Publicações

High quality services of wastewater treatment require a continuous assessment and improvement of the technical, environmental and economic performance. This paper demonstrates a comprehensive approach for benchmarking wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), using performance indicators (PIs) and indices (PXs), in a

The aim of this paper is to present a comprehensive approach for spatial and temporal demand profiling in water distribution systems. Multiple linear regression models for estimating network design parameters and decision trees for predicting daily demand patterns are presented. Proposed approach is a four-step procedure: data collection, data processing, data characterization, and spatial and temporal demand profiling. Continuous flow measurements and infrastructure and billing data were collected from a large set of water network areas and combined with census data. Main results indicate that family structures (i.e., families with elderly or adolescents), individuals

Many national and regional administrations are currently facing challenges to ensure long-term sustainability of urban water services, as infrastructures continue to accumulate alarming levels of deferred maintenance and rehabilitation. The infrastructure value index (IVI) has proven to be an effective tool to support long-term planning, in particular by facilitating the ability to communicate and to create awareness. It is given by the ratio between current value of an infrastructure and its replacement cost. Current value is commonly estimated according to an asset-oriented approach, which is based on the concept of useful life of individual components. The standard values assumed for the useful lives can vary significantly, which leads to valuations that are just as different. Furthermore, with water companies increasingly focused on the customer, effective service-centric asset management is essential now more than ever. This paper shows results of on-going research work, which aims to explore a service-oriented approach for assessing the IVI. The paper presents the fundamentals underlying this approach, discusses and compares results obtained from both perspectives and points to challenges that still need to be addressed.

Chlorine decay modeling in drinking water transport and distribution systems is a major tool for the management of disinfectant concentration. For such purposes, the models to be used in water quality simulators must describe chlorine decay in the systems as accurately as possible, requiring a minimum number of parameters and still be sufficiently robust to predict chlorine residuals under changing operational conditions. In this paper, two second-order decay models (single reactant and two reactants) were examined for their ability to predict chlorine residuals in surface raw and treated waters at a range of initial chlorine and natural organic matter concentrations. The two reactants model is necessary for chlorine residuals prediction in raw waters. However, for treated waters it only performed marginally better than the simpler single reactant model, with half the number of parameters that needed to be estimated. In addition, correlations were observed between both models parameters for reactive natural organic matter (NOM) concentration and measured fluorescence and ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopic data associated with humic-like compounds. Such findings are likely to open the door for a more exact determination of the models

On line monitoring programs based on spectroscopy have a high application potential for the detection of hazardous wastewater discharges in sewer systems. Wastewater hydraulics poses a challenge for in situ spectroscopy, especially when the system includes storm water connections leading to rapid changes in water depth, velocity and in the water quality matrix. Thus, there is a need to optimize and fix the location of in situ instruments, limiting their availability for calibration. In this context, the development of calibration models on bench spectrophotometers, to estimate wastewater quality parameters from spectra acquired in in situ instruments, could be very useful. However, spectra contain information not only from the samples but also from the spectrophotometer, generally invalidating this approach. The use of calibration transfer methods is a promising solution to this problem. In this study, calibration models were developed using interval partial least squares (iPLS), for the estimation of total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in sewage from ultraviolet-visible spectra acquired in a bench scanning spectrophotometer. The feasibility of calibration transfer to a submersible, diode array equipment, to be subsequently operated in situ, was assessed using three procedures: slope and bias correction (SBC); single wavelength standardization (SWS) on mean spectra; and local centering (LC). The results showed that SBC was the most adequate for the available data, adding insignificant error to the base model estimates. Single wavelength standardization was a close second best, potentially more robust, and independent of the base iPLS model. Local centering was shown to be inadequate for the samples and instruments used.

The purpose of this paper is to present a simple yet highly effective method to reconstruct missing data in flow time series. The presence of missing values in network flow data severely restricts their use for an adequate management of billing systems and for network operation. Despite significant technology improvements, missing values are frequent due to metering, data acquisition and storage issues. The proposed method is based on a weighted function for forecast and backcast obtained from existing time series models that accommodate multiple seasonality. A comprehensive set of tests were run to demonstrate the effectiveness of this new method and results indicated that a model for flow data reconstruction should incorporate daily and seasonal components for more accurate predictions, the window size used for forecast and backcast should range between 1 and 4 weeks, and the use of two disjoint training sets to generate flow predictions is more robust to detect anomalous events than other existing methods. Results obtained for flow data reconstruction provide evidence of the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

The purpose of this paper is to present a simple yet highly effective method to reconstruct missing data in flow time series. The presence of missing values in network flow data severely restricts their use for an adequate management of billing systems and for network operation. Despite significant technology improvements, missing values are frequent due to metering, data acquisition and storage issues. The proposed method is based on a weighted function for forecast and backcast obtained from existing time series models that accommodate multiple seasonality. A comprehensive set of tests were run to demonstrate the effectiveness of this new method and results indicated that a model for flow data reconstruction should incorporate daily and seasonal components for more accurate predictions, the window size used for forecast and backcast should range between 1 and 4 weeks, and the use of two disjoint training sets to generate flow predictions is more robust to detect anomalous events than other existing methods. Results obtained for flow data reconstruction provide evidence of the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

A decision support system (DSS) tool for the assessment of intervention strategies (Alternatives) in an urban water system (UWS) with an integral simulation model called

Advances in measurement and automation technologies enabled the deployment of monitoring systems with data acquisition at high frequency in Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP). The aim of this work is the design of soft sensors to predict hard-to-measure quality variables of wastewater required for mechanistic modeling of the biological treatment system in a real municipal WWTP. The input data collected in the WWTP using a flowmeter and spectro-photometric and electrochemical online probes, sampling campaigns and on-line analysis, was used for the development of soft sensors by multivariate analysis, like Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression. Exploratory data analysis was performed in order to detect outliers, patterns and correlations. PLS models for soft sensors were developed using leave-one-out cross validation and the predictive capacity of independent data was evaluated by root mean square error (RMSE). The normalized RMSE obtained for organic nitrogen prediction were 19.5% and 18.1%, using sensors with analytical and spectral data, respectively. The possibility of using spectro-photometric probes providing measurements of a single wavelength was evalu-ated in order to reduce the online monitoring investment costs.

This paper incorporates an extended definition of sustainable development of urban water cycle services combined with a system to measure the progress towards sustainability. Two dimensions of sustainability, namely the values of assets and the practice of governance are added to the three conventional dimensions, social, economic and environmental impact. The metering system further comprises objectives, criteria and metrics. The method implies a definition of risk factors that may compromise a sustainable development and the impact of interventions to compensate this. The concept of metabolism or other LCA methods may be used to analyze the impact of these interventions on the environment as well as the social and economic impact and the effect on the assets and governance. The impact of climate change is considered to become a main aspect in future urban water cycle services and is addressed in particular.

Water utilities have to deal with different challenges including ageing infrastructures, climate change and increased societal expectations. The ISO 50 000 and 55 000 standards are effective tools for implementing procedures by which organizations can work strategically on energy and infrastructure asset management systems, respectively. The implementation success of these management systems is determined by the reliability and availability of information and the capacity of water utilities to progress in the direction of sharing knowledge and skills, breaking down information silos and boundaries resulting from functional specialism. Collaboration is essential to achieve improvements in the long term. This paper aims to outline potential synergies between collaborative knowledge production and the implementation of structured approaches to increase water services sustainability. In the iPerdas2014 project, 17 Portuguese water utilities developed their own water losses and energy management plan following a joint training and capacitation approach. Results indicate that the use of a collective problem framing and a defined framework for decision making allows working strategically with water losses and energy efficiency issues, with a clear integration in the infrastructure asset management system. Straightforward communication since day one is critical to achieve top management support and staff involvement, establishing conditions for continuous improvement.

Water utilities are aware of the water-energy loss relevance in supply systems. However, they still mainly focus on daily water loss control (real and apparent losses), without considering the impact on embedded energy. Moreover, they are mostly concerned with the economic dimension and, in most cases, tend to disregard the impact that water-energy loss may have on the quality of service, communication with the customers, social awareness, water quality and environment. This paper focuses on the application of the AWARE-P IAM methodology to improve water-energy loss management in water supply systems while demonstrating the main benefits from implementing an integrated approach for water losses and related energy assessment. Results show that indeed the participating iPerdas utilities were able to define tactical measures prone to a more efficient and sustainable service.

The aim of this paper is to present the collaborative project iPERDAS, on water losses and energy efficiency management, and provide examples of the main results achieved by the participants during 2014. iPERDAS, led by LNEC (National Civil Engineering Laboratory, Portugal), was a project through which 17 water utilities developed their own water-energy losses programmes, following a joint training and capacitation approach (www.iPERDAS.org). The group of participating water utilities was distributed across the country and supplies water to nearly 16% of the Portuguese population along 11633 km of pipes. The group was quite heterogeneous in terms of dimension, corporate structure and level of maturity in water losses management which enabled rich discussions and sharing of best practices. Utilities have received collective as well as one-on-one support, specific training, and benefited from networking with each other in a common and simultaneous process, with similar difficulties and challenges, leading to an effective sharing of solutions. The most significant results of this project include the utilities

The requirement to provide continuously the urban water services while infrastructures are ageing, impose the need for increasingly sustainable infrastructure asset management (IAM). To achieve and maintain the adequate levels of service, the AWARE-P IAM methodology has been applied in collaborative projects launched by the National Civil Engineering Laboratory (LNEC), in partnership with IST (Technical University of Lisbon), Addition (software company) and several water utilities. The objective of these projects is to support urban water utilities in the development, implementation and maintenance of IAM plans. To guarantee the success of IAM planning, following the AWARE-P IAM methodology, utilities are required to: consider that the infrastructure has system behaviour and lifespan is indefinite and guarantee the full-alignment of IAM planning with organisation objectives. By analysing the strategic and tactical plans of participating utilities, the proposed methodology principles are discussed and supported. The main innovation results from the implementation of IAM planning are also presented and discussed, including the challenges of setting up an IAM process, together with the major benefits and drawbacks that come up when developing IAM plans. The results were demonstrated by the effective implementation of 16 strategic and 13 tactical IAM plans by the participating utilities.

O projeto LIFE Hymemb pretende demonstrar uma solução resiliente e sustentável para controlo de contaminantes emergentes na produção de água para consumo humano, designadamente, fármacos, pesticidas, cianotoxinas, vírus e protozoários. A solução proposta assentou na tecnologia híbrida de adsorção com Carvão Ativado em Pó com Microfiltração cerâmica (PAC/MF), propondo-se a demonstração na ETA de Alcantarilha (Algarve) de um protótipo à escala piloto. O protótipo, projetado pelo LNEC, na UQTA - Unidade de Qualidade e Tratamento de Água, alia a tecnologia de membranas de baixa pressão, a microfiltração com membranas cerâmicas, emergentes na Europa, mas ainda não utilizadas em Portugal, com adsorção com PAC, aplicado

As normas ISO 55000:2014, ISO 55001:2014 e ISO 55002:2014 são destinadas a serem utilizadas para gerir ativos físicos em particular, podendo ser aplicadas também a outros tipos de ativos. Portugal participou ativamente na sua elaboração, tendo dado atenção particular à aplicabilidade das normas aos ativos que constituem infraestruturas públicas e que funcionam como sistemas em rede, como são os casos dos sistemas urbanos de água.O presente artigo pretende dar a conhecer o trabalho de tradução das normas para português, resultante do trabalho conjunto das Comissões Técnicas de Normalização CT94 e CT90. Pretende também evidenciar o grande potencial de aplicação aos sistemas urbanos de água, sem deixar de incluir recomendações de implementação a este setor de atividade. Tem ainda em vista destacar o proveito decorrente da sua utilização para estruturar a gestão patrimonial de ativos de sistemas urbanos de água.

Com os sistemas urbanos de água construídos e operacionais torna-se essencial que as Entidades Gestoras (EG) destes serviços apostem numa gestão eficiente das infraestruturas existentes e dos investimentos necessários, procurando garantir no longo prazo a qualidade do serviço prestado. Restrições nos recursos obrigam à necessidade de uma Gestão Patrimonial de Infraestruturas (GPI) eficiente e eficaz. Neste sentido, realizou se o projeto Iniciativa Nacional para a Gestão Patrimonial de Infraestruturas

Water utilities in different countries are facing challenges in how to manage effectively their global operations. Being a capital intensive activity, the way how to design the infrastructures is an important topic and an efficient cost-effectively management is crucial in order to provide a safe and reliable service to final users. Aligned with these challenges decision-makers have to deal with an infrastructure with indefinite lives where a proper decision regarding the implementation of a solution today will always have a long term effect. In this process it

Em tempo chuvoso é comum a ocorrência de descargas a montante das estações detratamento de águas residuais (ETAR) urbanas. Estas descargas têm frequentementecargas poluentes significativas, e têm portanto um impacto negativo nos meios hídricosreceptores. Por outro lado, muitas ETAR estão em subutilização, em termos volúmicos e/oumássicos, podendo existir alguma capacidade de encaixe de águas pluviais. Não existemcontudo ferramentas de apoio à gestão sustentada dessas afluências. Neste contexto,encontra-se em desenvolvimento uma tese de doutoramento cujo objetivo principal é odesenvolvimento e teste, em casos de estudo, de uma metodologia e estratégia de apoio àgestão de afluências pluviais em ETAR urbanas e à tomada de decisão sobre a reabilitaçãoe/ou expansão destas infraestruturas. A metodologia assenta em dois pilares principais

Invited papers from the IWA Leading Edge Conference on Strategic Asset Management (LESAM), Lisbon, October 2007

A simulação matemática dos sistemas de abastecimento de água é hoje em dia uma ferramenta indispensável aos serviços de água, para apoio a uma gestão técnica racional. O campo de aplicação é variado, sendo um auxiliar das actividades de planeamento, de projecto, de operação e demanutenção. Destacam-se o apoio ao dimensionamento de novas redes, aos programas de reabilitação, ao licenciamento de novas ligações, ao controlo de perdas de água, ao controlo da qualidade da água nas redes ou à gestão optimizada de energia.Em Portugal, o desenvolvimento e a aplicação de modelos matemáticos de sistemas de distribuição de água iniciou-se na década de 80, com o modelo da rede de Almada, elaborado em 1981 pelo LNEC. Depois dealguns anos em que a actividade realizada se centrou essencialmente no ambiente científico e académico, as empresas de consultoria começaram a ganhar espaço de mercado na prestação deste tipo de serviços para as entidades gestoras. Numa fase inicial os requisitos computacionais eramconsideráveis

O IRAR, enquanto regulador das entidades gestoras concessionárias deserviços de águas e resíduos em Portugal, tem seguido uma estratégia depermanente procura de sinergias através de parcerias com entidades daadministração e com instituições técnicas e científicas relevantes dosector, nomeadamente nos aspectos associados à temática do usoeficiente da água. De acordo com o disposto na alínea l) do artigo 11.º doDecreto-Lei n.º 362/98, de 18 de Novembro, com as alteraçõesintroduzidas pelo Decreto-Lei n.º 151/2002, de 23 de Maio, o IRAR temresponsabilidades na sensibilização das entidades gestoras e dosautarcas em geral para as questões da qualidade na concepção,execução, gestão e exploração dos sistemas multimunicipais emunicipais.O Instituto da Água (INAG), como organismo responsável pelodesenvolvimento e aplicação das políticas nacionais no domínio da água,promove a implementação do Programa Nacional para o Uso Eficiente daÁgua (PNUEA). Este Programa, cujas bases e linhas orientadoras foramaprovadas pela Resolução do Conselho de Ministros n.º 113/2005, de 30de Junho, constitui um instrumento de planeamento estratégico, no qualsão definidas as orientações de âmbito nacional para a promoção do usoeficiente da água nos sectores urbano, agrícola e industrial, contribuindopara minimizar os riscos de stress hídrico, quer em situação hídricanormal, quer durante períodos de escassez.O Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC) é uma instituição decarácter técnico e científico, competente e credenciada para a realizaçãode estudos em vários ramos da engenharia, nomeadamente nos domíniosda engenharia sanitária. Tem vindo a desenvolver estudos deinvestigação em áreas prioritárias, nomeadamente projectos para o INAGde definição e apoio à implementação do PNUEA, incluindo manuais paraa promoção do uso eficiente da água.Nesse âmbito, foi assinado em Março de 2005 um protocolo decooperação técnica e científica formalizando a colaboração entre estastrês entidades. Esse protocolo prevê a edição conjunta de um manual (ouguia técnico) dirigido, entre outras, às entidades gestoras de sistemas deabastecimento de água e de águas residuais, contendo orientaçõestécnicas para a implementação de medidas e de mecanismos promotoresdo uso eficiente da água no sector urbano.O objectivo é promover um uso mais eficiente da água, ou seja, optimizara utilização desse recurso - eficiência de utilização -, sem pôr em causaos objectivos pretendidos - eficácia de utilização - ao nível dasnecessidades vitais da sociedade, da qualidade de vida da população edo desenvolvimento sócio-económico do País. Pretende-se utilizar a quantidade óptima de água para conseguir os objectivos pretendidos, permitindo também, como benefícios indirectos, a redução da poluição dos meios aquáticos e a redução do consumo de energia, aspectos dependentes do consumo de água. Esta iniciativa integra-se no esforço de planeamento da água que o País tem vindo a efectuar, estando prevista não apenas no Plano Nacional da Água e nos Planos de BaciaHidrográfica, mas também no Plano Estratégico de Abastecimento deÁgua e de Saneamento de Águas Residuais 2000-2006.O resultado é a presente publicação, intitulada

O presente guia resulta de um protocolo estabelecido entre o LaboratórioNacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC), o Instituto Regulador de Águas eResíduos (IRAR) e o Instituto da Água (INAG).O LNEC, na sua função de Laboratório de Estado, tem vindo adesenvolver, desde há mais de duas décadas, estudos de investigaçãoaplicada e de consultoria especializada no domínio da gestão técnica dossistemas de abastecimento de água, alguns dos quais no domínio docontrolo de perdas de água. Destaca-se um estudo de identificação, análisecrítica e sistematização das melhores práticas de controlo de perdas deágua realizado para a EPAL, S.A. em 1994 (Coelho et al., 1994) e aprodução de terminologia portuguesa (Hirner et al., 1999), estudos essesque se reflectem no conteúdo do presente manual.O IRAR tem como um dos seus objectivos estratégicos contribuir para amaior eficiência dos operadores, tanto regulados como não regulados,através de parcerias com as instituições técnicas e científicas maisrelevantes do sector. As perdas de água são, sem dúvida, uma dasimportantes causas de ineficiência dos operadores de sistemas deabastecimento, razão pela qual o IRAR tomou a iniciativa da elaboraçãodeste guia em colaboração com o LNEC e o INAG.O INAG é o organismo responsável pela implementação do ProgramaNacional para o Uso Eficiente da Água (PNUEA). Este programa preconizaa redução de perdas de água nos sistemas públicos de abastecimentocomo uma medida prioritária na melhoria da utilização do recurso água nosector urbano. O presente guia integra-se nos documentos de apoio emdesenvolvimento no âmbito da estratégia de implementação do referidoprograma.Este manual vem ajudar a colmatar uma lacuna que havia em termos debibliografia especializada adaptada às condições existentes em Portugal eescrita em português no domínio das perdas de água. Não constitui um fimem si mesmo, mas apenas o ponto de partida para uma abordagemprogressivamente mais universal e mais consolidada no domínio docontrolo das perdas de água nos serviços de abastecimento de água.Trata-se de um instrumento de trabalho para as entidades gestoras, aquem cabe a tarefa principal que é de o pôr em prática.

O LNEC tem vindo a apostar, há mais de uma década, na actividadeestratégica de I&D associada à temática da avaliação de desempenho desistemas de águas de abastecimento e águas residuais. Maisrecentemente, esta actividade expandiu-se também à área dos resíduossólidos. Consolidou-se, assim, a importância da qualidade do serviço nassuas várias vertentes, e conquistou-se uma importante dimensão deinternacionalização, nomeadamente com a publicação, pela InternationalWater Association (IWA), de Manuais de Boa Prática no âmbito dossistemas de abastecimento de água e de águas residuais publicados,respectivamente, em 2000 e 2003.Os trabalhos desenvolvidos tiveram como principais finalidades definir umametodologia de avaliação da qualidade do serviço prestado através de umconjunto de indicadores de desempenho e delinear alguns princípiosfundamentais para a sua implementação. A abordagem pretendeu serabrangente, visando cobrir as necessidades de diversos tipos deutilizadores tais como entidades gestoras dos sistemas, entidadesreguladoras, entidades financiadoras, organizações ambientais ou dedefesa do consumidor. Pretendeu-se igualmente que os resultados fossemaplicáveis a entidades de diferente dimensão, nível de desenvolvimento,clima, demografia e características sócio-culturais. É pois com grandesatisfação que vemos concretizada, no âmbito da colaboração protocoladacom o IRAR, a edição e adaptação para português da publicaçãoPerformance Indicators for Water Supply Services

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Os objetivos da nova DARU são ambiciosos, exigindo maior eficácia e eficiência

Asset management (AM) has become increasingly important in various sectors and organizations over the lastfew decades. This introductory chapter provides an overview of asset management to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of AM, summarizing its application to urban drainage asset management (UDAM), an asset-intensive sector. The chapter includes a short history, from general AM to UDAM, and refers to milestones, key organizations, and standards. It describes AM principles and different perspectives to approach the subject. The UDAM context is outlined, providing the general processes which can influence strategic, tactical, or operational decision levels, accounting for the specific perspectives and objectives on the subject. The main approaches applied to UDAM are broadly described, some of which incorporate a balance of costs, risks, opportunities, and performance, while others focus on specific aspects. The chapter presents different types of approaches to AM, ranging from those based on condition, reliability, and risk to those based on value, followed by those based on performance or quality of service, highlighting common aspects or overlaps between them. When appropriate, guidance to the chapters where additional information on the subject can be found is provided. Finally, challenges, limitations and opportunities are highlighted.

The number of climate-related disasters has progressively increased in the last two decades and this trend will drastically exacerbate in the medium- and long-term horizons according to climate change projections. In this framework, through a multi-disciplinary team and a strong background acquired in recent projects, ICARIA aims to promote the use of asset-level modeling to achieve a better understanding of climate related tangible direct and indirect impacts on critical assets due to complex, cascading, and compound disasters. Furthermore, it takes into account the related risk reduction provided by suitable, sustainable, and cost-effective adaptation solutions. ICARIA focuses on both (i) critical assets and services that were not designed for potential climate change-related impacts that can increase the unplanned outages and failures, and (ii) on housing, natural areas, and population. Cutting edge methods regarding climate scenario building, asset-level-coupled models, and multi-risk assessment approaches will be implemented and replicated in three EU regions to understand how future climate scenarios might affect critical assets and to provide decision-making support tools to private and public risk owners to assess the costs and benefits of various adaptation solutions.

Activated carbons are versatile adsorbents that can play a crucial role in the enhancement of wastewater treatment, namely by controlling organic microcontaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and organic matter. These materials have a 100-year market availability, large scientific testing at lab-scale and applicability in consolidated technologies. However, the use of activated carbons at full-scale wastewater treatment is still emerging, driven by the increasing awareness on environmental and human threats mainly resulting from CECs. The present chapter reviews the literature on the application of activated carbons in full- or large pilot-scale plants, highlighting the state-of-art knowledge on practical issues on operational set-ups, improvements on water overall quality, and costs. The selection criteria and properties of the powdered and granular (PAC and GAC) materials used, and the pros and critical aspects of their application, relevant for product development and process optimisation, are also analysed and determine the research needs proposed for a technical, economic, and environmentally sustainable application of activated carbon in full-scale advanced wastewater treatment.

Urban areas are dynamic, complex, and vulnerable systems involving multiple strategic services such as water supply, wastewater, and stormwater and waste management. Climate-change trends may directly affect the urban water cycle, through heavy rainfall, tides, and droughts, potentially causing cascading impacts with serious consequences for people, the natural and built environments, and the economy. These challenges to urban areas require an integrated and sustainable approach to increase their resilience, with the allocation of the needed resources, including the development and implementation of disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies, plans, and regulations in all relevant sectors. This chapter describes a resilience-assessment framework to be used by cities and urban-service managers. It considers a structured and objective-driven assessment aiming at supporting the development and monitoring of cities' and urban services' resilience action plans, thus contributing to appropriate DRR investments. Our approach considers four resilience dimensions: organizational, spatial, functional, and physical. It is aligned with the UNDRR's Disaster Resilience Scorecard for Cities and addresses the priorities of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. In this chapter, we apply the resilience-assessment framework to the waste and mobility sectors in Lisbon (Portugal), identifying main opportunities to enhance their resilience and supporting the development of resilience and DRR strategies.

Atualmente os sistemas urbanos de água são reconhecidos como infraestruturas in­dispensáveis de suporte para a prestação de serviços públicos de primeira necessida­de à saúde e bem-estar das populações e à economia das sociedades

This paper aims to explain why and how innovative technologies are enablers of strategic asset management (SAM) of water supply, wastewater and storm water systems.

Urban areas are dynamic, complex, and vulnerable systems involving multiple strategic urban services, stakeholders, and citizens. Strategic services essential to society include water and sewerage (water supply, and wastewater and stormwater management), waste management, energy supply, public lighting, transport, and public security. The potential effects of climate dynamics on the urban areas might lead to the aggravation of existing fragile conditions and the emergence of new hazards or risk factors, with major impacts on strategic urban services, people, the natural and built environment, and the economy. Climate change challenges to urban areas thus require an integrated and sustainable approach to increase their resilience, with the allocation of the needed resources at all administrative levels. These include the development and implementation of disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies, policies, plans, laws, and regulations in all relevant sectors (UNISDR, 2015). This chapter describes a resilience assessment framework to be used by cities and urban-service managers. The framework considers a structured and objective-driven assessment aiming at supporting the development and monitoring of cities

This chapter briefly presents concepts and methodologies to support the management of urban drainage infrastructure. After the introduction, data requirements for assessing the condition of urban drainage systems are presented. Data can be collected in different ways. Data analysis allows for determining structural and functional issues and system performance. The causes and consequences of failures are required for condition assessment and are the subject of the risk section. Any intervention in the urban drainage system has a cost that must be assessed. Mathematical modelling of the urban drainage systems has an advantage for evaluating the hydraulic and structural performance. Decisions on the management of urban drainage rehabilitation need to be addressed considering the different points of view or aspects that are often contradictory. This may be addressed by using multi-criteria decision analysis methodologies.

Urban water services make use of extensive networked infrastructures - water supply and drainage systems. Efficient management of these services relies on the quality of measurements of hydraulic variables in pipes and sewers to support robust analysis of systems

This research aims at developing a comprehensive approach for assessing the energy use and efficiency in wastewater systems, considering the water-energy-greenhouse gas (W-E-G) emissions nexus supported by methods and tools, such as a tailored energy balance and a performance assessment system (PAS). This approach is aligned with continuous improvement principles and allows carrying out the diagnosis of energy efficiency in wastewater systems supporting the building of a portfolio of energy use improvement measures responding to strategic objectives and attending to the systems

Drinking water storage tanks are essential components of water supply systems to store water, to level off pressure in networks and to meet emergency storage. They are also frequent sources of deterioration of drinking water quality and safety owing to inadequate tank design and operation. Mostly, existing tanks design, dimensions and operation do not account for water mixing and renewal.

Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) are crucial to achieving the goals of the United Nations Agenda 2030 for sustainable development and other global agendas, such as the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. In the last decade, the NBS umbrella concept has become more relevant intending to contribute to urban resilience and to address the climate change challenges. NBS are living solutions inspired by nature that use or mimic natural processes intending to face several societal challenges, from the perspective of resource-efficient use and the promotion of economic and environmental benefits. Currently, cities are encouraged to understand and measure the NBS contribution to identify adequate strategies for enhancing resilience and prioritize investments accordingly. The objective of the present thesis is to promote and enhance the NBS implementation in cities, focused on solutions for stormwater management and control. Based on the analysis of their contribution to urban resilience, the potential to meet environmental, social, and economic challenges and to adapt across diverse urban scales and contexts is demonstrated. In this sense, a Resilience Assessment Framework (RAF) to assess the NBS contribution to urban resilience was developed. This framework aims to assess the NBS contribution to urban resilience. Moreover, a Guidance for the RAF application in cities with different resilience maturity was developed, which involved the RAF validation by seven cities (from a national and international context), that participated voluntarily in this phase. In this context, the developed RAF is comprehensive and multidimensional. It is driven by the definition of objectives, criteria, and metrics, according to the proposed structure for assessing the water supply and wastewater system service performance in the framework of the ISO 24500 standards of the International Organization for Standardization. For an oriented assessment of the criteria, qualitative and quantitative metrics were defined, considering data from different sources and complexity. Reference values were also identified and metrics' classifications were defined. In this classification, each answer is associated with a resilience development level, intending to assess the NBS contribution to urban resilience on a normalized scale. To support the RAF application to cities with different resilience maturity (in terms of resilience and available information), three analysis degrees (essential, complementary, and comprehensive) and a set of metrics were proposed, which are pre-defined in the guidance for the RAF application. To support the selection of the analysis degree more adequate to any city, a structure to characterize the city's profile was developed. This complementary profile also supports the interpretation of the RAF results, both at the city and at the level of specific NBS. To conclude, the application of the RAF essential analysis degree to the seven participating cities, with different challenges regarding urban resilience and NBS, and of the comprehensive analysis degree (complete RAF) to Porto´s urban area, through an assemble assessment at the city and NBS levels, were presented.

Over the past two decades, performance assessment (PA) has been one of the areas show-ing the greatest advancement in the water sector. PA aims to measure effectiveness and/or efficiency of an activity or process using performance metrics, supporting the decision-making process and the continuous improvement of water utilities. Despite the potential benefits, few projects, and initiatives on PA have been undertaken regarding storm water systems (SWS). The present thesis aims to develop a performance assessment framework (PAF), applicable to both conventional SWS and sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS), objective driven and focused on systems

Infrastructure asset management (IAM) has been increasingly becoming a key topic in the mind-set shift of the water sector managers and policy makers, allowing to assist in the operational, tactical and strategic decision-making in urban water infrastructures. Nevertheless, IAM implementation by the water utilities is still far from needed and not widespread, due to several challenges and constraints, mainly associated with limited human, technological and financial resources. The current research aims at enhancing urban water infrastructure asset management through an integrated decision-making approach, that includes novel methodologies for condition assessment, service life prediction and cost modelling. This approach can be applied at three assessment levels

Este trabalho tem como objetivo melhorar a eficiência energética dos sistemas de abastecimento de água através do desenvolvimento de uma metodologia orientada por objetivos e com recurso ao balanço energético e a métricas de desempenho que permitem identificar as principais origens de ineficiência energética dos sistemas, comparar diferentes alternativas de intervenção e contribuir para a melhoria contínua destes sistemas.A metodologia de investigação seguida contempla desenvolvimentos científicos aliados a uma aplicação prática num conjunto alargado de casos de estudo através de ferramentas de cálculo automático desenvolvidas para o efeito. Os desenvolvimentos científicos consistem na formulação matemática de um balanço energético flexível em termos de dados necessários para a sua implementação; o desenvolvimento de métricas de desempenho que permitem identificar a origem das ineficiências energéticas (equipamentos, perdas de água ou configuração e operação) e a sua sistematização numa metodologia que segue os princípios de melhoria contínua (Plan-Do-Check-Act). A aplicação a casos de estudo é efetuada em três etapas. A primeira etapa consiste na aplicação do balanço energético agregado e métricas de desempenho para diagnosticar ineficiências a nível global em sistemas sem modelo matemático. A segunda etapa consiste na aplicação de um balanço detalhado com recurso a modelos matemáticos, bem como uma análise de sensibilidade aos diferentes métodos. A terceira etapa centra-se na aplicação detalhada de dois casos de estudo para ilustrar a metodologia.Os principais resultados são: i) uma metodologia integrada para o diagnóstico água-energia em sistemas de abastecimento de água; ii) um novo balanço energético para sistemas de abastecimento de água; iii) resultados da aplicação do balanço e das métricas de eficiência energética em 110 sistemas; iv) ferramentas para cálculo das diferentes formulações de balanço energético e de métricas de desempenho; e v) valores reais e exemplos de soluções não convencionais que conduziram a melhorias de desempenho energético.

As estações de tratamento de águas residuais (ETAR) são atualmente alvo de esforços de melhoria do seu desempenho técnico, ambiental e económico. Empresas, reguladores e organismos de financiamento têm utilizado sistemas de avaliação de desempenho para apoiar as suas decisões. Neste contexto, o LNEC desenvolveu a 1.ª e 2.ª geração do sistema de avaliação de desempenho (PAS) de ETAR baseado em indicadores (PIs) e índices de desempenho (PXs). Para ambos, os valores de referência para o julgamento do desempenho são elementos chave. Apesar de serem elementos cruciais, os valores de referência precisavam ainda de ser definidos para avaliar e melhorar o desempenho das ETAR com foco na eficiência energética e gestão de afluências pluviais. Assim, o objetivo da tese foi desenvolver a terceira geração do PAS com valores de referência para avaliar o desempenho. Os PIs e PXs focam os objetivos principais da ETAR, ou seja, garantir a sustentabilidade técnica, econômica e ambiental, garantindo um tratamento eficaz e fiável com o consumo mínimo de energia, reagentes e produção de lamas. A estratégia seguida consistiu em desenvolver ou selecionar a partir da segunda geração do PAS sub-conjuntos de PIs e PXs de acordo com os objetivos, nomeadamente, eficácia, fiabilidade, desempenho energético e consumo de reagentes e gestão das lamas. Os valores de referência foram derivados com base numa revisão da literatura, equações empíricas e/ou estudos de campo e, sempre que aplicável, incorporam o efeito de parâmetros chave, de modo a avaliar o efeito das variações de caudal e de concentração. Foi desenvolvida uma análise estatística dos PXs para avaliar a fiabilidade da ETAR. Foi também demonstrada a flexibilidade do sistema de avaliação de desempenho para diferentes objetivos e uma abordagem para diagnosticar oportunidades de melhoria do desempenho, utilizando os PIs e PXs num ciclo PDCA (plan-do-check-act).

Este trabalho de investigação teve como objectivo principal propor, aplicar e validar uma metodologia que permitisse transformar dados de consumo urbano de água, obtidos a partir de sistemas de telemetria, em informação útil para a gestão dos serviços de água e para os consumidores.A metodologia encontra-se estruturada em quatro módulos: planeamento e monitorização,processamento de dados, produção de informação de caracterização e previsão eclassificação. Tirando partido de dados de consumo telemedidos aos vários níveis, desde o cliente individual às zonas de medição e controlo (ZMC), procede-se à aplicação dametodologia para caracterização de grandes consumidores, previsão do consumodoméstico nocturno, avaliação do efeito da variação de pressão no consumo autorizado enas perdas de água e previsão do consumo em ZMC.Para além da metodologia estruturada para a análise de consumos, as principaiscontribuições inovadoras são o desenvolvimento de modelos de previsão e de classificação do consumo em ZMC, em função das variáveis explicativas mais significativas, e a obtenção de expressões para a variação do consumo autorizado e das perdas reais com a pressão.O trabalho desenvolvido contribuirá para um uso mais eficiente da água, através de ummelhor conhecimento sobre as várias componentes do consumo urbano de água, assimcomo para o estabelecimento de critérios de projecto e de exploração da rede maissustentados.

Os serviços de abastecimento de água (SAA) têm vindo a incorporar princípios desustentabilidade na sua prática de gestão. O estado da arte em metodologias de avaliação dedesempenho de SAA mostrou a necessidade de abordar especificamente o tratamento,considerado insatisfatoriamente nas abordagens sistematizadas existentes.Na presente dissertação desenvolveu-se um sistema de avaliação de desempenho (PAS) deestações de tratamento de água (ETA), orientado por objectivos, normalizado e quantitativo,destinado a apoiar a tomada de decisão, e cobrindo os domínios qualidade da água tratada,eficiência/fiabilidade, utilização de água, energia e materiais, gestão de subprodutos, segurança,recursos humanos e económico financeiros.O PAS integra uma componente para avaliação do desempenho global, baseada em indicadoresde desempenho, e uma componente para avaliação do desempenho operacional, baseada emíndices de desempenho que avaliam, numa escala 0-300, a qualidade da água tratada, eficiênciasdas várias operações/processos unitários (OPU) e sua relação com condições de operação.Foi desenvolvida uma ferramenta de cálculo automático do PAS.A aplicação do PAS a cinco ETA de características diversas permitiu avaliar a evoluçãotemporal do seu desempenho, comparar estações e OPU, e identificar oportunidades de melhoriana operação das OPU, na qualidade da água tratada e utilização de recursos.

This document reports the activity developed in FCT EMPOWER+ project (2021-2024) in which new high-performing granular activated carbons (GACs), powdered activated carbons (PACs) and reusable magnetic PACs (MPACs) prepared by steam and CO2 activation of pine nut shells (PNS/Steam and PNS/CO2 activated carbons) were produced and tested for drinking water treatment towards organic matter, pharmaceutical compounds, microcystin-LR and residual chlorine control.

To build the society

D5.8 Set of Policy Briefs on Regulation and Policy Instruments outlines comprehensive guidelines and strategic recommendations to enhance the governance and regulatory frameworks for watersmart systems across Europe. This deliverable builds on the foundational work completed in Task 5.4, which integrates insights from various stakeholders on regulatory and economic aspects, including financial mechanisms, incentives, and tariffs provided by IWW, as well as legal considerations from KWR. Through an analysis of the socio-economic factors and legal barriers identified in Task 5.2 and leveraging the socio-economic metrics developed in WP6, this document provides a set of at least four policy briefs. These briefs aim to foster a supportive environment for the broad application of water-smart solutions, proposing improved policy frameworks at local, national, and EU levels. The timing and thematic focus of these recommendations are aligned with current EU policy processes related to water and the circular economy, identifying optimal windows for the targeted dissemination of these policy briefs. D5.8 serves as a crucial tool for policy officers, stakeholders, and the public, offering synthetic, accessible 'take away' documents that encapsulate contributions from the involved Work Packages.

The LIFE Fitting deliverable

The Technical Guide presents the 4th generation of the service quality assessment system, which abandons some 3rd generation indicators and adds new ones to respond to the latest challenges to supply services, urban waste water management and urban waste management. Changes are also made to definitions and benchmarks for some indicators are adjusted.

This report of Work Package 5

This report contains the Living Lab final Strategic Agendas as agreed with stakeholders in the Communities of Practice and a description of their development process. Within the final Strategic Agendas, some main achievements during the B-WaterSmart project to achieve the strategic objectives that were set for the specific Living Labs are highlighted. Furthermore, the next steps to realise the Strategic Agendas are elaborated. For some of the Living Labs becoming a Water-Oriented Living Lab and/or a member of the European Network of Living Labs will be a key factor for ensuring the continuation of the Living Lab after the end of the B-WaterSmart project.

Within the scope of WP5

This deliverable focuses on the purpose, scope, and assumptions of the resilience assessment method. It presents the structure of the method and of the frameworks. Two frameworks are provided, the ICARIA RAF (Resilience Assessment Framework) for a holistic assessment and, as a starting point, the ICARIA RAT (Resilience Assessment Tool) for a specific assessment of critical infrastructure and critical entities. Their concepts, detailed structure, tools, and outputs are described in this deliverable. Details are given on data input (namely data from modelling activities) and data output (namely to the decision support system). User guidance is provided for the successful implementation of a resilience assessment.

This document is the third version of the Implementation Plan and Risk Contingency Plan. First, it indicates how the work of the project has been divided and organized as well as the way to evaluate if the project objectives are reached according to the schedule and within the budget. Additionally, it defines key steps to follow in order to initiate the project action. The second part lists a number of risks that could affect different aspects of the project outcome. It includes risk mitigation measures and a contingency plan for each case.

Este estudo visa aumentar a confiança na reutilização segura da água, utilizando tecnologias de tratamento avançado como ultrafiltração, ozonização e osmose inversa para avaliar a sua eficácia e limitações. Desenvolvido numa estação de tratamento de águas residuais (ETAR), o estudo comparou a qualidade da água resultante de processos em grande escala, como a ultrafiltração, com água tratada adicionalmente através de um sistema piloto de ozonização e osmose inversa, ou apenas osmose inversa. Todos os esquemas de tratamento estudados produziram água adequada ao consumo humano.

EXCLUSIVO: AWARE-P vence prémio alemão e conquista novo reconhecimento internacional: É a primeira vez que é distinguido um projecto de um país que não fala alemão, entrevista de Ana Santiago (Jornalista do Jornal Água & Ambiente - Portal Ambiente Online) a Helena Alegre, 19 de Agosto de 2014

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