Publicações

Urban flooding occurrence has significant impacts and negative effects that require an adequate assessment, taking into consideration the different consequences associated with them. This study proposes a methodology based on the development and use of a 1D/2D integrated mathematical modelling and subsequent application of the technical performance assessment to support the flood management in estuarine margins. The 1D/2D integrated modelling is developed using the combination of Mike Urban and Mike Flood software through the application of the Overland Flow tool. The performance assessment in stormwater systems is based on the application of performance indicators (PIs) using the information provided by 1D and 1D/2D integrated modelling. The set of PIs includes a part from the system of the IWA for wastewater services, those that are applicable to flooding management of stormwater systems; another part corresponds to some new PIs proposed, based on the modelling capabilities (1D and 1D/2D). The advantages and disadvantages of the use of information obtained from 1D/2D modelling in comparison to 1D modelling is also analysed. The methodology was tested and validated for the Dafundo case study, where the risk of flooding occurrence is focused on the downtown catchment area.

This paper presents a novel energy balance scheme and performance indicators for assessing energy efficiency in water supply systems. This assessment consists of a three-step procedure: system characterisation and data collection, energy balance calculation and energy performance indicators assessment. The main innovation is the integrated approach between energy and water balances allowing the quantification of energy inefficiencies directly associated with water losses. Comprehensive energy performance indicators can be calculated by utilities with different maturity levels allowing a fair comparison of energy efficiency between systems with different layouts and operational schemes. This energy balance scheme has been applied by 17 water utilities in Portugal. Results have shown that systems provide more than twice the minimum energy necessary to supply their consumers and, consequently, there is a significant energy saving potential: 40% through water loss reduction, 30% for changes in network operation and layout and 30% for pump inefficiency reduction.

Flow monitoring in wastewater systems is used for system operation or for billing purposes, among others. Given the difficult measurement conditions, gaps in measurement series occur frequently and stakeholders need an appropriate method to estimate missing data. In data scarcity situations, mathematical modelling of the underlying physical processes may not be feasible and other methods are required. Partial least squares (PLS) regression is a multivariate statistical method suited to correlated data and has been frequently used for water quality estimates. PLS suitability for hourly and daily flow estimations was tested, based on previous flow and precipitation data, which urban water utilities currently monitor. Results were evaluated using proposed performance criteria and classes. The estimation errors were comparable to the ones obtained in physical process modelling. The application of the proposed method for flow estimation in sewers, in two common scenarios of wet and dry weather flows, is presented and discussed.

O fósforo é um recurso não renovável, fundamental para a produção agrícola e, portanto, estratégico para a Europa. O paradoxo do fósforo resulta da antecipação de dificuldades futuras na satisfação da procura mundial deste elemento, a par do crescente aumento da frequência e intensificação da eutrofização de massas de água, fruto da dispersão excessiva de nutrientes nos ecossistemas terrestres e aquáticos. Importa assim promover uma gestão sustentável do fósforo, designadamente aumentando a eficiência da sua utilização na agricultura e valorizando o que existe em materiais orgânicos. Neste artigo discute-se o papel do fósforo na redução das pressões sobre o nexus água-energia-alimentos num contexto de economia circular, e o potencial associado à sua recuperação a partir de águas residuais urbanas. Propõe-se uma estratégia de tratamento e descrevem-se várias opções tecnológicas que promovem a acumulação-libertação-recuperação de fósforo e apresenta-se um conjunto de indicadores chave para avaliação do desempenho das instalações na recuperação deste elemento. Os indicadores consideram a reutilização de água, valorização de lamas e/ou produção de estruvite, e a descarga de fósforo no meio recetor, e são parte de um sistema de apoio à operação e gestão patrimonial destas infraestruturas.

The presence of dissolved oxygen (DO) in water flows is an important factor to ensure the aerobic conditions recognised as beneficial to preventing the occurrence of detrimental effects. The incorporation of DO in wastewater flowing in sewer systems is a process widely investigated in order to quantify the effect of continuous reaeration through the air-liquid interface or air entrained due to the presence of singularities such as drops or junctions. The location of sewer drops to enhance air entrainment and subsequently reaeration is an effective practice to promote aerobic conditions in sewers. In the present paper, vertical drops, backdrops and stepped drops were modelled using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code FLOW-3D® to evaluate the air-water flows due to the turbulence induced by the presence of these types of structures. An assessment of the hydraulic variables and an analysis of the air entrainment based on the available experimental studies were carried out. The results of the CFD models for these structures were validated using measurements of discharge, pressure head and water depth obtained in the corresponding physical models. A very good fit was obtained for the hydraulic behaviour. After validation of numerical models, analysis of the air entrainment was carried out.

Water utilities have to deal with different challenges including ageing infrastructures, demand variability, climate change and increased societal expectations. This paper aims at outlining potential synergies between communication promotion and the implementation of a structured approach to enhance water loss and energy management in water utilities. The use of a structured approach in the decision-making process leverages knowledge production from various stakeholders, enabling them to propose solutions for the challenges faced by the water utilities. Collaboration is essential to achieve improvements in the long-term by breaking down information silos and boundaries resulting from functional specialism. In the scope of the iPerdas 2014 project, seventeen Portuguese water utilities followed a joint training and capacity building approach to work strategically with water loss and energy efficiency issues. The benefits of implementing a comprehensive communication framework are presented, highlighting the interconnected nature of barriers to energy and water efficiency and the need to address these barriers in a holistic manner. The paper concludes with the presentation of some lessons learned regarding the promotion of communication in collaborative projects.

No projeto LIFE Hymemb foi desenvolvido um protótipo de adsorção com Carvão Ativado em Pó e Microfiltração cerâmica (PAC/MF) que esteve a operar continuamente, durante um ano e meio, na estação de tratamento de água (ETA) de Alcantarilha para demonstrar a eficácia, fiabilidade e eficiência deste processo em particular no controlo de fármacos, pesticidas, cianotoxinas, vírus e protozoários na água para consumo humano. O protótipo aliou a tecnologia de membranas de baixa pressão, a microfiltração com membranas cerâmicas, emergente na Europa mas ainda não utilizada em Portugal, com a adsorção a PAC, aplicado

A dispersão de aglomerados de pequena dimensão, particularmente nas zonasrurais, aponta para a necessidade de adoptar sistemas descentralizados de tratamento deáguas residuais. No que se refere a soluções de tratamento, a escassez de dados sobre ofuncionamento das instalações de pequena dimensão existentes tem constituído uma barreiraà sua optimização. A utilização de tecnologias de monitorização em linha pode constituir ummodo simples de obtenção da informação necessária, a custos controlados e em tempo real.Nos últimos anos, verificou-se um importante progresso tecnológico na instrumentação paramonitorização e controlo com aplicação em sistemas de águas residuais urbanas. Nopresente trabalho desenvolveu-se uma metodologia que pretende fornecer às entidadesgestoras de sistemas de águas residuais uma estrutura prática para a melhoria da supervisãoe controlo de ETAR de pequena dimensão. Esta plataforma tem como objectivo o aumento dafiabilidade dos sistemas de tratamento, aliada a uma operação mais sustentável em termos deconsumos de recursos.

Performance assessment of water supply and wastewater services isnowadays a major issue. Over the past six years, LNEC has been developingperformance assessment systems (PASs) for water treatment plants (WTPs) andwastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In 2009, a national field test waslaunched, 'PASt21', coordinated by LNEC and involving 27 plants (10 WTP and17 WWTP). This paper presents the second generation of the PI system for theoverall performance assessment of WTPs and WWTPs and the PI resultsobtained with the data available for 2006-2009. It was concluded that allindicators of the systems are relevant, and the results show the ability of theproposed PI systems to assess the overall performance of a given treatmentplant. The aggregated results are very important for the continuous improvementof the plant performance through benchmarking and targets

The aim of this paper is to compare sorting and ranking methods for prioritization of rehabilitation interventions of sewers, taking into account risk, performance and cost. For that purpose multiple criteria decision-aid (MCDA) methods such as ELECTRE TRI for sorting and ELECTRE III for ranking are applied in a real case-study and the results obtained compared. The case study is a small sanitary sewer system from a Portuguese utility located in the metropolitan area of Lisbon. The problem to investigate is the prioritisation of the network sewers candidate to rehabilitation. The decision-maker (a panel group of specialists) has chosen five assessment metrics: water level and maximum flow velocity (hydraulic performance indices), sewer importance and failure repair cost (collapse-related consequences of failure) and the risk of collapse. The results show that the outcomes from ELECTRE III are easier to understand than those from ELECTRE TRI method. Two different sets of weights were used and the sorting and ranking results from both methods were found to be sensitive to them. ELECTRE TRI method is more difficult to use since it involves more technical parameters that are difficult to define, such as reference profiles and cut levels.

Urban water systems are essential to modern societies; managing them strategically is a challenge as they require continuous and costly capital maintenance to assure the service sustainability. Therefore, wise rehabilitation and maintenance planning are essential. This paper presents an application of an innovative urban water infrastructure asset management (IAM) methodology, the AWARE-P approach, to thecase of the Oeiras and Amadora water utility (SMAS O&A). This IAM approach considers three levels of planning: strategic, tactical and operational, corresponding to long-, medium- and short-term horizons. One of the main advances of the AWARE-P approach is considering assessment dimensions otherthan cost, namely performance and risk. The entire utility was considered at the strategic level and at afirst stage of the tactical level. One District Metering Area of the water network was used as pilot for testing the AWARE-P procedure at the more detailed level of tactical planning. Five IAM alternatives were devised; a traditional like-for-like pipe replacement alternative was considered among other optimaldesign alternatives that take into account energy efficiency and system

The current paper briefly presents the infrastructure asset management (IAM) methodology developed in the framework of the AWARE-P project for the comparison of alternative rehabilitation solutions and applies it to a Portuguese water supply system taking into consideration different criteria. These criteria incorporate three assessment dimensions

In comparison to larger plants,decentralized small sizewastewater treatment plants (DCWWTP)face more pronouncedoperational constraints such ashigh load fluctuations, operationand maintenance problems andincreased costs per capita. Thescarcity of historical data on theperformance of this type of plantsis generally associated to largelyunattended operation. Thus, it isimportant to gain adequateinformation for both performanceassessment and process control,at controlled costs and adapted tocentralized supervision. For this,the implementation of an expediteframework for performancemonitoring and control isproposed, using on-line dataobtained with robust instrumentsand a simplified dynamic modelstructure. Point, periodicaldetermination of value ranges forsome wastewater characteristicsand model parameters, usingrespirometric assays, allows amore robust modeling of thebiological treatment process inthese DC-WWTP.

This paper presents a methodology for the integrated planning of urban development,overland flow and flood mitigation and control. The sewer network is sized for a 5-yearreturn period, but the appropriate landscape reshaping and detention basins integrated in agreen corridor ensure safe and controlled flows for storms with a 100-year return period.Design criteria and a detailed description of the modelling activities are presented and appliedto a real case. The solution obtained is also able to deal with exceptional conditions, such asincreased rainfall due to climate change or blocking the bottom outlet of a detention basin,and is versatile in allowing for future adaptations with reduced interventions and costs. Urbanplanning and landscape reshaping allowed for low heights of overland flow, which assignssome confidence to the 1D overland flow modelling. A conventional sewer system (withoutany detention basin) designed for return periods of 5, 10 and 20 years would cost only less13%, 9% and 4%, respectively, than the proposed system. However, maximum flow ratesdischarged to downstream would increase about 60%, 85% and 110%, respectively,compared with the obtained solution. Results highlight the potential benefits of a wider use ofsuch solutions.

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Lead time between rainfall prediction results and flood prediction results obtained byhydraulic simulations is one of the crucial factors in the implementation of real-time floodforecasting systems. Therefore, hydraulic simulation times must be as short as possible, andsimulation results should produce accurate spatial and temporal flood modelling results. Thispaper presents the hybrid model concept which consists of a new type of model in which1D/1D and 1D/2D approaches are combined together in order to take advantage of thebenefits and overcome the drawbacks of each approach. The models used in this paper consistof a sewer network and an overland flow drainage system in both 1D/1D and 1D/2Dapproaches. The 1D/1D model is used as the reference model to generate the other models.The results presented in this paper suggest that the 1D/2D models are not yet suitable to beused in real-time flood prediction applications due to the long simulation time it requires,while on the other hand, the hybrid models show a considerable reduction in simulation time,without compromising the simulation results, i.e. flow and water depth accuracy.

For reliable prediction of urban pluvial flooding it is essential to have reliable spatialand temporal rainfall prediction at an appropriate scale. Radar data are consideredto be the most reliable. However, many urban catchments do not have access toradar data. This paper presents a new methodology for rainfall forecasting based ona network of raingauges. The methodology predicts rainfall at each raingaugelocation based on the Support Vector Machine (SVM) technique improved withSingular Spectrum Analysis (SSA). The prediction of the spatial distribution of rainfallis based on interpolation techniques. The forecasted rainfall fields are then used asinputs for simulation of drainage systems to obtain a short-term flood prediction. Theproposed methodology is tested using real data from a case study in Coimbra,Portugal and the results obtained showed that it is possible to predict the water level30 minutes in advance when using this methodology.

O Guia Técnico n.º 27 concretiza a 4.ª geração do sistema de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços da ERSAR, sendo o resultado de um excelente exemplo de colaboração entre a ERSAR, enquanto entidade reguladora, o Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil e a Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, a quem não podíamos deixar de agradecer, alargando este agradecimento ao universo das entidades gestoras reguladas, cujos contributos prestados durante a consulta ao setor foram integrados nesta versão final.

The European project LIFE IMPETUS demonstrated low-investment, low-energy, flexible, and easy to implement measures for improving the removal of pharmaceutical compounds in urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with activated sludge (CAS) treatment, the most common biological process in those plants in Portugal and worldwide.The project addressed two major groups of technical solutions: i) operating strategies to enhance the biological treatment for PhC removal, measures identified using sound benchmarking tools, and ii) powdered activated carbon (PAC) addition to the biological reactor, using eco-friendly adsorbents, to control the recalcitrant PhCs and those with incomplete and variable biological removal. These technical guidelines compile the best practices and best lessons learned in LIFE IMPETUS project regarding PhC monitoring and improvement of PhC control in urban CAS-WWTPs using the approached technical solutions. The document aims at an easy and comprehensive use by water practitioners, water regulators, academia, and students of different backgrounds, answering to the questions of what, where, how, how much (cost), and when to monitor and control PhCs in urban CAS-WWTPs. Incentives for PhC control in urban WWTPs are also tackled.

The Technical Guide presents the 4th generation of the service quality assessment system, which abandons some 3rd generation indicators and adds new ones to respond to the latest challenges to supply services, urban waste water management and urban waste management. Changes are also made to definitions and benchmarks for some indicators are adjusted.

O projeto Avaler+

These technical guidelines provides guidance on the use of the hybrid process of powdered activate carbon adsorption and ceramic microfiltration for sustainable drinking water production. They were developed based on the field demonstration of the technology, in Portugal, with a pilot prototype, within the LIFE Hymenb project LIFE12 ENV/PT/001154 "Tailoring hybrid membrane processes for sustainable drinking water production", conducted by LNEC - the National Civil Engineering Laboratory and Águas do Algarve, S.A.

O objetivo do presente Guia é a apresentação e a especificação dosistema correspondente à 2.ª geração de avaliação da qualidade dosserviços de abastecimento de água, de saneamento de águas residuaisurbanas e de gestão de resíduos urbanos prestados pelas entidadesgestoras sujeitas a regulação.Este sistema constitui uma peça fundamental do modelo de regulaçãoem implementação pela ERSAR, sumariamente descrito neste Guia emais detalhadamente descrito em [1], nomeadamente no que respeitaà componente da regulação da qualidade do serviço, de forma a tornarpossível a avaliação quantificada.Note-se que, de acordo com o disposto na alínea e) do n.º 1 do artigo 5.ºdo Decreto-Lei n.º 277/2009, de 2 de outubro, a ERSAR tem atribuiçõesnão apenas para assegurar a regulação da qualidade de serviço prestadoaos utilizadores pelas entidades gestoras, mas também para avaliaro desempenho dessas entidades, promovendo a melhoria dos níveis deserviço. É no quadro destas atribuições que se pretende promover estesistema de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços de águas e resíduos.A 2.ª geração do sistema de avaliação da qualidade do serviço resultouda análise crítica do sistema de indicadores adotado na 1.ª geração e darespetiva aplicação desde 2004 ao universo das entidades concessionáriase teve em conta o estado atual de conhecimentos e a experiênciainternacional entretanto adquirida.Para além da identificação e da especificação de todos os componentesdo sistema de avaliação, e em particular do conjunto de indicadores dequalidade do serviço a utilizar em cada um dos três tipos de serviços,são também definidos os procedimentos de avaliação, através dadefinição da informação a obter, do cálculo de indicadores, da sua interpretaçãoe análise comparativa, numa perspetiva de benchmarking, eda produção do relatório de síntese.

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O objectivo do presente Guia é a apresentação e a especificação do sistema correspondente à 2.ª geração de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços de abastecimento de água, de saneamento de águas residuais urbanas e de gestão de resíduos urbanos prestados pelas entidades gestoras sujeitas a regulação. Este sistema constitui uma peça fundamental do modelo de regulação em implementação pela ERSAR, sumariamente descrito neste Guia e mais detalhadamente descrito em [1], nomeadamente no que respeita à componente da regulação da qualidade do serviço, de forma a tornar possível a avaliação quantificada. Note-se que, de acordo com o disposto nas alíneas e) do artigo 5.º do Decreto-Lei n.º 277/2009, de 2 de Outubro, a ERSAR tem atribuições não apenas para assegurar a regulação da qualidade de serviço prestado aos utilizadores pelas entidades gestoras bem como para avaliar o desempenho dessas entidades, promovendo a melhoria dos níveis de serviço. É no quadro destas atribuições que se pretende promover este sistema de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços de águas e resíduos. A 2.ª geração do sistema de avaliação da qualidade do serviço resultou da análise crítica do sistema de indicadores adoptado na 1.ª geração e da respectiva aplicação desde 2004 ao universo das entidades concessionárias e teve em conta o estado actual de conhecimentos e a experiência internacional entretanto adquirida. Para além da identificação e da especificação de todos os componentes do sistema de avaliação, e em particular do conjunto de indicadores de qualidade do serviço a utilizar em cada um dos três tipos de serviços, são também definidos os procedimentos de avaliação, através da definição da informação a obter, do cálculo de indicadores, da sua interpretação e análise comparativa, numa perspectiva de benchmarking, e da produção do relatório de síntese.

Os objetivos da nova DARU são ambiciosos, exigindo maior eficácia e eficiência

Asset management (AM) has become increasingly important in various sectors and organizations over the lastfew decades. This introductory chapter provides an overview of asset management to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of AM, summarizing its application to urban drainage asset management (UDAM), an asset-intensive sector. The chapter includes a short history, from general AM to UDAM, and refers to milestones, key organizations, and standards. It describes AM principles and different perspectives to approach the subject. The UDAM context is outlined, providing the general processes which can influence strategic, tactical, or operational decision levels, accounting for the specific perspectives and objectives on the subject. The main approaches applied to UDAM are broadly described, some of which incorporate a balance of costs, risks, opportunities, and performance, while others focus on specific aspects. The chapter presents different types of approaches to AM, ranging from those based on condition, reliability, and risk to those based on value, followed by those based on performance or quality of service, highlighting common aspects or overlaps between them. When appropriate, guidance to the chapters where additional information on the subject can be found is provided. Finally, challenges, limitations and opportunities are highlighted.

The number of climate-related disasters has progressively increased in the last two decades and this trend will drastically exacerbate in the medium- and long-term horizons according to climate change projections. In this framework, through a multi-disciplinary team and a strong background acquired in recent projects, ICARIA aims to promote the use of asset-level modeling to achieve a better understanding of climate related tangible direct and indirect impacts on critical assets due to complex, cascading, and compound disasters. Furthermore, it takes into account the related risk reduction provided by suitable, sustainable, and cost-effective adaptation solutions. ICARIA focuses on both (i) critical assets and services that were not designed for potential climate change-related impacts that can increase the unplanned outages and failures, and (ii) on housing, natural areas, and population. Cutting edge methods regarding climate scenario building, asset-level-coupled models, and multi-risk assessment approaches will be implemented and replicated in three EU regions to understand how future climate scenarios might affect critical assets and to provide decision-making support tools to private and public risk owners to assess the costs and benefits of various adaptation solutions.

Activated carbons are versatile adsorbents that can play a crucial role in the enhancement of wastewater treatment, namely by controlling organic microcontaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and organic matter. These materials have a 100-year market availability, large scientific testing at lab-scale and applicability in consolidated technologies. However, the use of activated carbons at full-scale wastewater treatment is still emerging, driven by the increasing awareness on environmental and human threats mainly resulting from CECs. The present chapter reviews the literature on the application of activated carbons in full- or large pilot-scale plants, highlighting the state-of-art knowledge on practical issues on operational set-ups, improvements on water overall quality, and costs. The selection criteria and properties of the powdered and granular (PAC and GAC) materials used, and the pros and critical aspects of their application, relevant for product development and process optimisation, are also analysed and determine the research needs proposed for a technical, economic, and environmentally sustainable application of activated carbon in full-scale advanced wastewater treatment.

Urban areas are dynamic, complex, and vulnerable systems involving multiple strategic services such as water supply, wastewater, and stormwater and waste management. Climate-change trends may directly affect the urban water cycle, through heavy rainfall, tides, and droughts, potentially causing cascading impacts with serious consequences for people, the natural and built environments, and the economy. These challenges to urban areas require an integrated and sustainable approach to increase their resilience, with the allocation of the needed resources, including the development and implementation of disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies, plans, and regulations in all relevant sectors. This chapter describes a resilience-assessment framework to be used by cities and urban-service managers. It considers a structured and objective-driven assessment aiming at supporting the development and monitoring of cities' and urban services' resilience action plans, thus contributing to appropriate DRR investments. Our approach considers four resilience dimensions: organizational, spatial, functional, and physical. It is aligned with the UNDRR's Disaster Resilience Scorecard for Cities and addresses the priorities of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. In this chapter, we apply the resilience-assessment framework to the waste and mobility sectors in Lisbon (Portugal), identifying main opportunities to enhance their resilience and supporting the development of resilience and DRR strategies.

Atualmente os sistemas urbanos de água são reconhecidos como infraestruturas in­dispensáveis de suporte para a prestação de serviços públicos de primeira necessida­de à saúde e bem-estar das populações e à economia das sociedades

This paper aims to explain why and how innovative technologies are enablers of strategic asset management (SAM) of water supply, wastewater and storm water systems.

Urban areas are dynamic, complex, and vulnerable systems involving multiple strategic urban services, stakeholders, and citizens. Strategic services essential to society include water and sewerage (water supply, and wastewater and stormwater management), waste management, energy supply, public lighting, transport, and public security. The potential effects of climate dynamics on the urban areas might lead to the aggravation of existing fragile conditions and the emergence of new hazards or risk factors, with major impacts on strategic urban services, people, the natural and built environment, and the economy. Climate change challenges to urban areas thus require an integrated and sustainable approach to increase their resilience, with the allocation of the needed resources at all administrative levels. These include the development and implementation of disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies, policies, plans, laws, and regulations in all relevant sectors (UNISDR, 2015). This chapter describes a resilience assessment framework to be used by cities and urban-service managers. The framework considers a structured and objective-driven assessment aiming at supporting the development and monitoring of cities

This chapter briefly presents concepts and methodologies to support the management of urban drainage infrastructure. After the introduction, data requirements for assessing the condition of urban drainage systems are presented. Data can be collected in different ways. Data analysis allows for determining structural and functional issues and system performance. The causes and consequences of failures are required for condition assessment and are the subject of the risk section. Any intervention in the urban drainage system has a cost that must be assessed. Mathematical modelling of the urban drainage systems has an advantage for evaluating the hydraulic and structural performance. Decisions on the management of urban drainage rehabilitation need to be addressed considering the different points of view or aspects that are often contradictory. This may be addressed by using multi-criteria decision analysis methodologies.

Urban water services make use of extensive networked infrastructures - water supply and drainage systems. Efficient management of these services relies on the quality of measurements of hydraulic variables in pipes and sewers to support robust analysis of systems

This research aims at developing a comprehensive approach for assessing the energy use and efficiency in wastewater systems, considering the water-energy-greenhouse gas (W-E-G) emissions nexus supported by methods and tools, such as a tailored energy balance and a performance assessment system (PAS). This approach is aligned with continuous improvement principles and allows carrying out the diagnosis of energy efficiency in wastewater systems supporting the building of a portfolio of energy use improvement measures responding to strategic objectives and attending to the systems

Drinking water storage tanks are essential components of water supply systems to store water, to level off pressure in networks and to meet emergency storage. They are also frequent sources of deterioration of drinking water quality and safety owing to inadequate tank design and operation. Mostly, existing tanks design, dimensions and operation do not account for water mixing and renewal.

Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) are crucial to achieving the goals of the United Nations Agenda 2030 for sustainable development and other global agendas, such as the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. In the last decade, the NBS umbrella concept has become more relevant intending to contribute to urban resilience and to address the climate change challenges. NBS are living solutions inspired by nature that use or mimic natural processes intending to face several societal challenges, from the perspective of resource-efficient use and the promotion of economic and environmental benefits. Currently, cities are encouraged to understand and measure the NBS contribution to identify adequate strategies for enhancing resilience and prioritize investments accordingly. The objective of the present thesis is to promote and enhance the NBS implementation in cities, focused on solutions for stormwater management and control. Based on the analysis of their contribution to urban resilience, the potential to meet environmental, social, and economic challenges and to adapt across diverse urban scales and contexts is demonstrated. In this sense, a Resilience Assessment Framework (RAF) to assess the NBS contribution to urban resilience was developed. This framework aims to assess the NBS contribution to urban resilience. Moreover, a Guidance for the RAF application in cities with different resilience maturity was developed, which involved the RAF validation by seven cities (from a national and international context), that participated voluntarily in this phase. In this context, the developed RAF is comprehensive and multidimensional. It is driven by the definition of objectives, criteria, and metrics, according to the proposed structure for assessing the water supply and wastewater system service performance in the framework of the ISO 24500 standards of the International Organization for Standardization. For an oriented assessment of the criteria, qualitative and quantitative metrics were defined, considering data from different sources and complexity. Reference values were also identified and metrics' classifications were defined. In this classification, each answer is associated with a resilience development level, intending to assess the NBS contribution to urban resilience on a normalized scale. To support the RAF application to cities with different resilience maturity (in terms of resilience and available information), three analysis degrees (essential, complementary, and comprehensive) and a set of metrics were proposed, which are pre-defined in the guidance for the RAF application. To support the selection of the analysis degree more adequate to any city, a structure to characterize the city's profile was developed. This complementary profile also supports the interpretation of the RAF results, both at the city and at the level of specific NBS. To conclude, the application of the RAF essential analysis degree to the seven participating cities, with different challenges regarding urban resilience and NBS, and of the comprehensive analysis degree (complete RAF) to Porto´s urban area, through an assemble assessment at the city and NBS levels, were presented.

Over the past two decades, performance assessment (PA) has been one of the areas show-ing the greatest advancement in the water sector. PA aims to measure effectiveness and/or efficiency of an activity or process using performance metrics, supporting the decision-making process and the continuous improvement of water utilities. Despite the potential benefits, few projects, and initiatives on PA have been undertaken regarding storm water systems (SWS). The present thesis aims to develop a performance assessment framework (PAF), applicable to both conventional SWS and sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS), objective driven and focused on systems

Infrastructure asset management (IAM) has been increasingly becoming a key topic in the mind-set shift of the water sector managers and policy makers, allowing to assist in the operational, tactical and strategic decision-making in urban water infrastructures. Nevertheless, IAM implementation by the water utilities is still far from needed and not widespread, due to several challenges and constraints, mainly associated with limited human, technological and financial resources. The current research aims at enhancing urban water infrastructure asset management through an integrated decision-making approach, that includes novel methodologies for condition assessment, service life prediction and cost modelling. This approach can be applied at three assessment levels

Este trabalho tem como objetivo melhorar a eficiência energética dos sistemas de abastecimento de água através do desenvolvimento de uma metodologia orientada por objetivos e com recurso ao balanço energético e a métricas de desempenho que permitem identificar as principais origens de ineficiência energética dos sistemas, comparar diferentes alternativas de intervenção e contribuir para a melhoria contínua destes sistemas.A metodologia de investigação seguida contempla desenvolvimentos científicos aliados a uma aplicação prática num conjunto alargado de casos de estudo através de ferramentas de cálculo automático desenvolvidas para o efeito. Os desenvolvimentos científicos consistem na formulação matemática de um balanço energético flexível em termos de dados necessários para a sua implementação; o desenvolvimento de métricas de desempenho que permitem identificar a origem das ineficiências energéticas (equipamentos, perdas de água ou configuração e operação) e a sua sistematização numa metodologia que segue os princípios de melhoria contínua (Plan-Do-Check-Act). A aplicação a casos de estudo é efetuada em três etapas. A primeira etapa consiste na aplicação do balanço energético agregado e métricas de desempenho para diagnosticar ineficiências a nível global em sistemas sem modelo matemático. A segunda etapa consiste na aplicação de um balanço detalhado com recurso a modelos matemáticos, bem como uma análise de sensibilidade aos diferentes métodos. A terceira etapa centra-se na aplicação detalhada de dois casos de estudo para ilustrar a metodologia.Os principais resultados são: i) uma metodologia integrada para o diagnóstico água-energia em sistemas de abastecimento de água; ii) um novo balanço energético para sistemas de abastecimento de água; iii) resultados da aplicação do balanço e das métricas de eficiência energética em 110 sistemas; iv) ferramentas para cálculo das diferentes formulações de balanço energético e de métricas de desempenho; e v) valores reais e exemplos de soluções não convencionais que conduziram a melhorias de desempenho energético.

As estações de tratamento de águas residuais (ETAR) são atualmente alvo de esforços de melhoria do seu desempenho técnico, ambiental e económico. Empresas, reguladores e organismos de financiamento têm utilizado sistemas de avaliação de desempenho para apoiar as suas decisões. Neste contexto, o LNEC desenvolveu a 1.ª e 2.ª geração do sistema de avaliação de desempenho (PAS) de ETAR baseado em indicadores (PIs) e índices de desempenho (PXs). Para ambos, os valores de referência para o julgamento do desempenho são elementos chave. Apesar de serem elementos cruciais, os valores de referência precisavam ainda de ser definidos para avaliar e melhorar o desempenho das ETAR com foco na eficiência energética e gestão de afluências pluviais. Assim, o objetivo da tese foi desenvolver a terceira geração do PAS com valores de referência para avaliar o desempenho. Os PIs e PXs focam os objetivos principais da ETAR, ou seja, garantir a sustentabilidade técnica, econômica e ambiental, garantindo um tratamento eficaz e fiável com o consumo mínimo de energia, reagentes e produção de lamas. A estratégia seguida consistiu em desenvolver ou selecionar a partir da segunda geração do PAS sub-conjuntos de PIs e PXs de acordo com os objetivos, nomeadamente, eficácia, fiabilidade, desempenho energético e consumo de reagentes e gestão das lamas. Os valores de referência foram derivados com base numa revisão da literatura, equações empíricas e/ou estudos de campo e, sempre que aplicável, incorporam o efeito de parâmetros chave, de modo a avaliar o efeito das variações de caudal e de concentração. Foi desenvolvida uma análise estatística dos PXs para avaliar a fiabilidade da ETAR. Foi também demonstrada a flexibilidade do sistema de avaliação de desempenho para diferentes objetivos e uma abordagem para diagnosticar oportunidades de melhoria do desempenho, utilizando os PIs e PXs num ciclo PDCA (plan-do-check-act).

Este trabalho de investigação teve como objectivo principal propor, aplicar e validar uma metodologia que permitisse transformar dados de consumo urbano de água, obtidos a partir de sistemas de telemetria, em informação útil para a gestão dos serviços de água e para os consumidores.A metodologia encontra-se estruturada em quatro módulos: planeamento e monitorização,processamento de dados, produção de informação de caracterização e previsão eclassificação. Tirando partido de dados de consumo telemedidos aos vários níveis, desde o cliente individual às zonas de medição e controlo (ZMC), procede-se à aplicação dametodologia para caracterização de grandes consumidores, previsão do consumodoméstico nocturno, avaliação do efeito da variação de pressão no consumo autorizado enas perdas de água e previsão do consumo em ZMC.Para além da metodologia estruturada para a análise de consumos, as principaiscontribuições inovadoras são o desenvolvimento de modelos de previsão e de classificação do consumo em ZMC, em função das variáveis explicativas mais significativas, e a obtenção de expressões para a variação do consumo autorizado e das perdas reais com a pressão.O trabalho desenvolvido contribuirá para um uso mais eficiente da água, através de ummelhor conhecimento sobre as várias componentes do consumo urbano de água, assimcomo para o estabelecimento de critérios de projecto e de exploração da rede maissustentados.

Os serviços de abastecimento de água (SAA) têm vindo a incorporar princípios desustentabilidade na sua prática de gestão. O estado da arte em metodologias de avaliação dedesempenho de SAA mostrou a necessidade de abordar especificamente o tratamento,considerado insatisfatoriamente nas abordagens sistematizadas existentes.Na presente dissertação desenvolveu-se um sistema de avaliação de desempenho (PAS) deestações de tratamento de água (ETA), orientado por objectivos, normalizado e quantitativo,destinado a apoiar a tomada de decisão, e cobrindo os domínios qualidade da água tratada,eficiência/fiabilidade, utilização de água, energia e materiais, gestão de subprodutos, segurança,recursos humanos e económico financeiros.O PAS integra uma componente para avaliação do desempenho global, baseada em indicadoresde desempenho, e uma componente para avaliação do desempenho operacional, baseada emíndices de desempenho que avaliam, numa escala 0-300, a qualidade da água tratada, eficiênciasdas várias operações/processos unitários (OPU) e sua relação com condições de operação.Foi desenvolvida uma ferramenta de cálculo automático do PAS.A aplicação do PAS a cinco ETA de características diversas permitiu avaliar a evoluçãotemporal do seu desempenho, comparar estações e OPU, e identificar oportunidades de melhoriana operação das OPU, na qualidade da água tratada e utilização de recursos.

In the first 9 months of the project, two significant organisational changes were solved (section 3.3), 14 out of the 20 actions were started as planned, the Partnership Agreement was prepared, approved and signed, 5 deliverables were produced and 7 milestones reached. All project management tools are in place and the beneficiary teams are formed. Further, the PhC regular monitoring in the WWTPs has started and the project dissemination far exceeded the objectives for this period, expressing the project interest to the target audiences. 15% of the first pre-financing payment was absorbed so far and 100% of it is expected to be executed in early 2017.Overall, the project in progressing as scheduled, the current delays (explained in section 3.2) being expected to be overcome before the end of the year.

The LIFE IMPETUS project comprises an action (E.4 After-LIFE Plan) aiming to define apost-project exploitation plan, envisaging the valorisation of its results and the lessonslearnt. Since this action is due in June 2019, the consortium decided to start developingfrom the early stages of the project a detailed plan for the replicability and transferability.The current document is integrated in action D.1 Dissemination and will contribute to thefollowing deliverables:- Layman report (action D.1);- After-LIFE Plan (action E.4).This plan was not initially foreseen as a deliverable in the Grant Agreement, but wasasked to be prepared in the EASME letter (September 2016) following the first monitoringvisit to the project.

This report is part of the project

This document is developed as part of RESCCUE (RESilience to cope with Climate Change in Urban arEas - a multisectorial approach focusing on water) project, which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program, under the Grant Agreement number 700174.

As alterações climáticas (AC) afetam as sociedades e condicionam as suas atividades económicas, sendo também um desafio para o setor do turismo. Em empreendimentos turísticos, o aumento da temperatura média anual, as alterações na distribuição espacial e temporal da precipitação e as variações na frequência e intensidade de fenómenos climáticos extremos podem gerar condicionamentos na disponibilidade da água e alterações nos usos da água. Estas alterações podem ter implicações, quer na gestão técnica e económica, quer na qualidade de serviço prestada nestes empreendimentos. Assim, o desempenho e a vulnerabilidade destes empreendimentos às AC devem ser estudados, no sentido de minimizar os impactos daí decorrentes e contribuir para melhorar o seu desempenho global. Para a avaliação de desempenho e vulnerabilidade dos usos da água nos empreendimentos turísticos, é necessário fazer o diagnóstico da situação atual e a avaliação da evolução da situação futura, com base na sistematização dos usos típicos da água, na execução de balanços hídricos totais e parciais e na identificação e avaliação da eficácia de medidas para aumento da eficiência nos usos da água. A identificação de níveis de eficiência nos usos da água nestes empreendimentos, incluindo o potencial de redução dos consumos, constitui um passo importante na procura de soluções mais eficientes. No entanto, é necessário que esta identificação seja acompanhada da avaliação da eficácia das medidas implementadas, com base num diagnóstico pormenorizado, o que não está contemplado nos instrumentos regulamentares e nas ferramentas de gestão atualmente disponíveis. Observa-se também que comparativamente com a promoção da eficiência energética existe menor desenvolvimento, quer em termos do diagnóstico, quer em termos de uma atuação estruturada aos diferentes níveis de decisão, para a promoção do uso eficiente da água. O projeto AdaPT AC:T pretende desenvolver um método para avaliação da vulnerabilidade de empreendimentos turísticos às alterações climáticas e apoiar no desenvolvimento de planos de adaptação. O projeto prevê a elaboração de materiais, ao longo dos vários marcos do projeto, que irão constituir os seus produtos. O presente relatório corresponde ao fascículo sobre o estado da arte relativo à componente água nos empreendimentos hoteleiros, e faz parte de um conjunto de fascículos relativos ao primeiro marco do projeto.

Relatório desenvolvido no âmbito de consultoria técnica solicitada ao LNEC pela Empresa Teixeira Duarte

This is a mandatory delivery in the scope of European Union LIFE programme, consisting on the second activity report from LIFE Hymemb project and covering the period between August 1st 2014 and August 31st 2015. LIFE Hymemb general objective was to demonstrate the feasibility and sustainability of advanced membrane processes for the treatment of drinking water, in order to provide a safer and more resilient barrier against emerging contaminants, with lower environmental impacts. The project relied on long-term demonstration of the powdered activated carbon/ceramic microfiltration (PAC/MF) technology in Alcantarilha Water Treatment Plant. This report contains 7 chapters, including the executive summary, administrative part, technical part (actions reporting), financial part and annexes.

The scope of this TRUST series of best practice manuals is the integrated planning of urban water services, focusing on Infrastructure Asset Management (IAM). IAM aims at ensuring that infrastructures are managed in such a way that sustainability of the service is ensured by maximizing service performance at the minimum cost and with acceptable risk levels, in the long term. This manual is addressed to the utilities of urban water services whose main activity is based on network infrastructures. Urban water services include water supply, wastewater and storm water management. This manual provides guidance on the tactical planning process that utilities need to carry out in order to ensure sustainable water services in the medium-term, assuring an alignment with the strategic plan.

This is a mandatory delivery in the scope of European Union LIFE programme, consisting on the first activity report from LIFE Hymemb project and covering the period between January 1st 2014 and July 31st 2014. LIFE Hymemb general objective was to demonstrate the feasibility and sustainability of advanced membrane processes for the treatment of drinking water, in order to provide a safer and more resilient barrier against emerging contaminants, with lower environmental impacts. The project relied on long-term demonstration of the powdered activated carbon/ceramic microfiltration (PAC/MF) technology in Alcantarilha Water Treatment Plant. This report contains 7 chapters, including the executive summary, administrative part, technical part (actions reporting), financial part and annexes.

This report aims at performing a selection of a commercial powdered activated carbon (PAC) adequate to control a set of target emerging contaminants through PAC/nanofiltration (PAC/NF) hybrid process (Action B.1.1) and to perform a preliminary assessment of different PAC/NF configurations, which will be further tested in action B3 (Action B.1.2). A list of contaminants to be addressed was created, with these contaminants being classified into classes, based on their size, charge and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity. Based on the available data of commercial carbons, a pre-selection of four carbons was performed. Adsorption isotherms and kinetics of the selected four representative contaminants supplemented to real effluent of

Este estudo visa aumentar a confiança na reutilização segura da água, utilizando tecnologias de tratamento avançado como ultrafiltração, ozonização e osmose inversa para avaliar a sua eficácia e limitações. Desenvolvido numa estação de tratamento de águas residuais (ETAR), o estudo comparou a qualidade da água resultante de processos em grande escala, como a ultrafiltração, com água tratada adicionalmente através de um sistema piloto de ozonização e osmose inversa, ou apenas osmose inversa. Todos os esquemas de tratamento estudados produziram água adequada ao consumo humano.

EXCLUSIVO: AWARE-P vence prémio alemão e conquista novo reconhecimento internacional: É a primeira vez que é distinguido um projecto de um país que não fala alemão, entrevista de Ana Santiago (Jornalista do Jornal Água & Ambiente - Portal Ambiente Online) a Helena Alegre, 19 de Agosto de 2014

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