Publicações

High quality services of wastewater treatment require a continuous assessment and improvement of the technical, environmental and economic performance. This paper demonstrates a comprehensive approach for benchmarking wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), using performance indicators (PIs) and indices (PXs), in a

The aim of this paper is to present a comprehensive approach for spatial and temporal demand profiling in water distribution systems. Multiple linear regression models for estimating network design parameters and decision trees for predicting daily demand patterns are presented. Proposed approach is a four-step procedure: data collection, data processing, data characterization, and spatial and temporal demand profiling. Continuous flow measurements and infrastructure and billing data were collected from a large set of water network areas and combined with census data. Main results indicate that family structures (i.e., families with elderly or adolescents), individuals

Many national and regional administrations are currently facing challenges to ensure long-term sustainability of urban water services, as infrastructures continue to accumulate alarming levels of deferred maintenance and rehabilitation. The infrastructure value index (IVI) has proven to be an effective tool to support long-term planning, in particular by facilitating the ability to communicate and to create awareness. It is given by the ratio between current value of an infrastructure and its replacement cost. Current value is commonly estimated according to an asset-oriented approach, which is based on the concept of useful life of individual components. The standard values assumed for the useful lives can vary significantly, which leads to valuations that are just as different. Furthermore, with water companies increasingly focused on the customer, effective service-centric asset management is essential now more than ever. This paper shows results of on-going research work, which aims to explore a service-oriented approach for assessing the IVI. The paper presents the fundamentals underlying this approach, discusses and compares results obtained from both perspectives and points to challenges that still need to be addressed.

Chlorine decay modeling in drinking water transport and distribution systems is a major tool for the management of disinfectant concentration. For such purposes, the models to be used in water quality simulators must describe chlorine decay in the systems as accurately as possible, requiring a minimum number of parameters and still be sufficiently robust to predict chlorine residuals under changing operational conditions. In this paper, two second-order decay models (single reactant and two reactants) were examined for their ability to predict chlorine residuals in surface raw and treated waters at a range of initial chlorine and natural organic matter concentrations. The two reactants model is necessary for chlorine residuals prediction in raw waters. However, for treated waters it only performed marginally better than the simpler single reactant model, with half the number of parameters that needed to be estimated. In addition, correlations were observed between both models parameters for reactive natural organic matter (NOM) concentration and measured fluorescence and ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopic data associated with humic-like compounds. Such findings are likely to open the door for a more exact determination of the models

On line monitoring programs based on spectroscopy have a high application potential for the detection of hazardous wastewater discharges in sewer systems. Wastewater hydraulics poses a challenge for in situ spectroscopy, especially when the system includes storm water connections leading to rapid changes in water depth, velocity and in the water quality matrix. Thus, there is a need to optimize and fix the location of in situ instruments, limiting their availability for calibration. In this context, the development of calibration models on bench spectrophotometers, to estimate wastewater quality parameters from spectra acquired in in situ instruments, could be very useful. However, spectra contain information not only from the samples but also from the spectrophotometer, generally invalidating this approach. The use of calibration transfer methods is a promising solution to this problem. In this study, calibration models were developed using interval partial least squares (iPLS), for the estimation of total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in sewage from ultraviolet-visible spectra acquired in a bench scanning spectrophotometer. The feasibility of calibration transfer to a submersible, diode array equipment, to be subsequently operated in situ, was assessed using three procedures: slope and bias correction (SBC); single wavelength standardization (SWS) on mean spectra; and local centering (LC). The results showed that SBC was the most adequate for the available data, adding insignificant error to the base model estimates. Single wavelength standardization was a close second best, potentially more robust, and independent of the base iPLS model. Local centering was shown to be inadequate for the samples and instruments used.

The purpose of this paper is to present a simple yet highly effective method to reconstruct missing data in flow time series. The presence of missing values in network flow data severely restricts their use for an adequate management of billing systems and for network operation. Despite significant technology improvements, missing values are frequent due to metering, data acquisition and storage issues. The proposed method is based on a weighted function for forecast and backcast obtained from existing time series models that accommodate multiple seasonality. A comprehensive set of tests were run to demonstrate the effectiveness of this new method and results indicated that a model for flow data reconstruction should incorporate daily and seasonal components for more accurate predictions, the window size used for forecast and backcast should range between 1 and 4 weeks, and the use of two disjoint training sets to generate flow predictions is more robust to detect anomalous events than other existing methods. Results obtained for flow data reconstruction provide evidence of the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

The purpose of this paper is to present a simple yet highly effective method to reconstruct missing data in flow time series. The presence of missing values in network flow data severely restricts their use for an adequate management of billing systems and for network operation. Despite significant technology improvements, missing values are frequent due to metering, data acquisition and storage issues. The proposed method is based on a weighted function for forecast and backcast obtained from existing time series models that accommodate multiple seasonality. A comprehensive set of tests were run to demonstrate the effectiveness of this new method and results indicated that a model for flow data reconstruction should incorporate daily and seasonal components for more accurate predictions, the window size used for forecast and backcast should range between 1 and 4 weeks, and the use of two disjoint training sets to generate flow predictions is more robust to detect anomalous events than other existing methods. Results obtained for flow data reconstruction provide evidence of the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

A decision support system (DSS) tool for the assessment of intervention strategies (Alternatives) in an urban water system (UWS) with an integral simulation model called

Advances in measurement and automation technologies enabled the deployment of monitoring systems with data acquisition at high frequency in Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP). The aim of this work is the design of soft sensors to predict hard-to-measure quality variables of wastewater required for mechanistic modeling of the biological treatment system in a real municipal WWTP. The input data collected in the WWTP using a flowmeter and spectro-photometric and electrochemical online probes, sampling campaigns and on-line analysis, was used for the development of soft sensors by multivariate analysis, like Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression. Exploratory data analysis was performed in order to detect outliers, patterns and correlations. PLS models for soft sensors were developed using leave-one-out cross validation and the predictive capacity of independent data was evaluated by root mean square error (RMSE). The normalized RMSE obtained for organic nitrogen prediction were 19.5% and 18.1%, using sensors with analytical and spectral data, respectively. The possibility of using spectro-photometric probes providing measurements of a single wavelength was evalu-ated in order to reduce the online monitoring investment costs.

Water utilities face the problem of dealing with assets of very different nature, useful life, cost, age and condition. Asset valuation is important to establish rehabilitation priority of infrastructures in short-term and to analyse the different strategies of rehabilitation in order to maintain the service sustainable in the long-term. One of the most important steps of the asset valuation is the construction of cost functions. These cost functions are important for determining the fair value and the current replacement cost for water supply assets and for estimating the capital cost of future infrastructure. The current paper aims at the valuation of assets of water supply infrastructures in order to prioritizing rehabilitation interventions of water supply infrastructures using infrastructure value index. The methodology adopted was a three-step procedure: 1. Inspection and characterization of existing infrastructures; 2. Estimation of the replacement cost; and 3. Estimation and sensitivity analysis of the current value of existing infrastructures. This methodology was applied to a case-study in the south of Portugal. Results include the IVI calculation for different distribution pipe materials, ground storage and pumping stations, using the corrected useful life taking into consideration the conservation status of the respective assets. One of the most important factors in planning and managing water systems is to maintain the water service sustainable, which presupposes to prioritize the rehabilitation interventions in short and long-terms.

Asset deterioration due to aging and stress causes increased operation and maintenance costs, water losses, quality of service reduction and a worse quality of supplied water. To maintain or improve the performance of existing water networks, both old and modern systems and technologies for inspection and control, operation and maintenance and appropriate rehabilitation should be used. The current paper presents the development of rehabilitation cost functions for different types of storage tanks (e.g., ground and elevated) based on known physical characteristics of the assets (e.g., volume and height) and their comparison with the construction costs. The followed methodology is a five-step procedure: 1) Database construction and analysis; 2) Present cost calculation; 3) Key parameters identification and cost function establishment; 4) Rehabilitation cost functions estimation; 5) Cost function testing and validation. Rehabilitation cost and infrastructure data from several Portuguese water utilities were used. Multiple linear regressions have been used for modelling rehabilitation costs and regression curves were divided in civil works and electromechanical equipment and electrical facility costs. Obtained cost functions have been tested and present high coefficient of determination and statistical significance. This research provides a comprehensive and robust methodology for rehabilitation cost function estimation and develops rehabilitation cost functions that are grounded on a set of terms with an associated physical meaning.

Climate change (CC) challenges require an integrated approach to increase cities

Na presente comunicação exemplifica-se o processo de implementação da ferramenta Hazur® na cidade de Lisboa, no âmbito do projeto RESCCUE, bem como se apresentam os principais resultados obtidos até à data.Pretende-se abordar o conceito de resiliência urbana de forma a fazer uma análise crítica ao estado de resiliência atual de serviços cruciais da cidade de Lisboa face a eventos extremos de precipitação, cujos impactes são agravados pela subida do nível médio da água do mar, agravando as inundações urbanas em zonas críticas. Estes eventos têm impacto nos serviços e infraestruturas urbanas de vários setores, perturbando a funcionalidade da cidade e o bem-estar dos cidadãos, e resultando em prejuízos económicos, não só por danos materiais, mas também pela perda de valores turísticos.Assim, ilustra-se a importância de adotar uma abordagem holística e multifuncional de avaliação de resiliência, em que as interdependências entre serviços e infraestruturas sejam aferidas, de forma a proceder a uma análise dos efeitos em cascata face a um dado evento. Pretende-se, igualmente, reforçar a capacidade de resposta multissetorial das entidades gestoras dos serviços na cidade de Lisboa, contribuindo para o incremento da resiliência urbana.

O aparecimento de água com turvação amarelo-acastanhada na torneira do consumidor éum problema com que se defrontam muitas entidades gestoras. É causa de insatisfação edesconfiança na qualidade do serviço prestado, e consequentemente de reclamações. Ofenómeno é vulgarmente tido como resultado da corrosão de condutas metálicas, dado oaspeto ferruginoso e os elevados teores em ferro das partículas em suspensão na água.Para responder ao problema, é usual investir-se na reabilitação das condutas em ferrofundido, incluindo a substituição destas por outras em materiais plásticos. Contudo, acorrosão não é a única nem a mais frequente causa do aparecimento de águaamarelo-acastanhada na torneira do consumidor.Nesta comunicação apresentam-se os principais aspetos científicos, técnicos e práticos doestado atual do conhecimento sobre sedimentos dos sistemas de distribuição,particularmente daqueles que resultam em episódios de ocorrência de água amareloacastanhadana torneira do consumidor. Apresenta-se a metodologia desenvolvida paraamostragem seletiva e caracterização dos sedimentos da água com turvação amareloacastanhadae discutem-se os principais resultados daí obtidos.

Rainfall-deriver infiltration and inflow (RDII) can interfere with the performance of domestic wastewater drainage systems. It is also a major cause for the deterioration of the functional performance of those drainage systems and for the occurrence of untreated discharges of domestic wastewater to the water environment. In most cases, the actual size and location of these inflows are unknown. To assess this subject of the RDII, it is required to hold a detailed knowledge of the network and to do the diagnosis of the main problems, namely, the type of inflows, the magnitude of its occurrence and the places where the impacts are most relevant. This paper presents the application of an estimation methodology of RDII to a Portuguese case study.

A 17.ª edição do Encontro de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental vai ter lugar, entre os dias 14 e 16 de setembro de 2016 no Centro Cultural Vila Flor, na encantadora cidade de Guimarães. Este evento tem uma organização conjunta da APESB - Associação Portuguesa de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, a Câmara Municipal de Guimarães, a Águas do Norte, S.A., a LIPOR, a RESINORTE, a Universidade do Minho, a VIMAGUA e a VITRUS.O 17.º ENASB decorre numa altura em que, à escala mundial se discute o presente modelo de desenvolvimento e se analisa e perspectiva uma mudança de paradigma. A Engenharia Sanitária desempenha um papel fundamental na saúde e bem estar, pelo que o tema especial do evento,

Nesta comunicação apresentam-se os projetos de investigação em curso na Unidade de Qualidade e Tratamento de Água (UQTA) do Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, que envolvem a utilização da tecnologia de carvão ativado para o tratamento de água ou águas residuais. De modo a minimizar a formação de subprodutos e o uso de reagentes químicos, na UQTA privilegiam-se as tecnologias de tratamento que atuam como barreiras físicas e ou biológicas, designadamente os processos de adsorção a carvão ativado em pó, os processos híbridos de adsorção/membranas ou a filtração em carvão ativado granulado com atividade biológica (filtros BAC). Estas são opções promissoras para reabilitação de estações de tratamento de água e de água residual visando o controlo de contaminantes emergentes, como fármacos, pesticidas e cianotoxinas.

The current paper aims at presenting an approach for the automated stability analysis of flowtime-series, in order to find representing time-series of consumption behaviour for a givenanalysis area. The approach adopted was a four-step procedure: 1. Time-series collection; 2.Time-series clustering; 3. Time-series typifying; and 4. Time-series classification. Thismethodology was applied to 25 flow time-series that have been collected in the scope of aNational Initiative in Portugal. Three clusters were identified corresponding to Cluster 1 withhigh seasonality, Cluster 2 with lower or none seasonality and Cluster 3 with two heterogeneoustime-series. The application of the KNN algorithm as a classification method resulted in anaccuracy higher than 0.8. Time-series of Cluster 3 were always classified as belonging toanother cluster due to its heterogeneity.

A redução do volume de água não faturada e a melhoria da eficiência energética constituem duasgrandes preocupações das entidades gestoras (EG) dos serviços urbanos de água, sendo normalmenteabordadas de forma separada, apesar dos benefícios acrescidos na aplicação de soluções integradas. Oprojeto iPerdas (Iniciativa Nacional para a Gestão Eficiente de Perdas de Água e de Energia) teve porobjetivo capacitar as EG no desenvolvimento de um plano de gestão de perdas de água e de energia,integrado e alinhado com os objetivos da organização. Neste artigo apresenta-se um exemplo de umsistema de avaliação, com objetivos, critérios e métricas, valores de referência e metas, passível deutilização por uma EG para diagnóstico preliminar no domínio da gestão de perdas. Paracontextualização, são apresentados resultados do iPerdas 2014 relativamente às métricas de água nãofaturada, perdas aparentes, perdas reais de água e eficiência energéticas das instalações elevatórias, ediscutidas as metas respetivas. O plano, nomeadamente a construção de um sistema de avaliaçãoequilibrado e consistente, é importante para apoio ao diagnóstico, fundamentação da tomada de decisãosobre investimentos futuros e maior resiliência perante a incerteza.

O Guia Técnico n.º 27 concretiza a 4.ª geração do sistema de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços da ERSAR, sendo o resultado de um excelente exemplo de colaboração entre a ERSAR, enquanto entidade reguladora, o Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil e a Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, a quem não podíamos deixar de agradecer, alargando este agradecimento ao universo das entidades gestoras reguladas, cujos contributos prestados durante a consulta ao setor foram integrados nesta versão final.

The European project LIFE IMPETUS demonstrated low-investment, low-energy, flexible, and easy to implement measures for improving the removal of pharmaceutical compounds in urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with activated sludge (CAS) treatment, the most common biological process in those plants in Portugal and worldwide.The project addressed two major groups of technical solutions: i) operating strategies to enhance the biological treatment for PhC removal, measures identified using sound benchmarking tools, and ii) powdered activated carbon (PAC) addition to the biological reactor, using eco-friendly adsorbents, to control the recalcitrant PhCs and those with incomplete and variable biological removal. These technical guidelines compile the best practices and best lessons learned in LIFE IMPETUS project regarding PhC monitoring and improvement of PhC control in urban CAS-WWTPs using the approached technical solutions. The document aims at an easy and comprehensive use by water practitioners, water regulators, academia, and students of different backgrounds, answering to the questions of what, where, how, how much (cost), and when to monitor and control PhCs in urban CAS-WWTPs. Incentives for PhC control in urban WWTPs are also tackled.

The Technical Guide presents the 4th generation of the service quality assessment system, which abandons some 3rd generation indicators and adds new ones to respond to the latest challenges to supply services, urban waste water management and urban waste management. Changes are also made to definitions and benchmarks for some indicators are adjusted.

O projeto Avaler+

These technical guidelines provides guidance on the use of the hybrid process of powdered activate carbon adsorption and ceramic microfiltration for sustainable drinking water production. They were developed based on the field demonstration of the technology, in Portugal, with a pilot prototype, within the LIFE Hymenb project LIFE12 ENV/PT/001154 "Tailoring hybrid membrane processes for sustainable drinking water production", conducted by LNEC - the National Civil Engineering Laboratory and Águas do Algarve, S.A.

O objetivo do presente Guia é a apresentação e a especificação dosistema correspondente à 2.ª geração de avaliação da qualidade dosserviços de abastecimento de água, de saneamento de águas residuaisurbanas e de gestão de resíduos urbanos prestados pelas entidadesgestoras sujeitas a regulação.Este sistema constitui uma peça fundamental do modelo de regulaçãoem implementação pela ERSAR, sumariamente descrito neste Guia emais detalhadamente descrito em [1], nomeadamente no que respeitaà componente da regulação da qualidade do serviço, de forma a tornarpossível a avaliação quantificada.Note-se que, de acordo com o disposto na alínea e) do n.º 1 do artigo 5.ºdo Decreto-Lei n.º 277/2009, de 2 de outubro, a ERSAR tem atribuiçõesnão apenas para assegurar a regulação da qualidade de serviço prestadoaos utilizadores pelas entidades gestoras, mas também para avaliaro desempenho dessas entidades, promovendo a melhoria dos níveis deserviço. É no quadro destas atribuições que se pretende promover estesistema de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços de águas e resíduos.A 2.ª geração do sistema de avaliação da qualidade do serviço resultouda análise crítica do sistema de indicadores adotado na 1.ª geração e darespetiva aplicação desde 2004 ao universo das entidades concessionáriase teve em conta o estado atual de conhecimentos e a experiênciainternacional entretanto adquirida.Para além da identificação e da especificação de todos os componentesdo sistema de avaliação, e em particular do conjunto de indicadores dequalidade do serviço a utilizar em cada um dos três tipos de serviços,são também definidos os procedimentos de avaliação, através dadefinição da informação a obter, do cálculo de indicadores, da sua interpretaçãoe análise comparativa, numa perspetiva de benchmarking, eda produção do relatório de síntese.

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O objectivo do presente Guia é a apresentação e a especificação do sistema correspondente à 2.ª geração de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços de abastecimento de água, de saneamento de águas residuais urbanas e de gestão de resíduos urbanos prestados pelas entidades gestoras sujeitas a regulação. Este sistema constitui uma peça fundamental do modelo de regulação em implementação pela ERSAR, sumariamente descrito neste Guia e mais detalhadamente descrito em [1], nomeadamente no que respeita à componente da regulação da qualidade do serviço, de forma a tornar possível a avaliação quantificada. Note-se que, de acordo com o disposto nas alíneas e) do artigo 5.º do Decreto-Lei n.º 277/2009, de 2 de Outubro, a ERSAR tem atribuições não apenas para assegurar a regulação da qualidade de serviço prestado aos utilizadores pelas entidades gestoras bem como para avaliar o desempenho dessas entidades, promovendo a melhoria dos níveis de serviço. É no quadro destas atribuições que se pretende promover este sistema de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços de águas e resíduos. A 2.ª geração do sistema de avaliação da qualidade do serviço resultou da análise crítica do sistema de indicadores adoptado na 1.ª geração e da respectiva aplicação desde 2004 ao universo das entidades concessionárias e teve em conta o estado actual de conhecimentos e a experiência internacional entretanto adquirida. Para além da identificação e da especificação de todos os componentes do sistema de avaliação, e em particular do conjunto de indicadores de qualidade do serviço a utilizar em cada um dos três tipos de serviços, são também definidos os procedimentos de avaliação, através da definição da informação a obter, do cálculo de indicadores, da sua interpretação e análise comparativa, numa perspectiva de benchmarking, e da produção do relatório de síntese.

Os objetivos da nova DARU são ambiciosos, exigindo maior eficácia e eficiência

Asset management (AM) has become increasingly important in various sectors and organizations over the lastfew decades. This introductory chapter provides an overview of asset management to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of AM, summarizing its application to urban drainage asset management (UDAM), an asset-intensive sector. The chapter includes a short history, from general AM to UDAM, and refers to milestones, key organizations, and standards. It describes AM principles and different perspectives to approach the subject. The UDAM context is outlined, providing the general processes which can influence strategic, tactical, or operational decision levels, accounting for the specific perspectives and objectives on the subject. The main approaches applied to UDAM are broadly described, some of which incorporate a balance of costs, risks, opportunities, and performance, while others focus on specific aspects. The chapter presents different types of approaches to AM, ranging from those based on condition, reliability, and risk to those based on value, followed by those based on performance or quality of service, highlighting common aspects or overlaps between them. When appropriate, guidance to the chapters where additional information on the subject can be found is provided. Finally, challenges, limitations and opportunities are highlighted.

The number of climate-related disasters has progressively increased in the last two decades and this trend will drastically exacerbate in the medium- and long-term horizons according to climate change projections. In this framework, through a multi-disciplinary team and a strong background acquired in recent projects, ICARIA aims to promote the use of asset-level modeling to achieve a better understanding of climate related tangible direct and indirect impacts on critical assets due to complex, cascading, and compound disasters. Furthermore, it takes into account the related risk reduction provided by suitable, sustainable, and cost-effective adaptation solutions. ICARIA focuses on both (i) critical assets and services that were not designed for potential climate change-related impacts that can increase the unplanned outages and failures, and (ii) on housing, natural areas, and population. Cutting edge methods regarding climate scenario building, asset-level-coupled models, and multi-risk assessment approaches will be implemented and replicated in three EU regions to understand how future climate scenarios might affect critical assets and to provide decision-making support tools to private and public risk owners to assess the costs and benefits of various adaptation solutions.

Activated carbons are versatile adsorbents that can play a crucial role in the enhancement of wastewater treatment, namely by controlling organic microcontaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and organic matter. These materials have a 100-year market availability, large scientific testing at lab-scale and applicability in consolidated technologies. However, the use of activated carbons at full-scale wastewater treatment is still emerging, driven by the increasing awareness on environmental and human threats mainly resulting from CECs. The present chapter reviews the literature on the application of activated carbons in full- or large pilot-scale plants, highlighting the state-of-art knowledge on practical issues on operational set-ups, improvements on water overall quality, and costs. The selection criteria and properties of the powdered and granular (PAC and GAC) materials used, and the pros and critical aspects of their application, relevant for product development and process optimisation, are also analysed and determine the research needs proposed for a technical, economic, and environmentally sustainable application of activated carbon in full-scale advanced wastewater treatment.

Urban areas are dynamic, complex, and vulnerable systems involving multiple strategic services such as water supply, wastewater, and stormwater and waste management. Climate-change trends may directly affect the urban water cycle, through heavy rainfall, tides, and droughts, potentially causing cascading impacts with serious consequences for people, the natural and built environments, and the economy. These challenges to urban areas require an integrated and sustainable approach to increase their resilience, with the allocation of the needed resources, including the development and implementation of disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies, plans, and regulations in all relevant sectors. This chapter describes a resilience-assessment framework to be used by cities and urban-service managers. It considers a structured and objective-driven assessment aiming at supporting the development and monitoring of cities' and urban services' resilience action plans, thus contributing to appropriate DRR investments. Our approach considers four resilience dimensions: organizational, spatial, functional, and physical. It is aligned with the UNDRR's Disaster Resilience Scorecard for Cities and addresses the priorities of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. In this chapter, we apply the resilience-assessment framework to the waste and mobility sectors in Lisbon (Portugal), identifying main opportunities to enhance their resilience and supporting the development of resilience and DRR strategies.

Atualmente os sistemas urbanos de água são reconhecidos como infraestruturas in­dispensáveis de suporte para a prestação de serviços públicos de primeira necessida­de à saúde e bem-estar das populações e à economia das sociedades

This paper aims to explain why and how innovative technologies are enablers of strategic asset management (SAM) of water supply, wastewater and storm water systems.

Urban areas are dynamic, complex, and vulnerable systems involving multiple strategic urban services, stakeholders, and citizens. Strategic services essential to society include water and sewerage (water supply, and wastewater and stormwater management), waste management, energy supply, public lighting, transport, and public security. The potential effects of climate dynamics on the urban areas might lead to the aggravation of existing fragile conditions and the emergence of new hazards or risk factors, with major impacts on strategic urban services, people, the natural and built environment, and the economy. Climate change challenges to urban areas thus require an integrated and sustainable approach to increase their resilience, with the allocation of the needed resources at all administrative levels. These include the development and implementation of disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies, policies, plans, laws, and regulations in all relevant sectors (UNISDR, 2015). This chapter describes a resilience assessment framework to be used by cities and urban-service managers. The framework considers a structured and objective-driven assessment aiming at supporting the development and monitoring of cities

This chapter briefly presents concepts and methodologies to support the management of urban drainage infrastructure. After the introduction, data requirements for assessing the condition of urban drainage systems are presented. Data can be collected in different ways. Data analysis allows for determining structural and functional issues and system performance. The causes and consequences of failures are required for condition assessment and are the subject of the risk section. Any intervention in the urban drainage system has a cost that must be assessed. Mathematical modelling of the urban drainage systems has an advantage for evaluating the hydraulic and structural performance. Decisions on the management of urban drainage rehabilitation need to be addressed considering the different points of view or aspects that are often contradictory. This may be addressed by using multi-criteria decision analysis methodologies.

Urban water services make use of extensive networked infrastructures - water supply and drainage systems. Efficient management of these services relies on the quality of measurements of hydraulic variables in pipes and sewers to support robust analysis of systems

This research aims at developing a comprehensive approach for assessing the energy use and efficiency in wastewater systems, considering the water-energy-greenhouse gas (W-E-G) emissions nexus supported by methods and tools, such as a tailored energy balance and a performance assessment system (PAS). This approach is aligned with continuous improvement principles and allows carrying out the diagnosis of energy efficiency in wastewater systems supporting the building of a portfolio of energy use improvement measures responding to strategic objectives and attending to the systems

Drinking water storage tanks are essential components of water supply systems to store water, to level off pressure in networks and to meet emergency storage. They are also frequent sources of deterioration of drinking water quality and safety owing to inadequate tank design and operation. Mostly, existing tanks design, dimensions and operation do not account for water mixing and renewal.

Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) are crucial to achieving the goals of the United Nations Agenda 2030 for sustainable development and other global agendas, such as the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. In the last decade, the NBS umbrella concept has become more relevant intending to contribute to urban resilience and to address the climate change challenges. NBS are living solutions inspired by nature that use or mimic natural processes intending to face several societal challenges, from the perspective of resource-efficient use and the promotion of economic and environmental benefits. Currently, cities are encouraged to understand and measure the NBS contribution to identify adequate strategies for enhancing resilience and prioritize investments accordingly. The objective of the present thesis is to promote and enhance the NBS implementation in cities, focused on solutions for stormwater management and control. Based on the analysis of their contribution to urban resilience, the potential to meet environmental, social, and economic challenges and to adapt across diverse urban scales and contexts is demonstrated. In this sense, a Resilience Assessment Framework (RAF) to assess the NBS contribution to urban resilience was developed. This framework aims to assess the NBS contribution to urban resilience. Moreover, a Guidance for the RAF application in cities with different resilience maturity was developed, which involved the RAF validation by seven cities (from a national and international context), that participated voluntarily in this phase. In this context, the developed RAF is comprehensive and multidimensional. It is driven by the definition of objectives, criteria, and metrics, according to the proposed structure for assessing the water supply and wastewater system service performance in the framework of the ISO 24500 standards of the International Organization for Standardization. For an oriented assessment of the criteria, qualitative and quantitative metrics were defined, considering data from different sources and complexity. Reference values were also identified and metrics' classifications were defined. In this classification, each answer is associated with a resilience development level, intending to assess the NBS contribution to urban resilience on a normalized scale. To support the RAF application to cities with different resilience maturity (in terms of resilience and available information), three analysis degrees (essential, complementary, and comprehensive) and a set of metrics were proposed, which are pre-defined in the guidance for the RAF application. To support the selection of the analysis degree more adequate to any city, a structure to characterize the city's profile was developed. This complementary profile also supports the interpretation of the RAF results, both at the city and at the level of specific NBS. To conclude, the application of the RAF essential analysis degree to the seven participating cities, with different challenges regarding urban resilience and NBS, and of the comprehensive analysis degree (complete RAF) to Porto´s urban area, through an assemble assessment at the city and NBS levels, were presented.

Over the past two decades, performance assessment (PA) has been one of the areas show-ing the greatest advancement in the water sector. PA aims to measure effectiveness and/or efficiency of an activity or process using performance metrics, supporting the decision-making process and the continuous improvement of water utilities. Despite the potential benefits, few projects, and initiatives on PA have been undertaken regarding storm water systems (SWS). The present thesis aims to develop a performance assessment framework (PAF), applicable to both conventional SWS and sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS), objective driven and focused on systems

Infrastructure asset management (IAM) has been increasingly becoming a key topic in the mind-set shift of the water sector managers and policy makers, allowing to assist in the operational, tactical and strategic decision-making in urban water infrastructures. Nevertheless, IAM implementation by the water utilities is still far from needed and not widespread, due to several challenges and constraints, mainly associated with limited human, technological and financial resources. The current research aims at enhancing urban water infrastructure asset management through an integrated decision-making approach, that includes novel methodologies for condition assessment, service life prediction and cost modelling. This approach can be applied at three assessment levels

Este trabalho tem como objetivo melhorar a eficiência energética dos sistemas de abastecimento de água através do desenvolvimento de uma metodologia orientada por objetivos e com recurso ao balanço energético e a métricas de desempenho que permitem identificar as principais origens de ineficiência energética dos sistemas, comparar diferentes alternativas de intervenção e contribuir para a melhoria contínua destes sistemas.A metodologia de investigação seguida contempla desenvolvimentos científicos aliados a uma aplicação prática num conjunto alargado de casos de estudo através de ferramentas de cálculo automático desenvolvidas para o efeito. Os desenvolvimentos científicos consistem na formulação matemática de um balanço energético flexível em termos de dados necessários para a sua implementação; o desenvolvimento de métricas de desempenho que permitem identificar a origem das ineficiências energéticas (equipamentos, perdas de água ou configuração e operação) e a sua sistematização numa metodologia que segue os princípios de melhoria contínua (Plan-Do-Check-Act). A aplicação a casos de estudo é efetuada em três etapas. A primeira etapa consiste na aplicação do balanço energético agregado e métricas de desempenho para diagnosticar ineficiências a nível global em sistemas sem modelo matemático. A segunda etapa consiste na aplicação de um balanço detalhado com recurso a modelos matemáticos, bem como uma análise de sensibilidade aos diferentes métodos. A terceira etapa centra-se na aplicação detalhada de dois casos de estudo para ilustrar a metodologia.Os principais resultados são: i) uma metodologia integrada para o diagnóstico água-energia em sistemas de abastecimento de água; ii) um novo balanço energético para sistemas de abastecimento de água; iii) resultados da aplicação do balanço e das métricas de eficiência energética em 110 sistemas; iv) ferramentas para cálculo das diferentes formulações de balanço energético e de métricas de desempenho; e v) valores reais e exemplos de soluções não convencionais que conduziram a melhorias de desempenho energético.

As estações de tratamento de águas residuais (ETAR) são atualmente alvo de esforços de melhoria do seu desempenho técnico, ambiental e económico. Empresas, reguladores e organismos de financiamento têm utilizado sistemas de avaliação de desempenho para apoiar as suas decisões. Neste contexto, o LNEC desenvolveu a 1.ª e 2.ª geração do sistema de avaliação de desempenho (PAS) de ETAR baseado em indicadores (PIs) e índices de desempenho (PXs). Para ambos, os valores de referência para o julgamento do desempenho são elementos chave. Apesar de serem elementos cruciais, os valores de referência precisavam ainda de ser definidos para avaliar e melhorar o desempenho das ETAR com foco na eficiência energética e gestão de afluências pluviais. Assim, o objetivo da tese foi desenvolver a terceira geração do PAS com valores de referência para avaliar o desempenho. Os PIs e PXs focam os objetivos principais da ETAR, ou seja, garantir a sustentabilidade técnica, econômica e ambiental, garantindo um tratamento eficaz e fiável com o consumo mínimo de energia, reagentes e produção de lamas. A estratégia seguida consistiu em desenvolver ou selecionar a partir da segunda geração do PAS sub-conjuntos de PIs e PXs de acordo com os objetivos, nomeadamente, eficácia, fiabilidade, desempenho energético e consumo de reagentes e gestão das lamas. Os valores de referência foram derivados com base numa revisão da literatura, equações empíricas e/ou estudos de campo e, sempre que aplicável, incorporam o efeito de parâmetros chave, de modo a avaliar o efeito das variações de caudal e de concentração. Foi desenvolvida uma análise estatística dos PXs para avaliar a fiabilidade da ETAR. Foi também demonstrada a flexibilidade do sistema de avaliação de desempenho para diferentes objetivos e uma abordagem para diagnosticar oportunidades de melhoria do desempenho, utilizando os PIs e PXs num ciclo PDCA (plan-do-check-act).

Este trabalho de investigação teve como objectivo principal propor, aplicar e validar uma metodologia que permitisse transformar dados de consumo urbano de água, obtidos a partir de sistemas de telemetria, em informação útil para a gestão dos serviços de água e para os consumidores.A metodologia encontra-se estruturada em quatro módulos: planeamento e monitorização,processamento de dados, produção de informação de caracterização e previsão eclassificação. Tirando partido de dados de consumo telemedidos aos vários níveis, desde o cliente individual às zonas de medição e controlo (ZMC), procede-se à aplicação dametodologia para caracterização de grandes consumidores, previsão do consumodoméstico nocturno, avaliação do efeito da variação de pressão no consumo autorizado enas perdas de água e previsão do consumo em ZMC.Para além da metodologia estruturada para a análise de consumos, as principaiscontribuições inovadoras são o desenvolvimento de modelos de previsão e de classificação do consumo em ZMC, em função das variáveis explicativas mais significativas, e a obtenção de expressões para a variação do consumo autorizado e das perdas reais com a pressão.O trabalho desenvolvido contribuirá para um uso mais eficiente da água, através de ummelhor conhecimento sobre as várias componentes do consumo urbano de água, assimcomo para o estabelecimento de critérios de projecto e de exploração da rede maissustentados.

Os serviços de abastecimento de água (SAA) têm vindo a incorporar princípios desustentabilidade na sua prática de gestão. O estado da arte em metodologias de avaliação dedesempenho de SAA mostrou a necessidade de abordar especificamente o tratamento,considerado insatisfatoriamente nas abordagens sistematizadas existentes.Na presente dissertação desenvolveu-se um sistema de avaliação de desempenho (PAS) deestações de tratamento de água (ETA), orientado por objectivos, normalizado e quantitativo,destinado a apoiar a tomada de decisão, e cobrindo os domínios qualidade da água tratada,eficiência/fiabilidade, utilização de água, energia e materiais, gestão de subprodutos, segurança,recursos humanos e económico financeiros.O PAS integra uma componente para avaliação do desempenho global, baseada em indicadoresde desempenho, e uma componente para avaliação do desempenho operacional, baseada emíndices de desempenho que avaliam, numa escala 0-300, a qualidade da água tratada, eficiênciasdas várias operações/processos unitários (OPU) e sua relação com condições de operação.Foi desenvolvida uma ferramenta de cálculo automático do PAS.A aplicação do PAS a cinco ETA de características diversas permitiu avaliar a evoluçãotemporal do seu desempenho, comparar estações e OPU, e identificar oportunidades de melhoriana operação das OPU, na qualidade da água tratada e utilização de recursos.

The present Replicability and Transferability Plan aims at contributing to the sustainability of LIFE Impetus project, by defining a strategy for the valorisation of the expected results, catalysing the production of national and Europe wide relevant results and promoting the engagement of potential end users.

Overall, the project objectives, expected results and work plan are still viable and feasible until 30Jun

This report summarises the initial activities developed in action B5 and addresses the pilot-scale demonstration of the chemically enhanced treatment for controlling the pharmaceutical compounds targeted in LIFE IMPETUS, particularly the laboratory tests and the modelling for assisting the pilots

This document is the final report of the LIFE Hymemb Project LIFE Hymemb - Tailoring hybrid membrane processes for sustainable drinking water production (LIFE12 ENV/PT/001154). The main objective of this project was to demonstrate the feasibility and sustainability of advanced membrane processes for the treatment of drinking water, in order to provide a safer, more resilient barrier against emerging contaminants, with lower environmental impacts. In short, the project incorporated 4 key pillars of innovation: i) use of ceramic microfiltration (MF) membranes; ii) long-term pilot scale demonstration of powdered activated carbon (PAC)/ceramic MF prototype; iii) tailoring of PAC/MF technology to a wide spectrum of water qualities and contaminants; iv) cost-benefit analysis incorporating social indicators. This final report is structured in 8 chapters: the list of abbreviations, the executive summary, the introduction, the annexes, financial report and the annexes and three main chapters addressing the project administrative part, the technical execution and comments on the financial report.

O presente documento tem por objetivo apresentar a metodologia DEMOCON, um sistema expedito de apoio à decisão, especificamente adaptado a ETAR descentralizadas e que utiliza a modelação matemática para controlo e gestão operacional dos processos de tratamento. A informação do presente documento resultou de um esforço de compilação de boas práticas e do conhecimento obtido na realização de trabalho experimental numa ETAR caso-de-estudo. Pretende-se, assim, partilhar lições aprendidas durante o projeto DEMOCON (DEcentralized wastewater treatment MOnitoring and CONtrol), de forma a divulgar as temáticas da monitorização em contínuo e da modelação matemática aplicadas a sistemas de tratamento de águas residuais urbanas.

This document constitutes a deliverable of project LIFE Impetus - Improving current barriers for controlling pharmaceutical compounds in urban wastewater treatment plants (LIFE14 ENV/PT/000739). This report summarizes the activities developed in actions B3 and B4 and aims at: i) assessing the performance of the new adsorbents, developed and characterised in action B3, and of a short-list of commercial adsorbents, also characterised in action B3, towards the adsorption of a set of target pharmaceutical compounds (PhCs); and ii) selecting the coagulants and powdered activated carbons (PACs) for pilot testing in action B5.

Numerous studies over the years have looked into the effects of climate driven events on population, infrastructures and services within cities; and in more recent times there has been an increase in trends to look at the indirect effects of impacts resulting in failures of services and infrastructures due to the failure of a donor service or infrastructure upstream within a chain of linked systems. This review document looks at the different services that are being investigated as part of the RESCCUE project and the latest research approaches that have been employed as a means of assessing the risks associated with failure of these services as a consequence of climate change scenarios.The aim of this review is therefore to establish an understanding of the latest techniques used in quantifying impacts from hazards that pose risk to city

This document constitutes a deliverable of Action E2 of the LIFE Hymemb Project (LIFE12 ENV/PT/001154). The document summarizes the After-LIFE dissemination plan to carry-out the dissemination effectiveness previously performed, communicating and continuing to disseminate the project results to relevant target groups.

This document constitutes a Technical report of Action C1

The Contingency Plan describes general and specific risks related to three mainactivities of RESCCUE project: research activities, project management anddissemination and exploitation of results. The corresponding prevention actions, asmechanisms to partially or completely prevent these risks, as well as contingencyplans to solve them in case of their occurrence, have been carefully elaborated anddetailed in the document.The main risks identified correspond to issues such as: lack of source data orintermediate results hindering the proper evolution of the project; insufficientcommitment/collaboration of partners or stakeholders; high complexity of theproject due to the interconnections and interdependencies of the analysed domains(urban services); conflicts within the consortium; financial deviations or laxity ofpartners; IPR issues; involvement of critical infrastructures, which make difficult thedissemination of particular results; or lack of visibility and impacts of project results.This Contingency Plan will be updated in months: 24, 36 and 48 and thoroughlyapplied throughout the RESCCUE project life cycle under the supervision of theCoordination Team.

Este estudo visa aumentar a confiança na reutilização segura da água, utilizando tecnologias de tratamento avançado como ultrafiltração, ozonização e osmose inversa para avaliar a sua eficácia e limitações. Desenvolvido numa estação de tratamento de águas residuais (ETAR), o estudo comparou a qualidade da água resultante de processos em grande escala, como a ultrafiltração, com água tratada adicionalmente através de um sistema piloto de ozonização e osmose inversa, ou apenas osmose inversa. Todos os esquemas de tratamento estudados produziram água adequada ao consumo humano.

EXCLUSIVO: AWARE-P vence prémio alemão e conquista novo reconhecimento internacional: É a primeira vez que é distinguido um projecto de um país que não fala alemão, entrevista de Ana Santiago (Jornalista do Jornal Água & Ambiente - Portal Ambiente Online) a Helena Alegre, 19 de Agosto de 2014

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