações que visam ajudar as sociedades face os desafios ambientais, sociais eeconómicos de forma sustentável. As NBS envolvem ações de conservação ou reabilitação deecossistemas naturais, assim como a melhoria ou criação de processos naturais emecossistemas modificados ou artificiais (UNESCO, 2018). Esta comunicação visa aprofundar ocontributo das NBS para a resiliência urbana, analisando projetos e estudos desenvolvidos eidentificando as lacunas existentes neste âmbito.

Water treatment technologies improvement is the key to face current water quality challenges (2030Agenda). A challenge in wastewater treatment and water reuse relates to the presence of micropollutants in raw water, the latter often related with pharmaceutical compounds (PhCs). Although WWTPs are crucial barriers against PhCs, many of these compounds are resistant to conventional treatments, thus cost-effective and resource efficient solutions based on existing infrastructure are essential. LIFE Impetus project (LIFE14 ENV/PT/000739) aims at demonstrating feasible measures for improving the control of PhCs in urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with conventional activated sludge (CAS) treatment. Namely, strategies based on chemically enhanced barriers, with adsorbent and/or coagulant addition, are underway. New powdered activated carbons (PACs) are being developed from industrial wastes available in Portugal (cork, carob processing residues and pinion shell) by chemical and steam activation. The novel biomass-derived PACs (apparent surface areas > 1000 m2/g) are being benchmarked against commercial counterparts. Selected lab-made PACs were already used in laboratory tests assessing the competitive adsorption of a short-list of representative PhCs (diclofenac - DCF, carbamazepine - CBZ and sulfamethoxazole - SMX). Adsorption studies were conducted in synthetic inorganic matrix and in real wastewater effluents from one of the CAS-WWTPs selected as case study. For the carob-derived PAC, 10 to 20 mg/L are needed to attain, in 5 h of contact time, 80% removal of the target PhCs in the mixed liquor of that WWTP.

Water treatment technologies improvement is the key to face current water quality challenges (2030Agenda). A challenge in wastewater treatment and water reuse relates to the presence of micropollutants in raw water, the latter often related with pharmaceutical compounds (PhCs). Although WWTPs are crucial barriers against PhCs, many of these compounds are resistant to conventional treatments, thus cost-effective and resource efficient solutions based on existing infrastructure are essential. LIFE Impetus project (LIFE14 ENV/PT/000739) aims at demonstrating feasible measures for improving the control of PhCs in urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with conventional activated sludge (CAS) treatment. Namely, strategies based on chemically enhanced barriers, with adsorbent and/or coagulant addition, are underway. New powdered activated carbons (PACs) are being developed from industrial wastes available in Portugal (cork, carob processing residues and pinion shell) by chemical and steam activation. The novel biomass-derived PACs (apparent surface areas > 1000 m2/g) are being benchmarked against commercial counterparts. Selected lab-made PACs were already used in laboratory tests assessing the competitive adsorption of a short-list of representative PhCs (diclofenac - DCF, carbamazepine - CBZ and sulfamethoxazole - SMX). Adsorption studies were conducted in synthetic inorganic matrix and in real wastewater effluents from one of the CAS-WWTPs selected as case study. For the carob-derived PAC, 10 to 20 mg/L are needed to attain, in 5 h of contact time, 80% removal of the target PhCs in the mixed liquor of that WWTP.

A set of laboratory experiments on large scale models of different transition drop manhole/downstream sewer was conducted. The results obtained show evident influence from the different configurations on discharge coefficients and energy dissipation.

There is a significant potential for an increased use of reclaimed wastewater in Europe and a major challenge is to protect the environment and human health without blocking the development of water reuse programs. No legal requirements have been set for pharmaceutical compounds (PhCs) discharge into surface water bodies; however, changes in legislation may arise as a result of their monitoring in the water bodies (e.g. through the watch list of the environmental quality standards directive) and sound cause-effect (e.g. risk cancer increase or reproductive abnormalities) studies. The largest input source of PhCs into the aquatic environment is through wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and, since many of such compounds are resistant to conventional treatment, it is important to anticipate solutions for improving the performance of those infrastructures as crucial barriers for controlling PhCs, and ultimately for the preservation of drinking water sources and the development of safe water reuse projects. The development of technology safety credits towards PhCs control is essential for assisting risk assessment studies, key tools for effective safe water reuse programs. In this perspective, our team has been developing two approaches for controlling PhCs in reclaimed water, on one hand the enhancement of conventional treatment and, on the other hand, the use of advanced wastewater treatment, presenting in this communication one case study for each. Case study I (LIFE Impetus project) focuses the chemical enhancement of conventional activated sludge (CAS) treatment through the addition of commercial and local vegetal waste-based tailored powdered activated carbons (PACs). Case study II (LIFE aWARE project) focuses a PAC/loose nanofiltration (PAC/NF) process for advanced treatment of a membrane bioreactor (MBR) effluent from a Spanish WWTP plant. In case study I, lab adsorption studies and modeling allowed calibrating predictive models of the PAC adsorption capacity and rate. Results anticipate that the addition of 6 mg/L PAC to a well-mixed bioreactor with 12 h of contact time is able to remove 80% of target PhCs. A long-term pilot-scale demonstration with PAC addition to activated sludge systems is on-going in two Portuguese WWTPs. In case study II, two PAC/NF lab configurations were selected and tested at lab scale: i) one with a single PAC dose at the beginning of the filtration cycle (pulse dosing) and ii) another with continuous PAC dosing. No pressure increase was observed during the filtration cycles and high removals of the target PhCs were observed, with 58-89% for the continuous dosing of 50 mg/L PAC. The results were successfully used in the design and operation of the PAC/NF pilot for the technology demonstration in El Prat WWTP (Spain).

City resilience reflects the overall capacity of a city (individuals, communities, institutions,businesses and systems) to survive, adapt and thrive no matter what kinds of chronicstresses or acute shocks they experience [1]. This capacity may be acquired throughadopting structural and non-structural solutions and/or introducing knowledge andintelligence in the management of cities infrastructures.In recent years, society has become increasingly aware of the risks that climate changeposes to cities. Climate change is likely to result in sea level rise, irregularity in rainfallfrequency and intensity, droughts and heat waves, which calls for a rapid but alsoinformed, sustainable and cohesive response from several stakeholders. In fact, thegrowing diversity of hazards, increasing complexity of cities, and uncertainty associatedwith climate change, globalisation and rapid urbanisation have contributed to introduceurban resilience into a critical agenda [2] and reinforced and it is necessary to make citiesand human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable [3].Furthermore, there is a need for models and tools that analyse urban resilience basedon a multisectoral approach, considering service interdependences and cascadingeffects, in order to increase city

Está em curso uma transformação no papel desempenhado pelas estações de tratamento de águas residuais, no sentido de incluir objetivos como a redução da emissão de gases com efeito de estufa e a promoção da recuperação de nutrientes, para além das tarefas fundamentais de proteção da saúde pública e de proteção da qualidade da água. As normas europeias fornecem especificações para produtos, materiais, serviços e processos, no sentido de assegurar qualidade, segurança e eficiência. Podem assim apoiar processos de evolução tecnológica, como o que se assiste no sector da água, funcionando como um repositório de boas práticas. Nesta comunicação é feita uma apresentação da norma europeia EN 12255 “Estações de tratamento de águas residuais”, cujo processo de revisão sistemática visa, entre outros objetivos, incorporar no texto normativo questões relacionadas com a promoção da eficiência energética e a recuperação de nutrientes, aspetos essenciais para uma maior sustentabilidade do sector da água.

Pharmaceutical compounds (PhCs) are concerning the regulators and the general public because very little is known about their long-term and synergistic health-environmental effects. As some of these compounds are resistant to conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) though prone to adsorption, the addition of powdered activated carbon (PAC) emerges as a low capital cost and efficient complementary barrier against PhCs in the treated water. This paper reports the potential application of a newly developed waste-derived PAC for PhC removal in conventional activated sludge WWTPs, during the secondary treatment. The results obtained show that a dose of 6 mg/L of PAC will assure > 80% removal of the three PhCs tested (diclofenac, carbamazepine and sulfamethoxazole).

O Guia Técnico n.º 27 concretiza a 4.ª geração do sistema de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços da ERSAR, sendo o resultado de um excelente exemplo de colaboração entre a ERSAR, enquanto entidade reguladora, o Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil e a Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, a quem não podíamos deixar de agradecer, alargando este agradecimento ao universo das entidades gestoras reguladas, cujos contributos prestados durante a consulta ao setor foram integrados nesta versão final.

The European project LIFE IMPETUS demonstrated low-investment, low-energy, flexible, and easy to implement measures for improving the removal of pharmaceutical compounds in urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with activated sludge (CAS) treatment, the most common biological process in those plants in Portugal and worldwide.The project addressed two major groups of technical solutions: i) operating strategies to enhance the biological treatment for PhC removal, measures identified using sound benchmarking tools, and ii) powdered activated carbon (PAC) addition to the biological reactor, using eco-friendly adsorbents, to control the recalcitrant PhCs and those with incomplete and variable biological removal. These technical guidelines compile the best practices and best lessons learned in LIFE IMPETUS project regarding PhC monitoring and improvement of PhC control in urban CAS-WWTPs using the approached technical solutions. The document aims at an easy and comprehensive use by water practitioners, water regulators, academia, and students of different backgrounds, answering to the questions of what, where, how, how much (cost), and when to monitor and control PhCs in urban CAS-WWTPs. Incentives for PhC control in urban WWTPs are also tackled.

The Technical Guide presents the 4th generation of the service quality assessment system, which abandons some 3rd generation indicators and adds new ones to respond to the latest challenges to supply services, urban waste water management and urban waste management. Changes are also made to definitions and benchmarks for some indicators are adjusted.

O projeto Avaler+

These technical guidelines provides guidance on the use of the hybrid process of powdered activate carbon adsorption and ceramic microfiltration for sustainable drinking water production. They were developed based on the field demonstration of the technology, in Portugal, with a pilot prototype, within the LIFE Hymenb project LIFE12 ENV/PT/001154 "Tailoring hybrid membrane processes for sustainable drinking water production", conducted by LNEC - the National Civil Engineering Laboratory and Águas do Algarve, S.A.

O objetivo do presente Guia é a apresentação e a especificação dosistema correspondente à 2.ª geração de avaliação da qualidade dosserviços de abastecimento de água, de saneamento de águas residuaisurbanas e de gestão de resíduos urbanos prestados pelas entidadesgestoras sujeitas a regulação.Este sistema constitui uma peça fundamental do modelo de regulaçãoem implementação pela ERSAR, sumariamente descrito neste Guia emais detalhadamente descrito em [1], nomeadamente no que respeitaà componente da regulação da qualidade do serviço, de forma a tornarpossível a avaliação quantificada.Note-se que, de acordo com o disposto na alínea e) do n.º 1 do artigo 5.ºdo Decreto-Lei n.º 277/2009, de 2 de outubro, a ERSAR tem atribuiçõesnão apenas para assegurar a regulação da qualidade de serviço prestadoaos utilizadores pelas entidades gestoras, mas também para avaliaro desempenho dessas entidades, promovendo a melhoria dos níveis deserviço. É no quadro destas atribuições que se pretende promover estesistema de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços de águas e resíduos.A 2.ª geração do sistema de avaliação da qualidade do serviço resultouda análise crítica do sistema de indicadores adotado na 1.ª geração e darespetiva aplicação desde 2004 ao universo das entidades concessionáriase teve em conta o estado atual de conhecimentos e a experiênciainternacional entretanto adquirida.Para além da identificação e da especificação de todos os componentesdo sistema de avaliação, e em particular do conjunto de indicadores dequalidade do serviço a utilizar em cada um dos três tipos de serviços,são também definidos os procedimentos de avaliação, através dadefinição da informação a obter, do cálculo de indicadores, da sua interpretaçãoe análise comparativa, numa perspetiva de benchmarking, eda produção do relatório de síntese.

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O objectivo do presente Guia é a apresentação e a especificação do sistema correspondente à 2.ª geração de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços de abastecimento de água, de saneamento de águas residuais urbanas e de gestão de resíduos urbanos prestados pelas entidades gestoras sujeitas a regulação. Este sistema constitui uma peça fundamental do modelo de regulação em implementação pela ERSAR, sumariamente descrito neste Guia e mais detalhadamente descrito em [1], nomeadamente no que respeita à componente da regulação da qualidade do serviço, de forma a tornar possível a avaliação quantificada. Note-se que, de acordo com o disposto nas alíneas e) do artigo 5.º do Decreto-Lei n.º 277/2009, de 2 de Outubro, a ERSAR tem atribuições não apenas para assegurar a regulação da qualidade de serviço prestado aos utilizadores pelas entidades gestoras bem como para avaliar o desempenho dessas entidades, promovendo a melhoria dos níveis de serviço. É no quadro destas atribuições que se pretende promover este sistema de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços de águas e resíduos. A 2.ª geração do sistema de avaliação da qualidade do serviço resultou da análise crítica do sistema de indicadores adoptado na 1.ª geração e da respectiva aplicação desde 2004 ao universo das entidades concessionárias e teve em conta o estado actual de conhecimentos e a experiência internacional entretanto adquirida. Para além da identificação e da especificação de todos os componentes do sistema de avaliação, e em particular do conjunto de indicadores de qualidade do serviço a utilizar em cada um dos três tipos de serviços, são também definidos os procedimentos de avaliação, através da definição da informação a obter, do cálculo de indicadores, da sua interpretação e análise comparativa, numa perspectiva de benchmarking, e da produção do relatório de síntese.

Os objetivos da nova DARU são ambiciosos, exigindo maior eficácia e eficiência

Asset management (AM) has become increasingly important in various sectors and organizations over the lastfew decades. This introductory chapter provides an overview of asset management to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of AM, summarizing its application to urban drainage asset management (UDAM), an asset-intensive sector. The chapter includes a short history, from general AM to UDAM, and refers to milestones, key organizations, and standards. It describes AM principles and different perspectives to approach the subject. The UDAM context is outlined, providing the general processes which can influence strategic, tactical, or operational decision levels, accounting for the specific perspectives and objectives on the subject. The main approaches applied to UDAM are broadly described, some of which incorporate a balance of costs, risks, opportunities, and performance, while others focus on specific aspects. The chapter presents different types of approaches to AM, ranging from those based on condition, reliability, and risk to those based on value, followed by those based on performance or quality of service, highlighting common aspects or overlaps between them. When appropriate, guidance to the chapters where additional information on the subject can be found is provided. Finally, challenges, limitations and opportunities are highlighted.

The number of climate-related disasters has progressively increased in the last two decades and this trend will drastically exacerbate in the medium- and long-term horizons according to climate change projections. In this framework, through a multi-disciplinary team and a strong background acquired in recent projects, ICARIA aims to promote the use of asset-level modeling to achieve a better understanding of climate related tangible direct and indirect impacts on critical assets due to complex, cascading, and compound disasters. Furthermore, it takes into account the related risk reduction provided by suitable, sustainable, and cost-effective adaptation solutions. ICARIA focuses on both (i) critical assets and services that were not designed for potential climate change-related impacts that can increase the unplanned outages and failures, and (ii) on housing, natural areas, and population. Cutting edge methods regarding climate scenario building, asset-level-coupled models, and multi-risk assessment approaches will be implemented and replicated in three EU regions to understand how future climate scenarios might affect critical assets and to provide decision-making support tools to private and public risk owners to assess the costs and benefits of various adaptation solutions.

Activated carbons are versatile adsorbents that can play a crucial role in the enhancement of wastewater treatment, namely by controlling organic microcontaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and organic matter. These materials have a 100-year market availability, large scientific testing at lab-scale and applicability in consolidated technologies. However, the use of activated carbons at full-scale wastewater treatment is still emerging, driven by the increasing awareness on environmental and human threats mainly resulting from CECs. The present chapter reviews the literature on the application of activated carbons in full- or large pilot-scale plants, highlighting the state-of-art knowledge on practical issues on operational set-ups, improvements on water overall quality, and costs. The selection criteria and properties of the powdered and granular (PAC and GAC) materials used, and the pros and critical aspects of their application, relevant for product development and process optimisation, are also analysed and determine the research needs proposed for a technical, economic, and environmentally sustainable application of activated carbon in full-scale advanced wastewater treatment.

Urban areas are dynamic, complex, and vulnerable systems involving multiple strategic services such as water supply, wastewater, and stormwater and waste management. Climate-change trends may directly affect the urban water cycle, through heavy rainfall, tides, and droughts, potentially causing cascading impacts with serious consequences for people, the natural and built environments, and the economy. These challenges to urban areas require an integrated and sustainable approach to increase their resilience, with the allocation of the needed resources, including the development and implementation of disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies, plans, and regulations in all relevant sectors. This chapter describes a resilience-assessment framework to be used by cities and urban-service managers. It considers a structured and objective-driven assessment aiming at supporting the development and monitoring of cities' and urban services' resilience action plans, thus contributing to appropriate DRR investments. Our approach considers four resilience dimensions: organizational, spatial, functional, and physical. It is aligned with the UNDRR's Disaster Resilience Scorecard for Cities and addresses the priorities of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. In this chapter, we apply the resilience-assessment framework to the waste and mobility sectors in Lisbon (Portugal), identifying main opportunities to enhance their resilience and supporting the development of resilience and DRR strategies.

Atualmente os sistemas urbanos de água são reconhecidos como infraestruturas in­dispensáveis de suporte para a prestação de serviços públicos de primeira necessida­de à saúde e bem-estar das populações e à economia das sociedades

This paper aims to explain why and how innovative technologies are enablers of strategic asset management (SAM) of water supply, wastewater and storm water systems.

Urban areas are dynamic, complex, and vulnerable systems involving multiple strategic urban services, stakeholders, and citizens. Strategic services essential to society include water and sewerage (water supply, and wastewater and stormwater management), waste management, energy supply, public lighting, transport, and public security. The potential effects of climate dynamics on the urban areas might lead to the aggravation of existing fragile conditions and the emergence of new hazards or risk factors, with major impacts on strategic urban services, people, the natural and built environment, and the economy. Climate change challenges to urban areas thus require an integrated and sustainable approach to increase their resilience, with the allocation of the needed resources at all administrative levels. These include the development and implementation of disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies, policies, plans, laws, and regulations in all relevant sectors (UNISDR, 2015). This chapter describes a resilience assessment framework to be used by cities and urban-service managers. The framework considers a structured and objective-driven assessment aiming at supporting the development and monitoring of cities

This chapter briefly presents concepts and methodologies to support the management of urban drainage infrastructure. After the introduction, data requirements for assessing the condition of urban drainage systems are presented. Data can be collected in different ways. Data analysis allows for determining structural and functional issues and system performance. The causes and consequences of failures are required for condition assessment and are the subject of the risk section. Any intervention in the urban drainage system has a cost that must be assessed. Mathematical modelling of the urban drainage systems has an advantage for evaluating the hydraulic and structural performance. Decisions on the management of urban drainage rehabilitation need to be addressed considering the different points of view or aspects that are often contradictory. This may be addressed by using multi-criteria decision analysis methodologies.

Urban water services make use of extensive networked infrastructures - water supply and drainage systems. Efficient management of these services relies on the quality of measurements of hydraulic variables in pipes and sewers to support robust analysis of systems

This research aims at developing a comprehensive approach for assessing the energy use and efficiency in wastewater systems, considering the water-energy-greenhouse gas (W-E-G) emissions nexus supported by methods and tools, such as a tailored energy balance and a performance assessment system (PAS). This approach is aligned with continuous improvement principles and allows carrying out the diagnosis of energy efficiency in wastewater systems supporting the building of a portfolio of energy use improvement measures responding to strategic objectives and attending to the systems

Drinking water storage tanks are essential components of water supply systems to store water, to level off pressure in networks and to meet emergency storage. They are also frequent sources of deterioration of drinking water quality and safety owing to inadequate tank design and operation. Mostly, existing tanks design, dimensions and operation do not account for water mixing and renewal.

Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) are crucial to achieving the goals of the United Nations Agenda 2030 for sustainable development and other global agendas, such as the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. In the last decade, the NBS umbrella concept has become more relevant intending to contribute to urban resilience and to address the climate change challenges. NBS are living solutions inspired by nature that use or mimic natural processes intending to face several societal challenges, from the perspective of resource-efficient use and the promotion of economic and environmental benefits. Currently, cities are encouraged to understand and measure the NBS contribution to identify adequate strategies for enhancing resilience and prioritize investments accordingly. The objective of the present thesis is to promote and enhance the NBS implementation in cities, focused on solutions for stormwater management and control. Based on the analysis of their contribution to urban resilience, the potential to meet environmental, social, and economic challenges and to adapt across diverse urban scales and contexts is demonstrated. In this sense, a Resilience Assessment Framework (RAF) to assess the NBS contribution to urban resilience was developed. This framework aims to assess the NBS contribution to urban resilience. Moreover, a Guidance for the RAF application in cities with different resilience maturity was developed, which involved the RAF validation by seven cities (from a national and international context), that participated voluntarily in this phase. In this context, the developed RAF is comprehensive and multidimensional. It is driven by the definition of objectives, criteria, and metrics, according to the proposed structure for assessing the water supply and wastewater system service performance in the framework of the ISO 24500 standards of the International Organization for Standardization. For an oriented assessment of the criteria, qualitative and quantitative metrics were defined, considering data from different sources and complexity. Reference values were also identified and metrics' classifications were defined. In this classification, each answer is associated with a resilience development level, intending to assess the NBS contribution to urban resilience on a normalized scale. To support the RAF application to cities with different resilience maturity (in terms of resilience and available information), three analysis degrees (essential, complementary, and comprehensive) and a set of metrics were proposed, which are pre-defined in the guidance for the RAF application. To support the selection of the analysis degree more adequate to any city, a structure to characterize the city's profile was developed. This complementary profile also supports the interpretation of the RAF results, both at the city and at the level of specific NBS. To conclude, the application of the RAF essential analysis degree to the seven participating cities, with different challenges regarding urban resilience and NBS, and of the comprehensive analysis degree (complete RAF) to Porto´s urban area, through an assemble assessment at the city and NBS levels, were presented.

Over the past two decades, performance assessment (PA) has been one of the areas show-ing the greatest advancement in the water sector. PA aims to measure effectiveness and/or efficiency of an activity or process using performance metrics, supporting the decision-making process and the continuous improvement of water utilities. Despite the potential benefits, few projects, and initiatives on PA have been undertaken regarding storm water systems (SWS). The present thesis aims to develop a performance assessment framework (PAF), applicable to both conventional SWS and sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS), objective driven and focused on systems

Infrastructure asset management (IAM) has been increasingly becoming a key topic in the mind-set shift of the water sector managers and policy makers, allowing to assist in the operational, tactical and strategic decision-making in urban water infrastructures. Nevertheless, IAM implementation by the water utilities is still far from needed and not widespread, due to several challenges and constraints, mainly associated with limited human, technological and financial resources. The current research aims at enhancing urban water infrastructure asset management through an integrated decision-making approach, that includes novel methodologies for condition assessment, service life prediction and cost modelling. This approach can be applied at three assessment levels

Este trabalho tem como objetivo melhorar a eficiência energética dos sistemas de abastecimento de água através do desenvolvimento de uma metodologia orientada por objetivos e com recurso ao balanço energético e a métricas de desempenho que permitem identificar as principais origens de ineficiência energética dos sistemas, comparar diferentes alternativas de intervenção e contribuir para a melhoria contínua destes sistemas.A metodologia de investigação seguida contempla desenvolvimentos científicos aliados a uma aplicação prática num conjunto alargado de casos de estudo através de ferramentas de cálculo automático desenvolvidas para o efeito. Os desenvolvimentos científicos consistem na formulação matemática de um balanço energético flexível em termos de dados necessários para a sua implementação; o desenvolvimento de métricas de desempenho que permitem identificar a origem das ineficiências energéticas (equipamentos, perdas de água ou configuração e operação) e a sua sistematização numa metodologia que segue os princípios de melhoria contínua (Plan-Do-Check-Act). A aplicação a casos de estudo é efetuada em três etapas. A primeira etapa consiste na aplicação do balanço energético agregado e métricas de desempenho para diagnosticar ineficiências a nível global em sistemas sem modelo matemático. A segunda etapa consiste na aplicação de um balanço detalhado com recurso a modelos matemáticos, bem como uma análise de sensibilidade aos diferentes métodos. A terceira etapa centra-se na aplicação detalhada de dois casos de estudo para ilustrar a metodologia.Os principais resultados são: i) uma metodologia integrada para o diagnóstico água-energia em sistemas de abastecimento de água; ii) um novo balanço energético para sistemas de abastecimento de água; iii) resultados da aplicação do balanço e das métricas de eficiência energética em 110 sistemas; iv) ferramentas para cálculo das diferentes formulações de balanço energético e de métricas de desempenho; e v) valores reais e exemplos de soluções não convencionais que conduziram a melhorias de desempenho energético.

As estações de tratamento de águas residuais (ETAR) são atualmente alvo de esforços de melhoria do seu desempenho técnico, ambiental e económico. Empresas, reguladores e organismos de financiamento têm utilizado sistemas de avaliação de desempenho para apoiar as suas decisões. Neste contexto, o LNEC desenvolveu a 1.ª e 2.ª geração do sistema de avaliação de desempenho (PAS) de ETAR baseado em indicadores (PIs) e índices de desempenho (PXs). Para ambos, os valores de referência para o julgamento do desempenho são elementos chave. Apesar de serem elementos cruciais, os valores de referência precisavam ainda de ser definidos para avaliar e melhorar o desempenho das ETAR com foco na eficiência energética e gestão de afluências pluviais. Assim, o objetivo da tese foi desenvolver a terceira geração do PAS com valores de referência para avaliar o desempenho. Os PIs e PXs focam os objetivos principais da ETAR, ou seja, garantir a sustentabilidade técnica, econômica e ambiental, garantindo um tratamento eficaz e fiável com o consumo mínimo de energia, reagentes e produção de lamas. A estratégia seguida consistiu em desenvolver ou selecionar a partir da segunda geração do PAS sub-conjuntos de PIs e PXs de acordo com os objetivos, nomeadamente, eficácia, fiabilidade, desempenho energético e consumo de reagentes e gestão das lamas. Os valores de referência foram derivados com base numa revisão da literatura, equações empíricas e/ou estudos de campo e, sempre que aplicável, incorporam o efeito de parâmetros chave, de modo a avaliar o efeito das variações de caudal e de concentração. Foi desenvolvida uma análise estatística dos PXs para avaliar a fiabilidade da ETAR. Foi também demonstrada a flexibilidade do sistema de avaliação de desempenho para diferentes objetivos e uma abordagem para diagnosticar oportunidades de melhoria do desempenho, utilizando os PIs e PXs num ciclo PDCA (plan-do-check-act).

Este trabalho de investigação teve como objectivo principal propor, aplicar e validar uma metodologia que permitisse transformar dados de consumo urbano de água, obtidos a partir de sistemas de telemetria, em informação útil para a gestão dos serviços de água e para os consumidores.A metodologia encontra-se estruturada em quatro módulos: planeamento e monitorização,processamento de dados, produção de informação de caracterização e previsão eclassificação. Tirando partido de dados de consumo telemedidos aos vários níveis, desde o cliente individual às zonas de medição e controlo (ZMC), procede-se à aplicação dametodologia para caracterização de grandes consumidores, previsão do consumodoméstico nocturno, avaliação do efeito da variação de pressão no consumo autorizado enas perdas de água e previsão do consumo em ZMC.Para além da metodologia estruturada para a análise de consumos, as principaiscontribuições inovadoras são o desenvolvimento de modelos de previsão e de classificação do consumo em ZMC, em função das variáveis explicativas mais significativas, e a obtenção de expressões para a variação do consumo autorizado e das perdas reais com a pressão.O trabalho desenvolvido contribuirá para um uso mais eficiente da água, através de ummelhor conhecimento sobre as várias componentes do consumo urbano de água, assimcomo para o estabelecimento de critérios de projecto e de exploração da rede maissustentados.

Os serviços de abastecimento de água (SAA) têm vindo a incorporar princípios desustentabilidade na sua prática de gestão. O estado da arte em metodologias de avaliação dedesempenho de SAA mostrou a necessidade de abordar especificamente o tratamento,considerado insatisfatoriamente nas abordagens sistematizadas existentes.Na presente dissertação desenvolveu-se um sistema de avaliação de desempenho (PAS) deestações de tratamento de água (ETA), orientado por objectivos, normalizado e quantitativo,destinado a apoiar a tomada de decisão, e cobrindo os domínios qualidade da água tratada,eficiência/fiabilidade, utilização de água, energia e materiais, gestão de subprodutos, segurança,recursos humanos e económico financeiros.O PAS integra uma componente para avaliação do desempenho global, baseada em indicadoresde desempenho, e uma componente para avaliação do desempenho operacional, baseada emíndices de desempenho que avaliam, numa escala 0-300, a qualidade da água tratada, eficiênciasdas várias operações/processos unitários (OPU) e sua relação com condições de operação.Foi desenvolvida uma ferramenta de cálculo automático do PAS.A aplicação do PAS a cinco ETA de características diversas permitiu avaliar a evoluçãotemporal do seu desempenho, comparar estações e OPU, e identificar oportunidades de melhoriana operação das OPU, na qualidade da água tratada e utilização de recursos.

This milestone aims at providing the lessons learnt from joint application of water-smartness dashboard for long-term strategic planning in the LLs, within the Innovation Alliance (InAll, Task 1.4). InAll provides a means for testing and validating the dashboard (developed within Task 3.9), both through the LL owners as the first users of the dashboard, as well as from meeting and discussions involving the leaders of the two referred tasks. This milestone describes (i) the approach followed to produce the feedback and lessons learnt from the dashboard use within InAll, including a brief explanation of the InAll and the strategic planning processes and an overview of the dashboard testing process, and (ii) the feedback on the dashboard, provided by the InAll LL problem-owners, as well as the lessons learnt.

The Innovation Alliance (InAll) of the B-WaterSmart (BWS) project was established across the project's six Living Labs (LLs): Alicante, Bodø, Flanders, Lisbon, East Frisia, and Venice. InAll constitutes a key co-production instrument of the B-WaterSmart project. It was designed for the primary problem-owners of the LLs to internalize and learn by doing how to use the B-WaterSmart objective-oriented assessment framework, developed in WP6, as a main tool for strategic planning on water smartness. This deliverable aims to provide the lessons learnt from the BWS InAll, including recommendations for case owners (follow-up beyond the project) and future users (replication).

This deliverable is a synthesis report on the results of all the technologies in the different case studies within the B-Watersmart project. As the final report on the outcome of the technology demonstrations, it provides a public synthesized overview and encompasses all Living labs. The document begins by clarifying its objectives in the first section. Section 2 provides a concise description of the technologies applied in each living labs, the achieved results and the challenges encountered during implementation. It also provides lessons learnt for future implementation of the technologies in other places. Section 3 provides the description of the achieved and expected impacts of the technologies on the Living labs. Finally, section 4 summarizes the activities and presents the common trends, lessons learned are and overarching impacts, highlighting cross-cutting aspects and synergies of the different technologies.

This internal report of Work Package 2

This document presents the links to and the contents of the

This report offers an overview of key present challenges for water governance across the 6 Living Labs of B-WaterSmart: Alicante (Spain), Bodø (Norway), East Frisia (Germany), Flanders (Belgium), Lisbon (Portugal) and Venice (Italy), according to the 12 OECD Principles for Water Governance (2015). It includes a set of recommendations for the LLs of the project and beyond, with a view to a more adaptive, fair and resilient water governance, along the lines of the circular economy and a fuller integration into the nexus of water, energy and waste

This document reports the activity developed in the second year of the EMPOWER+ project including the progress and results of the Task 1 & 2 - PACs, GACs and magnetic PAC synthesis and characterization, Task 3 - Batch adsorption studies with the produced PACs and GACs, Task 4 - Rapid small colunm tests and Task 7 - GAC regeneration assays.

The B-WaterSmart project, and specifically through WP6, aims at providing an assessment framework to support multi-stakeholder and strategic decision-making towards the transition to a water-smart society that recognizes multiple values and facilitates the active participation of a varied set of actors.

This document is the Management Plan for the LIFE Fitting project. Its purpose is to establish the project management composition, responsibilities, and processes to be followed throughout the project duration regarding project management. This project management plan is a deliverable of task 1.1 and is expected to be updated whenever a change in project requirements occurs or a risk or unexpected deviation from the planned course of action is encountered.

Milestone (MS) 22 contains the Living Lab (LL) strategic agendas (SA) as agreed with stakeholders in the Communities of Practice (CoPs). MS22 builds upon MS6 and MS12 and illustrates the changes to the SAs that occurred as result of the discussion with stakeholders. An overview of discussions held during the CoP meetings concerning the SAs is provided. The next steps with the SAs are also discussed.

Este estudo visa aumentar a confiança na reutilização segura da água, utilizando tecnologias de tratamento avançado como ultrafiltração, ozonização e osmose inversa para avaliar a sua eficácia e limitações. Desenvolvido numa estação de tratamento de águas residuais (ETAR), o estudo comparou a qualidade da água resultante de processos em grande escala, como a ultrafiltração, com água tratada adicionalmente através de um sistema piloto de ozonização e osmose inversa, ou apenas osmose inversa. Todos os esquemas de tratamento estudados produziram água adequada ao consumo humano.

EXCLUSIVO: AWARE-P vence prémio alemão e conquista novo reconhecimento internacional: É a primeira vez que é distinguido um projecto de um país que não fala alemão, entrevista de Ana Santiago (Jornalista do Jornal Água & Ambiente - Portal Ambiente Online) a Helena Alegre, 19 de Agosto de 2014

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