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Smart metering (SM) has the potential to improve distribution systems planning and operation and the overall system

The modelling of chlorine residual in water supply systems is of great importance in managing disinfectant concentrations throughout the network. First order decay kinetics are currently often used to describe both bulk and wall chlorine consumption. However, more complex approaches have been proposed, namely a parallel, two-reactant second order decay model (2R model) that has been reported as yielding better accuracy for simulating chlorine bulk decay in laboratory tests. The recent EPANET Multi-Species Extension (EPANET MSX) brought enhanced capabilities for the simulation of chlorine residuals in water supply systems, including the use of the 2R model or any other formulation. In the current paper, the performance of the 2R model as well as of first and nth order decay kinetics was assessed for full scale modelling of chlorine in a transmission system. Results have shown that a similar level of accuracy can be achieved with the three tested kinetic models, provided that a good calibration of the wall decay coefficient is accomplished. Although with improved modelling capabilities, the use of the stand- alone EPANET MSX was less user-friendly than normal EPANET application by the lack of a graphical interface allowing for the visualization of chlorine concentration profiles along the system. The use of the 3D-enabled Epanet Java web application circumvented such limitations. This tool together with a better characterization and estimation of the bulk and wall decay components allow for a more practical and accurate modelling of chlorine in water supply systems, while taking advantage of EPANET MSX's enhanced capabilities.

iGPI, the National Initiative for Infrastructure Asset Management is a Portuguese collaborative project led by LNEC(National Civil Engineering Laboratory, Portugal) through which 19 water utilities develop their own infrastructure assetmanagement (IAM) systems and plans in a joint training and capacitation programme. Technical assistance to theparticipating utilities is ensured by LNEC, IST (Technical University of Lisbon) and Addition, a software developmentcompany. The water utilities get collective as well as one-on-one support and specific training. They benefit fromnetworking with the other utilities in a common and simultaneous process, with similar difficulties and challenges, leading toan effective sharing of solutions. The developed products, including training materials, templates and guidelines fordeveloping strategic and tactical IAM plans, are available to the general public. This project has greatly contributed to theestablishment of reference methodologies and standards for IAM planning, in a range of utilities of widely diverse size andcontext, effectively defining an accepted best practice. This paper discusses the project

In order to simulate surface runoff and flooding, one-dimensional (1D) overland flow networks can beautomatically delineated using digital elevation models (DEM). The resulting network comprises flowpaths and terrain depressions/ponds and is essential to reliably model pluvial (surface) floodingevents in urban areas by so-called 1D/1D models. Conventional automatic DEM-based flow pathdelineation methods have problems in producing realistic overland flow paths when detailed highresolutionDEMs of urban areas are used. The aim of this paper is to present the results of researchand development of three enhanced DEM-based overland flow path delineation methods; thesemethods are triggered when the conventional flow path delineation process stops due to a flowobstacle. Two of the methods, the

Loose deposits (LD) develop and accumulate in drinking water distribution systems' (DWDS) pipes and often lead to discolouration incidents, which are a major reason for customers' complaints. In addition, LD may accumulate contaminants, while discolouration may be accompanied by degradation of the water's microbiological quality. Along with iron oxides, organic compounds are well established as predominant constituents of LD. Even so, the composition and role of the latter remain unknown. Since microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are components of iron

Pluvial or surface flooding can cause significant damage and disruption as it often affects highlyurbanised areas. Therefore it is essential to accurately identify consequences and assess the risksassociated with such phenomena. The aim of this study is to present the results and investigate theapplicability of a qualitative flood risk assessment methodology in urban areas. This methodologybenefits from recent developments in urban flood modelling, such as the dual-drainage modellingconcept, namely one-dimensional automatic overland flow network delineation tools (e.g. AOFD) and1D/1D models incorporating both surface and sewer drainage systems. To assess flood risk, theconsequences can be estimated using hydraulic model results, such as water velocities and waterdepth results; the likelihood was estimated based on the return period of historical rainfall events. Totest the methodology two rainfall events with return periods of 350 and 2 years observed inAlcântara (Lisbon, Portugal) were used and three consequence dimensions were considered:affected public transportation services, affected properties and pedestrian safety. The most affectedareas in terms of flooding were easily identified; the presented methodology was shown to be easyto implement and effective to assess flooding risk in urban areas, despite the common difficulties inobtaining data.

The occurrence of discoloured water at the tap is one of the most frequent reasons for customers tocomplain. Water discolouration arises from the re-suspension of loose deposits (LD) that accumulatein drinking water pipes, due to velocity increase. Because of its typical brownish/reddish colour,discoloured water is traditionally perceived as a consequence of cast-iron pipe corrosion, even innetworks devoid of cast-iron pipes. Current approaches for LD sampling imply the use of high flowvelocities within the range of those used for pipe self-cleaning (0.40 m/s) and/or pipe cleaning(1.50 m/s). Although useful for quantitative identification of critical zones and diagnosis of LDaccumulation, the application of such high-velocities as routine methodologies for LD sampling maybe difficult to perform on the field and provide samples with materials other than discolourationcausing LD. In this study, sampling velocities from 0.02 to 0.52 m/s yielded relatively large samples(up to 2 g dry weight), thus allowing for extensive qualitative LD analysis and testing. Samplerepresentativeness was analysed through the characterisation of LD key-constituents total iron (Fet)and volatile solids (VS). Turbidity decay trends showed the flocculent behaviour of discolourationcausing LD.

A predictive model integrating adsorption kinetics and competitive isotherm models (Homogeneous Surface Diffusion Model, Freundlich-type and Fritz& Schlunder isotherms) was developed to describe and understand the competing mechanism(s) and the ionic strength (IS) role on microcystins (MC) and tannic acid (TA) competitive adsorption. The developed model showed good agreement with the experimental data obtained from batch adsorption tests and isotherms conducted with MC extracts and TA model solutions (single-solute and multicomponent, IS presence and absence) using a mesoporous powdered activated carbon (PAC). Results con

Within the scope of the Alcântara STP rehabilitation project, enhanced primary treatment is being installed for the treatment of wet-weather flows. A simplified model using rainfall historical series was used to assess the CSO discharges for different treatment capacities. The Alcântara catchment, the largest of Lisbon, was represented by only two sub-catchments in parallel. One sub-catchment represents the fast component of the hydrographs, and the other simulates the slower response from the catchment causing a tail in the hydrographs. The monitoring period was not long enough to allow modelling the base flow variation. Despite its simplicity, the model reproduces with significant approximation measured hydrographs. However, its results must be analysed cautiously, mainly due to the uncertainty on the measured data and on the base flow. This model allowed the simulation of a 19 years rainfall time series for six different scenarios. Results showed significant reductions of the volume, frequency and duration of CSO discharges associated with increasing the STP capacity.Higher reductions are achieved for the bathing season compared with the rest of the year, contributing to improved conditions for the recreation uses in the Tagus estuary.

A iniciativa nacional de avaliação de desempenho de estações de tratamento de água (ETA) e de estações de tratamento de águas residuais (ETAR) urbanas «PASt21» (http://past21.lnec.pt/) é um projecto de I&DT que tem como objectivos: i) melhorar a primeira geração dos sistemas desenvolvidos para ETA e para ETAR urbanas (Alegre et al., 2009; Vieira, 2009; Vieira et al., 2009; Quadros, 2010), e ii) testar a segunda geração em 27 instalações (Quadros et al., 2010; Rosa et al., 2010; Vieira et al., 2010). Visa ainda promover a avaliação de desempenho e o benchmarking de ETA e ETAR urbanas de uma forma sistemática, com base em dados coerentes e fiáveis.As 27 instalações de tratamento que constituem os casos de estudo do projecto PASt21 (10 ETA e 17 ETAR) são exploradas por doze entidades gestoras: dez empresas do grupo Águas de Portugal, S.G.P.S., S.A.; AGS, S.A. e SMAS de Almada.Os casos de estudo distribuem-se pelo território nacional e abrangem uma gama alargada de capacidades instaladas de tratamento e sequências de tratamento. As 10 ETA são de média a grande dimensão (3.000-400.000 m3/d), correspondem a uma capacidade total de tratamento de 1.160.000 m3/d e possuem diferentes origens de água e operações/processos unitários (OPU) de tratamento

The surrogates (e.g., Escherichia coli) commonly used to monitor drinking water treatment are useless indicators of ozonation efficiency, as they are too sensitive to oxidants. Therefore, alternative indicators have been proposed (Toenniessen and Johnson, 1970; Payment and Franco, 1993). Among these, the endospores of aerobic bacteria (ABE) appear as the most appropriate. In addition to having a resistance to ozone comparable to that of Cryptosporidium oocysts (Owens et al., 2000; Kaymak and Haas, 2005), ABE are non pathogenic, occur abundantly in surface waters (Rice et al., 1996; Facile et al., 2000) and are easily enumerated.Along with water turbidity, pH and natural organic mater, temperature is the parameter that influences ozone disinfection more importantly (Elovitz et al., 2000; Dow et al., 2006). According to Driedger et al. (2001) and Larson and Mariñas (2003) the temperature influences the Chick Watson equation rate constant (k) of ABE inactivation according to the Arrhenius relation.However, most studies on this subject were done under conditions not reflecting site specific kinetics of inactivation and, in addition, there is a need to differentiate the temperature effects on disinfection by ozone (Finch et al., 2001; Dow et al., 2006). In this study the impact of temperature on ABE inactivation by Beliche drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) primary disinfection with ozone was examined over a three-month period. The DWTP, with a treatment capacity of 12 960 m3/day, is located in Algarve (Portugal) and treats surface water. During the study, the influent raw water temperature decreased gradually from 19.1ºC to 12.9ºC. However, its matrix composition did not vary significantly.

The use of performance assessment systems (PAS) is an important tool toprovide a cost-effective and sustainable management of wastewatertreatment plants (WWTP). Despite many PAS have been developed inrecent years, important aspects of WWTP evaluation are not yet considered.This paper presents the framework and the overall performance indicatorsof a PAS developed for urban WWTP.

Estimation of household consumption is one of the key elements in the analysis of water lossesin distribution networks. Household night consumption is very specific of each network and sociodemographiccontext, and can vary according to multiple factors. This paper describes an on-going studyaimed at assisting a Portuguese water utility in the development and implementation of a methodology toquantify household night consumption based on expedite rules, dependent on socio-demographic and billingfactors. A stochastic model was developed to simulate household night consumption and was tested in 8 studyareas. The paper describes the selection of case studies, the collection and processing of field data, the establishmentof significant night consumption metering periods based on cluster analysis, the identification andcharacterization of rectangular pulse events, and the process of identification of and correlation with possibleexplanatory factors.

Independentemente do tipo de desinfectante residual usado nos sistemas de abastecimento de água para consumo humano, a superfície interna das tubagens das redes de distribuição é colonizada por biofilme, podendo estar na origem da quase totalidade dos microrganismos que se detectam na água da torneira do consumidor. Os factores que influenciam a proliferação do biofilme são os mesmos que controlam a estabilidade biológica da água durante a permanência desta nos sistemas de abastecimento. Dada a influência que o biofilme pode ter na qualidade da água para consumo humano, a Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres, S.A. desenvolveu em colaboração com o Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil/Departamento de Hidráulica e Ambiente/Núcleo de Engenharia Sanitária, um estudo conjunto para caracterizar o biofilme da rede de Lisboa e os perigos a este associados. Dos resultados obtidos neste estudo infere-se que a colonização da rede de distribuição de Lisboa por biofilme é esparsa e muito fraca, e não evidencia riscos para a saúde do consumidor.

This paper describes a study of residential consumption characterization at the district meteringarea (DMA) level, taking into consideration billing, socio-demographic and infrastructure-related factors. Thearticle describes the methodology used and presents the results of its application to a set of 20 network districtsin the Lisbon (Portugal) metropolitan region, over a period of 12 months of continuous monitoring, includingthe analysis of consumption scenarios; the estimation of daily consumption patterns; and the study ofthe most relevant factors that influence consumption. The modelling of consumption patterns involved theanalysis of large consumers, the identification of consumption scenarios and the estimation of daily consumptionpatterns. Multivariate statistical analyses were carried out to obtain factors and identify the correlationswith consumption statistics. The main correlations with daily, weekly and seasonal statistics are shown.

Urban water infrastructures provide essential services to modern societies and represent amajor portion of the value of municipal physical assets. Managing these assets rationally istherefore fundamental for the sustainability of the services and for the economy of societies.

A garantia da segurança microbiológica da água distribuída ao consumidor assenta na utilização de barreiras à passagem de agentes patogénicos, da captação à torneira do consumidor. Destas, a pré oxidação com ozono é das mais eficazes. A eficiência dos processos de desinfecção é hoje avaliada recorrendo a organismos indicadores (e.g., Escherichia coli) cuja sensibilidade aos oxidantes é superior à de muitos agentes patogénicos. Assim, mesmo uma inactivação total destes indicadores está longe de significar uma eliminação satisfatória dos agentes patogénicos mais resistentes. Por esta razão têm sido propostos indicadores alternativos (e.g., bacteriófagos, endosporos). Destes, os endosporos de bactérias aeróbias são mais vantajosos, por serem muitíssimo resistentes aos desinfectantes, não serem patogénicos, ocorrerem em grande número na natureza e serem fácil e economicamente analisados. Neste estudo foi testada a viabilidade da utilização de endosporos de bactérias aeróbias como indicadores da eficiência de desinfecção com ozono. Foram sistematicamente quantificados endosporos em pequenos volumes de água bruta e ozonizada. Observaram-se taxas de inactivação de endosporos entre 0,39 log e 1,61 log, em função da temperatura da água.Foi demonstrada a viabilidade e utilidade do uso de endosporos na avaliação da eficácia da pré oxidação como barreira à passagem de agentes patogénicos resistentes.

A large number of distribution network pipes in Portugal is over-sized for human demandflows, due to regulatory fire-fighting minimum diameters, which has a direct bearing on water quality, giventhe potentially low velocities it may originate. In order to assess the magnitude of the problem, a large scalestudy was undertaken, based on twenty water distribution system sectors, from networks across the country,representative of a wide range of conditions. Calibrated hydraulic models developed and updated by the utilitieswere provided. The extended period models were used for exhaustive runs of typical operational conditions,and the results - flow velocity, pressure, head loss and Reynolds number - were recorded for the sets oftime periods concerned. The results were analyzed by using a computer application specifically developed forthis purpose. A complete set of statistics for the above parameters was produced. Performance assessment ofwater distribution systems was also performed based on the results obtained. The main conclusions were that(i) the networks are over-designed with very low velocities in most of the time (due to being designed for thepeak flow conditions in 40-year time and for fire-fighting conditions) and (ii) the systems are operated withpressures higher than necessary with evident potential of water losses and energy saving.

O Guia Técnico n.º 27 concretiza a 4.ª geração do sistema de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços da ERSAR, sendo o resultado de um excelente exemplo de colaboração entre a ERSAR, enquanto entidade reguladora, o Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil e a Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, a quem não podíamos deixar de agradecer, alargando este agradecimento ao universo das entidades gestoras reguladas, cujos contributos prestados durante a consulta ao setor foram integrados nesta versão final.

The European project LIFE IMPETUS demonstrated low-investment, low-energy, flexible, and easy to implement measures for improving the removal of pharmaceutical compounds in urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with activated sludge (CAS) treatment, the most common biological process in those plants in Portugal and worldwide.The project addressed two major groups of technical solutions: i) operating strategies to enhance the biological treatment for PhC removal, measures identified using sound benchmarking tools, and ii) powdered activated carbon (PAC) addition to the biological reactor, using eco-friendly adsorbents, to control the recalcitrant PhCs and those with incomplete and variable biological removal. These technical guidelines compile the best practices and best lessons learned in LIFE IMPETUS project regarding PhC monitoring and improvement of PhC control in urban CAS-WWTPs using the approached technical solutions. The document aims at an easy and comprehensive use by water practitioners, water regulators, academia, and students of different backgrounds, answering to the questions of what, where, how, how much (cost), and when to monitor and control PhCs in urban CAS-WWTPs. Incentives for PhC control in urban WWTPs are also tackled.

The Technical Guide presents the 4th generation of the service quality assessment system, which abandons some 3rd generation indicators and adds new ones to respond to the latest challenges to supply services, urban waste water management and urban waste management. Changes are also made to definitions and benchmarks for some indicators are adjusted.

O projeto Avaler+

These technical guidelines provides guidance on the use of the hybrid process of powdered activate carbon adsorption and ceramic microfiltration for sustainable drinking water production. They were developed based on the field demonstration of the technology, in Portugal, with a pilot prototype, within the LIFE Hymenb project LIFE12 ENV/PT/001154 "Tailoring hybrid membrane processes for sustainable drinking water production", conducted by LNEC - the National Civil Engineering Laboratory and Águas do Algarve, S.A.

O objetivo do presente Guia é a apresentação e a especificação dosistema correspondente à 2.ª geração de avaliação da qualidade dosserviços de abastecimento de água, de saneamento de águas residuaisurbanas e de gestão de resíduos urbanos prestados pelas entidadesgestoras sujeitas a regulação.Este sistema constitui uma peça fundamental do modelo de regulaçãoem implementação pela ERSAR, sumariamente descrito neste Guia emais detalhadamente descrito em [1], nomeadamente no que respeitaà componente da regulação da qualidade do serviço, de forma a tornarpossível a avaliação quantificada.Note-se que, de acordo com o disposto na alínea e) do n.º 1 do artigo 5.ºdo Decreto-Lei n.º 277/2009, de 2 de outubro, a ERSAR tem atribuiçõesnão apenas para assegurar a regulação da qualidade de serviço prestadoaos utilizadores pelas entidades gestoras, mas também para avaliaro desempenho dessas entidades, promovendo a melhoria dos níveis deserviço. É no quadro destas atribuições que se pretende promover estesistema de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços de águas e resíduos.A 2.ª geração do sistema de avaliação da qualidade do serviço resultouda análise crítica do sistema de indicadores adotado na 1.ª geração e darespetiva aplicação desde 2004 ao universo das entidades concessionáriase teve em conta o estado atual de conhecimentos e a experiênciainternacional entretanto adquirida.Para além da identificação e da especificação de todos os componentesdo sistema de avaliação, e em particular do conjunto de indicadores dequalidade do serviço a utilizar em cada um dos três tipos de serviços,são também definidos os procedimentos de avaliação, através dadefinição da informação a obter, do cálculo de indicadores, da sua interpretaçãoe análise comparativa, numa perspetiva de benchmarking, eda produção do relatório de síntese.

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O objectivo do presente Guia é a apresentação e a especificação do sistema correspondente à 2.ª geração de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços de abastecimento de água, de saneamento de águas residuais urbanas e de gestão de resíduos urbanos prestados pelas entidades gestoras sujeitas a regulação. Este sistema constitui uma peça fundamental do modelo de regulação em implementação pela ERSAR, sumariamente descrito neste Guia e mais detalhadamente descrito em [1], nomeadamente no que respeita à componente da regulação da qualidade do serviço, de forma a tornar possível a avaliação quantificada. Note-se que, de acordo com o disposto nas alíneas e) do artigo 5.º do Decreto-Lei n.º 277/2009, de 2 de Outubro, a ERSAR tem atribuições não apenas para assegurar a regulação da qualidade de serviço prestado aos utilizadores pelas entidades gestoras bem como para avaliar o desempenho dessas entidades, promovendo a melhoria dos níveis de serviço. É no quadro destas atribuições que se pretende promover este sistema de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços de águas e resíduos. A 2.ª geração do sistema de avaliação da qualidade do serviço resultou da análise crítica do sistema de indicadores adoptado na 1.ª geração e da respectiva aplicação desde 2004 ao universo das entidades concessionárias e teve em conta o estado actual de conhecimentos e a experiência internacional entretanto adquirida. Para além da identificação e da especificação de todos os componentes do sistema de avaliação, e em particular do conjunto de indicadores de qualidade do serviço a utilizar em cada um dos três tipos de serviços, são também definidos os procedimentos de avaliação, através da definição da informação a obter, do cálculo de indicadores, da sua interpretação e análise comparativa, numa perspectiva de benchmarking, e da produção do relatório de síntese.

Os objetivos da nova DARU são ambiciosos, exigindo maior eficácia e eficiência

Asset management (AM) has become increasingly important in various sectors and organizations over the lastfew decades. This introductory chapter provides an overview of asset management to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of AM, summarizing its application to urban drainage asset management (UDAM), an asset-intensive sector. The chapter includes a short history, from general AM to UDAM, and refers to milestones, key organizations, and standards. It describes AM principles and different perspectives to approach the subject. The UDAM context is outlined, providing the general processes which can influence strategic, tactical, or operational decision levels, accounting for the specific perspectives and objectives on the subject. The main approaches applied to UDAM are broadly described, some of which incorporate a balance of costs, risks, opportunities, and performance, while others focus on specific aspects. The chapter presents different types of approaches to AM, ranging from those based on condition, reliability, and risk to those based on value, followed by those based on performance or quality of service, highlighting common aspects or overlaps between them. When appropriate, guidance to the chapters where additional information on the subject can be found is provided. Finally, challenges, limitations and opportunities are highlighted.

The number of climate-related disasters has progressively increased in the last two decades and this trend will drastically exacerbate in the medium- and long-term horizons according to climate change projections. In this framework, through a multi-disciplinary team and a strong background acquired in recent projects, ICARIA aims to promote the use of asset-level modeling to achieve a better understanding of climate related tangible direct and indirect impacts on critical assets due to complex, cascading, and compound disasters. Furthermore, it takes into account the related risk reduction provided by suitable, sustainable, and cost-effective adaptation solutions. ICARIA focuses on both (i) critical assets and services that were not designed for potential climate change-related impacts that can increase the unplanned outages and failures, and (ii) on housing, natural areas, and population. Cutting edge methods regarding climate scenario building, asset-level-coupled models, and multi-risk assessment approaches will be implemented and replicated in three EU regions to understand how future climate scenarios might affect critical assets and to provide decision-making support tools to private and public risk owners to assess the costs and benefits of various adaptation solutions.

Activated carbons are versatile adsorbents that can play a crucial role in the enhancement of wastewater treatment, namely by controlling organic microcontaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and organic matter. These materials have a 100-year market availability, large scientific testing at lab-scale and applicability in consolidated technologies. However, the use of activated carbons at full-scale wastewater treatment is still emerging, driven by the increasing awareness on environmental and human threats mainly resulting from CECs. The present chapter reviews the literature on the application of activated carbons in full- or large pilot-scale plants, highlighting the state-of-art knowledge on practical issues on operational set-ups, improvements on water overall quality, and costs. The selection criteria and properties of the powdered and granular (PAC and GAC) materials used, and the pros and critical aspects of their application, relevant for product development and process optimisation, are also analysed and determine the research needs proposed for a technical, economic, and environmentally sustainable application of activated carbon in full-scale advanced wastewater treatment.

Urban areas are dynamic, complex, and vulnerable systems involving multiple strategic services such as water supply, wastewater, and stormwater and waste management. Climate-change trends may directly affect the urban water cycle, through heavy rainfall, tides, and droughts, potentially causing cascading impacts with serious consequences for people, the natural and built environments, and the economy. These challenges to urban areas require an integrated and sustainable approach to increase their resilience, with the allocation of the needed resources, including the development and implementation of disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies, plans, and regulations in all relevant sectors. This chapter describes a resilience-assessment framework to be used by cities and urban-service managers. It considers a structured and objective-driven assessment aiming at supporting the development and monitoring of cities' and urban services' resilience action plans, thus contributing to appropriate DRR investments. Our approach considers four resilience dimensions: organizational, spatial, functional, and physical. It is aligned with the UNDRR's Disaster Resilience Scorecard for Cities and addresses the priorities of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. In this chapter, we apply the resilience-assessment framework to the waste and mobility sectors in Lisbon (Portugal), identifying main opportunities to enhance their resilience and supporting the development of resilience and DRR strategies.

Atualmente os sistemas urbanos de água são reconhecidos como infraestruturas in­dispensáveis de suporte para a prestação de serviços públicos de primeira necessida­de à saúde e bem-estar das populações e à economia das sociedades

This paper aims to explain why and how innovative technologies are enablers of strategic asset management (SAM) of water supply, wastewater and storm water systems.

Urban areas are dynamic, complex, and vulnerable systems involving multiple strategic urban services, stakeholders, and citizens. Strategic services essential to society include water and sewerage (water supply, and wastewater and stormwater management), waste management, energy supply, public lighting, transport, and public security. The potential effects of climate dynamics on the urban areas might lead to the aggravation of existing fragile conditions and the emergence of new hazards or risk factors, with major impacts on strategic urban services, people, the natural and built environment, and the economy. Climate change challenges to urban areas thus require an integrated and sustainable approach to increase their resilience, with the allocation of the needed resources at all administrative levels. These include the development and implementation of disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies, policies, plans, laws, and regulations in all relevant sectors (UNISDR, 2015). This chapter describes a resilience assessment framework to be used by cities and urban-service managers. The framework considers a structured and objective-driven assessment aiming at supporting the development and monitoring of cities

This chapter briefly presents concepts and methodologies to support the management of urban drainage infrastructure. After the introduction, data requirements for assessing the condition of urban drainage systems are presented. Data can be collected in different ways. Data analysis allows for determining structural and functional issues and system performance. The causes and consequences of failures are required for condition assessment and are the subject of the risk section. Any intervention in the urban drainage system has a cost that must be assessed. Mathematical modelling of the urban drainage systems has an advantage for evaluating the hydraulic and structural performance. Decisions on the management of urban drainage rehabilitation need to be addressed considering the different points of view or aspects that are often contradictory. This may be addressed by using multi-criteria decision analysis methodologies.

Urban water services make use of extensive networked infrastructures - water supply and drainage systems. Efficient management of these services relies on the quality of measurements of hydraulic variables in pipes and sewers to support robust analysis of systems

This research aims at developing a comprehensive approach for assessing the energy use and efficiency in wastewater systems, considering the water-energy-greenhouse gas (W-E-G) emissions nexus supported by methods and tools, such as a tailored energy balance and a performance assessment system (PAS). This approach is aligned with continuous improvement principles and allows carrying out the diagnosis of energy efficiency in wastewater systems supporting the building of a portfolio of energy use improvement measures responding to strategic objectives and attending to the systems

Drinking water storage tanks are essential components of water supply systems to store water, to level off pressure in networks and to meet emergency storage. They are also frequent sources of deterioration of drinking water quality and safety owing to inadequate tank design and operation. Mostly, existing tanks design, dimensions and operation do not account for water mixing and renewal.

Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) are crucial to achieving the goals of the United Nations Agenda 2030 for sustainable development and other global agendas, such as the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. In the last decade, the NBS umbrella concept has become more relevant intending to contribute to urban resilience and to address the climate change challenges. NBS are living solutions inspired by nature that use or mimic natural processes intending to face several societal challenges, from the perspective of resource-efficient use and the promotion of economic and environmental benefits. Currently, cities are encouraged to understand and measure the NBS contribution to identify adequate strategies for enhancing resilience and prioritize investments accordingly. The objective of the present thesis is to promote and enhance the NBS implementation in cities, focused on solutions for stormwater management and control. Based on the analysis of their contribution to urban resilience, the potential to meet environmental, social, and economic challenges and to adapt across diverse urban scales and contexts is demonstrated. In this sense, a Resilience Assessment Framework (RAF) to assess the NBS contribution to urban resilience was developed. This framework aims to assess the NBS contribution to urban resilience. Moreover, a Guidance for the RAF application in cities with different resilience maturity was developed, which involved the RAF validation by seven cities (from a national and international context), that participated voluntarily in this phase. In this context, the developed RAF is comprehensive and multidimensional. It is driven by the definition of objectives, criteria, and metrics, according to the proposed structure for assessing the water supply and wastewater system service performance in the framework of the ISO 24500 standards of the International Organization for Standardization. For an oriented assessment of the criteria, qualitative and quantitative metrics were defined, considering data from different sources and complexity. Reference values were also identified and metrics' classifications were defined. In this classification, each answer is associated with a resilience development level, intending to assess the NBS contribution to urban resilience on a normalized scale. To support the RAF application to cities with different resilience maturity (in terms of resilience and available information), three analysis degrees (essential, complementary, and comprehensive) and a set of metrics were proposed, which are pre-defined in the guidance for the RAF application. To support the selection of the analysis degree more adequate to any city, a structure to characterize the city's profile was developed. This complementary profile also supports the interpretation of the RAF results, both at the city and at the level of specific NBS. To conclude, the application of the RAF essential analysis degree to the seven participating cities, with different challenges regarding urban resilience and NBS, and of the comprehensive analysis degree (complete RAF) to Porto´s urban area, through an assemble assessment at the city and NBS levels, were presented.

Over the past two decades, performance assessment (PA) has been one of the areas show-ing the greatest advancement in the water sector. PA aims to measure effectiveness and/or efficiency of an activity or process using performance metrics, supporting the decision-making process and the continuous improvement of water utilities. Despite the potential benefits, few projects, and initiatives on PA have been undertaken regarding storm water systems (SWS). The present thesis aims to develop a performance assessment framework (PAF), applicable to both conventional SWS and sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS), objective driven and focused on systems

Infrastructure asset management (IAM) has been increasingly becoming a key topic in the mind-set shift of the water sector managers and policy makers, allowing to assist in the operational, tactical and strategic decision-making in urban water infrastructures. Nevertheless, IAM implementation by the water utilities is still far from needed and not widespread, due to several challenges and constraints, mainly associated with limited human, technological and financial resources. The current research aims at enhancing urban water infrastructure asset management through an integrated decision-making approach, that includes novel methodologies for condition assessment, service life prediction and cost modelling. This approach can be applied at three assessment levels

Este trabalho tem como objetivo melhorar a eficiência energética dos sistemas de abastecimento de água através do desenvolvimento de uma metodologia orientada por objetivos e com recurso ao balanço energético e a métricas de desempenho que permitem identificar as principais origens de ineficiência energética dos sistemas, comparar diferentes alternativas de intervenção e contribuir para a melhoria contínua destes sistemas.A metodologia de investigação seguida contempla desenvolvimentos científicos aliados a uma aplicação prática num conjunto alargado de casos de estudo através de ferramentas de cálculo automático desenvolvidas para o efeito. Os desenvolvimentos científicos consistem na formulação matemática de um balanço energético flexível em termos de dados necessários para a sua implementação; o desenvolvimento de métricas de desempenho que permitem identificar a origem das ineficiências energéticas (equipamentos, perdas de água ou configuração e operação) e a sua sistematização numa metodologia que segue os princípios de melhoria contínua (Plan-Do-Check-Act). A aplicação a casos de estudo é efetuada em três etapas. A primeira etapa consiste na aplicação do balanço energético agregado e métricas de desempenho para diagnosticar ineficiências a nível global em sistemas sem modelo matemático. A segunda etapa consiste na aplicação de um balanço detalhado com recurso a modelos matemáticos, bem como uma análise de sensibilidade aos diferentes métodos. A terceira etapa centra-se na aplicação detalhada de dois casos de estudo para ilustrar a metodologia.Os principais resultados são: i) uma metodologia integrada para o diagnóstico água-energia em sistemas de abastecimento de água; ii) um novo balanço energético para sistemas de abastecimento de água; iii) resultados da aplicação do balanço e das métricas de eficiência energética em 110 sistemas; iv) ferramentas para cálculo das diferentes formulações de balanço energético e de métricas de desempenho; e v) valores reais e exemplos de soluções não convencionais que conduziram a melhorias de desempenho energético.

As estações de tratamento de águas residuais (ETAR) são atualmente alvo de esforços de melhoria do seu desempenho técnico, ambiental e económico. Empresas, reguladores e organismos de financiamento têm utilizado sistemas de avaliação de desempenho para apoiar as suas decisões. Neste contexto, o LNEC desenvolveu a 1.ª e 2.ª geração do sistema de avaliação de desempenho (PAS) de ETAR baseado em indicadores (PIs) e índices de desempenho (PXs). Para ambos, os valores de referência para o julgamento do desempenho são elementos chave. Apesar de serem elementos cruciais, os valores de referência precisavam ainda de ser definidos para avaliar e melhorar o desempenho das ETAR com foco na eficiência energética e gestão de afluências pluviais. Assim, o objetivo da tese foi desenvolver a terceira geração do PAS com valores de referência para avaliar o desempenho. Os PIs e PXs focam os objetivos principais da ETAR, ou seja, garantir a sustentabilidade técnica, econômica e ambiental, garantindo um tratamento eficaz e fiável com o consumo mínimo de energia, reagentes e produção de lamas. A estratégia seguida consistiu em desenvolver ou selecionar a partir da segunda geração do PAS sub-conjuntos de PIs e PXs de acordo com os objetivos, nomeadamente, eficácia, fiabilidade, desempenho energético e consumo de reagentes e gestão das lamas. Os valores de referência foram derivados com base numa revisão da literatura, equações empíricas e/ou estudos de campo e, sempre que aplicável, incorporam o efeito de parâmetros chave, de modo a avaliar o efeito das variações de caudal e de concentração. Foi desenvolvida uma análise estatística dos PXs para avaliar a fiabilidade da ETAR. Foi também demonstrada a flexibilidade do sistema de avaliação de desempenho para diferentes objetivos e uma abordagem para diagnosticar oportunidades de melhoria do desempenho, utilizando os PIs e PXs num ciclo PDCA (plan-do-check-act).

Este trabalho de investigação teve como objectivo principal propor, aplicar e validar uma metodologia que permitisse transformar dados de consumo urbano de água, obtidos a partir de sistemas de telemetria, em informação útil para a gestão dos serviços de água e para os consumidores.A metodologia encontra-se estruturada em quatro módulos: planeamento e monitorização,processamento de dados, produção de informação de caracterização e previsão eclassificação. Tirando partido de dados de consumo telemedidos aos vários níveis, desde o cliente individual às zonas de medição e controlo (ZMC), procede-se à aplicação dametodologia para caracterização de grandes consumidores, previsão do consumodoméstico nocturno, avaliação do efeito da variação de pressão no consumo autorizado enas perdas de água e previsão do consumo em ZMC.Para além da metodologia estruturada para a análise de consumos, as principaiscontribuições inovadoras são o desenvolvimento de modelos de previsão e de classificação do consumo em ZMC, em função das variáveis explicativas mais significativas, e a obtenção de expressões para a variação do consumo autorizado e das perdas reais com a pressão.O trabalho desenvolvido contribuirá para um uso mais eficiente da água, através de ummelhor conhecimento sobre as várias componentes do consumo urbano de água, assimcomo para o estabelecimento de critérios de projecto e de exploração da rede maissustentados.

Os serviços de abastecimento de água (SAA) têm vindo a incorporar princípios desustentabilidade na sua prática de gestão. O estado da arte em metodologias de avaliação dedesempenho de SAA mostrou a necessidade de abordar especificamente o tratamento,considerado insatisfatoriamente nas abordagens sistematizadas existentes.Na presente dissertação desenvolveu-se um sistema de avaliação de desempenho (PAS) deestações de tratamento de água (ETA), orientado por objectivos, normalizado e quantitativo,destinado a apoiar a tomada de decisão, e cobrindo os domínios qualidade da água tratada,eficiência/fiabilidade, utilização de água, energia e materiais, gestão de subprodutos, segurança,recursos humanos e económico financeiros.O PAS integra uma componente para avaliação do desempenho global, baseada em indicadoresde desempenho, e uma componente para avaliação do desempenho operacional, baseada emíndices de desempenho que avaliam, numa escala 0-300, a qualidade da água tratada, eficiênciasdas várias operações/processos unitários (OPU) e sua relação com condições de operação.Foi desenvolvida uma ferramenta de cálculo automático do PAS.A aplicação do PAS a cinco ETA de características diversas permitiu avaliar a evoluçãotemporal do seu desempenho, comparar estações e OPU, e identificar oportunidades de melhoriana operação das OPU, na qualidade da água tratada e utilização de recursos.

This document reports the activity developed in FCT EMPOWER+ project (2021-2024) in which new high-performing granular activated carbons (GACs), powdered activated carbons (PACs) and reusable magnetic PACs (MPACs) prepared by steam and CO2 activation of pine nut shells (PNS/Steam and PNS/CO2 activated carbons) were produced and tested for drinking water treatment towards organic matter, pharmaceutical compounds, microcystin-LR and residual chlorine control.

To build the society

D5.8 Set of Policy Briefs on Regulation and Policy Instruments outlines comprehensive guidelines and strategic recommendations to enhance the governance and regulatory frameworks for watersmart systems across Europe. This deliverable builds on the foundational work completed in Task 5.4, which integrates insights from various stakeholders on regulatory and economic aspects, including financial mechanisms, incentives, and tariffs provided by IWW, as well as legal considerations from KWR. Through an analysis of the socio-economic factors and legal barriers identified in Task 5.2 and leveraging the socio-economic metrics developed in WP6, this document provides a set of at least four policy briefs. These briefs aim to foster a supportive environment for the broad application of water-smart solutions, proposing improved policy frameworks at local, national, and EU levels. The timing and thematic focus of these recommendations are aligned with current EU policy processes related to water and the circular economy, identifying optimal windows for the targeted dissemination of these policy briefs. D5.8 serves as a crucial tool for policy officers, stakeholders, and the public, offering synthetic, accessible 'take away' documents that encapsulate contributions from the involved Work Packages.

The LIFE Fitting deliverable

The Technical Guide presents the 4th generation of the service quality assessment system, which abandons some 3rd generation indicators and adds new ones to respond to the latest challenges to supply services, urban waste water management and urban waste management. Changes are also made to definitions and benchmarks for some indicators are adjusted.

This report of Work Package 5

This report contains the Living Lab final Strategic Agendas as agreed with stakeholders in the Communities of Practice and a description of their development process. Within the final Strategic Agendas, some main achievements during the B-WaterSmart project to achieve the strategic objectives that were set for the specific Living Labs are highlighted. Furthermore, the next steps to realise the Strategic Agendas are elaborated. For some of the Living Labs becoming a Water-Oriented Living Lab and/or a member of the European Network of Living Labs will be a key factor for ensuring the continuation of the Living Lab after the end of the B-WaterSmart project.

Within the scope of WP5

This deliverable focuses on the purpose, scope, and assumptions of the resilience assessment method. It presents the structure of the method and of the frameworks. Two frameworks are provided, the ICARIA RAF (Resilience Assessment Framework) for a holistic assessment and, as a starting point, the ICARIA RAT (Resilience Assessment Tool) for a specific assessment of critical infrastructure and critical entities. Their concepts, detailed structure, tools, and outputs are described in this deliverable. Details are given on data input (namely data from modelling activities) and data output (namely to the decision support system). User guidance is provided for the successful implementation of a resilience assessment.

This document is the third version of the Implementation Plan and Risk Contingency Plan. First, it indicates how the work of the project has been divided and organized as well as the way to evaluate if the project objectives are reached according to the schedule and within the budget. Additionally, it defines key steps to follow in order to initiate the project action. The second part lists a number of risks that could affect different aspects of the project outcome. It includes risk mitigation measures and a contingency plan for each case.

Este estudo visa aumentar a confiança na reutilização segura da água, utilizando tecnologias de tratamento avançado como ultrafiltração, ozonização e osmose inversa para avaliar a sua eficácia e limitações. Desenvolvido numa estação de tratamento de águas residuais (ETAR), o estudo comparou a qualidade da água resultante de processos em grande escala, como a ultrafiltração, com água tratada adicionalmente através de um sistema piloto de ozonização e osmose inversa, ou apenas osmose inversa. Todos os esquemas de tratamento estudados produziram água adequada ao consumo humano.

EXCLUSIVO: AWARE-P vence prémio alemão e conquista novo reconhecimento internacional: É a primeira vez que é distinguido um projecto de um país que não fala alemão, entrevista de Ana Santiago (Jornalista do Jornal Água & Ambiente - Portal Ambiente Online) a Helena Alegre, 19 de Agosto de 2014

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