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Smart metering (SM) has the potential to improve distribution systems planning and operation and the overall system

The modelling of chlorine residual in water supply systems is of great importance in managing disinfectant concentrations throughout the network. First order decay kinetics are currently often used to describe both bulk and wall chlorine consumption. However, more complex approaches have been proposed, namely a parallel, two-reactant second order decay model (2R model) that has been reported as yielding better accuracy for simulating chlorine bulk decay in laboratory tests. The recent EPANET Multi-Species Extension (EPANET MSX) brought enhanced capabilities for the simulation of chlorine residuals in water supply systems, including the use of the 2R model or any other formulation. In the current paper, the performance of the 2R model as well as of first and nth order decay kinetics was assessed for full scale modelling of chlorine in a transmission system. Results have shown that a similar level of accuracy can be achieved with the three tested kinetic models, provided that a good calibration of the wall decay coefficient is accomplished. Although with improved modelling capabilities, the use of the stand- alone EPANET MSX was less user-friendly than normal EPANET application by the lack of a graphical interface allowing for the visualization of chlorine concentration profiles along the system. The use of the 3D-enabled Epanet Java web application circumvented such limitations. This tool together with a better characterization and estimation of the bulk and wall decay components allow for a more practical and accurate modelling of chlorine in water supply systems, while taking advantage of EPANET MSX's enhanced capabilities.

iGPI, the National Initiative for Infrastructure Asset Management is a Portuguese collaborative project led by LNEC(National Civil Engineering Laboratory, Portugal) through which 19 water utilities develop their own infrastructure assetmanagement (IAM) systems and plans in a joint training and capacitation programme. Technical assistance to theparticipating utilities is ensured by LNEC, IST (Technical University of Lisbon) and Addition, a software developmentcompany. The water utilities get collective as well as one-on-one support and specific training. They benefit fromnetworking with the other utilities in a common and simultaneous process, with similar difficulties and challenges, leading toan effective sharing of solutions. The developed products, including training materials, templates and guidelines fordeveloping strategic and tactical IAM plans, are available to the general public. This project has greatly contributed to theestablishment of reference methodologies and standards for IAM planning, in a range of utilities of widely diverse size andcontext, effectively defining an accepted best practice. This paper discusses the project

In order to simulate surface runoff and flooding, one-dimensional (1D) overland flow networks can beautomatically delineated using digital elevation models (DEM). The resulting network comprises flowpaths and terrain depressions/ponds and is essential to reliably model pluvial (surface) floodingevents in urban areas by so-called 1D/1D models. Conventional automatic DEM-based flow pathdelineation methods have problems in producing realistic overland flow paths when detailed highresolutionDEMs of urban areas are used. The aim of this paper is to present the results of researchand development of three enhanced DEM-based overland flow path delineation methods; thesemethods are triggered when the conventional flow path delineation process stops due to a flowobstacle. Two of the methods, the

Loose deposits (LD) develop and accumulate in drinking water distribution systems' (DWDS) pipes and often lead to discolouration incidents, which are a major reason for customers' complaints. In addition, LD may accumulate contaminants, while discolouration may be accompanied by degradation of the water's microbiological quality. Along with iron oxides, organic compounds are well established as predominant constituents of LD. Even so, the composition and role of the latter remain unknown. Since microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are components of iron

Pluvial or surface flooding can cause significant damage and disruption as it often affects highlyurbanised areas. Therefore it is essential to accurately identify consequences and assess the risksassociated with such phenomena. The aim of this study is to present the results and investigate theapplicability of a qualitative flood risk assessment methodology in urban areas. This methodologybenefits from recent developments in urban flood modelling, such as the dual-drainage modellingconcept, namely one-dimensional automatic overland flow network delineation tools (e.g. AOFD) and1D/1D models incorporating both surface and sewer drainage systems. To assess flood risk, theconsequences can be estimated using hydraulic model results, such as water velocities and waterdepth results; the likelihood was estimated based on the return period of historical rainfall events. Totest the methodology two rainfall events with return periods of 350 and 2 years observed inAlcântara (Lisbon, Portugal) were used and three consequence dimensions were considered:affected public transportation services, affected properties and pedestrian safety. The most affectedareas in terms of flooding were easily identified; the presented methodology was shown to be easyto implement and effective to assess flooding risk in urban areas, despite the common difficulties inobtaining data.

The occurrence of discoloured water at the tap is one of the most frequent reasons for customers tocomplain. Water discolouration arises from the re-suspension of loose deposits (LD) that accumulatein drinking water pipes, due to velocity increase. Because of its typical brownish/reddish colour,discoloured water is traditionally perceived as a consequence of cast-iron pipe corrosion, even innetworks devoid of cast-iron pipes. Current approaches for LD sampling imply the use of high flowvelocities within the range of those used for pipe self-cleaning (0.40 m/s) and/or pipe cleaning(1.50 m/s). Although useful for quantitative identification of critical zones and diagnosis of LDaccumulation, the application of such high-velocities as routine methodologies for LD sampling maybe difficult to perform on the field and provide samples with materials other than discolourationcausing LD. In this study, sampling velocities from 0.02 to 0.52 m/s yielded relatively large samples(up to 2 g dry weight), thus allowing for extensive qualitative LD analysis and testing. Samplerepresentativeness was analysed through the characterisation of LD key-constituents total iron (Fet)and volatile solids (VS). Turbidity decay trends showed the flocculent behaviour of discolourationcausing LD.

A predictive model integrating adsorption kinetics and competitive isotherm models (Homogeneous Surface Diffusion Model, Freundlich-type and Fritz& Schlunder isotherms) was developed to describe and understand the competing mechanism(s) and the ionic strength (IS) role on microcystins (MC) and tannic acid (TA) competitive adsorption. The developed model showed good agreement with the experimental data obtained from batch adsorption tests and isotherms conducted with MC extracts and TA model solutions (single-solute and multicomponent, IS presence and absence) using a mesoporous powdered activated carbon (PAC). Results con

Green infrastructures can provide multiple benefits and play an important role in cities

As afluências indevidas são identificadas como um dos principais problemas dos sistemas de águas residuais e pluviais, levando a diversos problemas de desempenho nos sistemas urbanos de água como sejam a ocorrência de inundações, a diminuição da eficiência hidráulica e energética, a redução da eficiência de tratamento na ETAR, entre outros. A atuação no controlo de afluências indevidas perspetiva oportunidades de melhoria do desempenho em várias dimensões incluindo a componente de eficiência energética. Neste artigo desenvolve-se esta temática numa perspetiva de avaliação do desempenho de instalações elevatórias (IE) embora considerando o sistema como um todo. A metodologia adotada consiste em efetuar a análise de sensibilidade de um sistema separativo de águas residuais para cenários de ocorrência de afluências indevidas à rede, de modo a avaliar o impacto no consumo de energia e noutras variáveis relevantes do sistema. O caso de estudo utilizado consiste numa adaptação do caso de estudo real correspondente ao sistema de drenagem de águas residuais da Bacia da Venteira, Amadora.A finalidade é aferir uma abordagem para tratar esta temática de modo mais geral com base no caso de estudo referido, de forma a contribuir para a sensibilização para a adoção de metodologias operacionais e de monitorização que permitam ter dados para fazer uma gestão mais racional da energia nestes sistemas. As conclusões são genericamente aplicáveis a qualquer sistema separativo de águas residuais.

The complexity of water matrices and the large range of properties and therapeutic classes of pharmaceuticals call for a deeper understanding of the key properties of activated carbons that ensure their best performance for the target pharmaceuticals. Herein we present the relations obtained between parameters of the selected pharmaceuticals, activated carbons and water matrices and the pharmaceuticals removal efficiencies from spiked secondary effluent

This paper addresses the potential application of a newly developed waste-derived PAC for controlling PhCs in CAS-WWTPs during the secondary treatment. Bench-scale tests are used to assist PAC adsorption demonstration at pilot and full scales.

Novel powdered activated carbons were prepared using locally available biomass and were benchmarked against commercially available products for the competitive adsorption of a short-list of representative pharmaceutical compounds in synthetic inorganic matrix and in spiked secondary effluents

Performance assessment has not been a common practice within storm water systems’ manage-ment, although it has proven to be an important tool in other water systems. In this context, it has been developed a performance assessment framework for storm water systems (SWS), focused on the functional component of systems, based on the definition of objectives, assessment crite-ria and performance indicators (PI). The main purpose of the present work was to apply the per-formance assessment framework with the collaboration of a Portuguese water utility, in the Al-mada municipality. It was developed a performance assessment system (PAS) by selecting objec-tives related to protection of public health and safety, infrastructural and economic sustainabil-ity, sustainable use of resources and provision of ecological and amenity benefits, and then it was calculated the performance indicators related to 2018. This application revealed that there were still areas with some vulnerabilities in terms of flooding occurrences and that parts of the storm water infrastructure needed great rehabilitation investment. Many performance indicators were not analysed due to lack of information. It was suggested data collection procedures to the water utility to overcome this problem and to be able to implement PAS in their management pro-gramme.

Urban water supply, wastewater and storm water services (globally, water services) are essential to the society. The lack of permanent, safe and respondent services has inevitable consequences on the public health and well-being of the communities, on the economy, and on the environment. Goal 6 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) recognises this, and failing to meet it necessarily affects the accomplishment of many of the other SDGs. Water service provision depends on expensive and long-lasting physical assets. Managing them strategically (e.g., according to the international standards on asset management, series ISO 55x and to the IWA recommendations) is therefore fundamental for sustainable societies. Countries need to have sound public policies that enable asset management, and Portugal is a paradigmatic case. This paper presents the key elements of an enabling public policy for water, using the case of Portugal to exemplify possible implementation solutions. It elaborates on key goals for governments, on the importance of a coherent public policy to meet them, on the elements a sound public policy should consider, on how this links to asset management, and presents how Portugal implemented this process, addressing challenges to overcome.

A gestão dos serviços urbanos de águas constitui uma preocupação central das entidades gestoras (EG), seja pela crescente pressão regulatória, por constituir uma prioridade para a ERSAR, seja pela necessidade de aumentar a eficiência e a sustentabilidade do serviço e ambiental. A crise económica, que afetou recentemente a atividade do setor, sublinhou esta necessidade de racionalização do uso de recursos e de justificação de investimentos. Entre as diversas áreas de atuação têm especial destaque a gestão patrimonial de infraestruturas (GPI), a gestão de perdas em sistemas de abastecimento de água e a redução de caudais afluentes indevidamente a sistemas de drenagem.

Climate change (CC) adaptation plays an important role in city and services management and resilience building, targeting the mitigation and adaptation to potential hazards in urban areas. Information technologies can play a leading role to promote fast adoption of the most relevant measures towards CC preparedness. In this paper, a web application is presented with the objective of empowering city and services managers with an accessible and reliable tool. The RESCCUE RAF App materializes a detailed CC resilience evaluation methodology with a user-friendly Web interface. It provides an evaluation of city resilience to CC impacts and urban systems vulnerabilities allowing to assess multi-sector dependencies under multiple CC scenarios. This app is integrated as a service of the Portuguese Infrastructures Roadmap, under the Infraestrutura Nacional de Computação Distribuída (INCD) infrastructure initiative that provides to the app the resources for data computation and storage, and assures its scalability to handle multiple user requests as well as database storage growth. The information provided by this app empowers city and urban services managers with an assessment allowing to know where they stand and to identify the resilience gaps, thus supporting decision on the most advantageous investments on the city and services and planning to cope with future challenges. Three case studies are being carried out in different cities (Barcelona, Lisbon and Bristol). The access to the application is made using credentials given upon request, to ensure data confidentiality. Inside the user’s area, the user can fill, in an interactive way, detailed information about the selected city, regarding multiple aspects such as financial plan per service, date of last review of the City Master Plan, history of climate hazards in the city or level of dependency between services. This information is then processed and several indicators are calculated on-the-fly. The assessment allows to identify development levels, ranging from the whole city to a more detailed assessment regarding a specific service. Data is stored at INCD’s in RESCCUE RAF app database and can be easily analyzed and extracted by the user. These results support the city and services managers in making effective decisions to plan city resilience enhancement. In this paper, a detailed presentation of the architecture and computational choices behind the RESCCUE RAF App and its Web interface and their integration in the INCD infrastructure will be presented. Given its importance, generic nature and flexible structure, the RESCCUE RAF App can be extended to other cities and, in the future, to other urban services or hazards, taking advantage of the INCD e-infrastructure. This complete and in-depth assessment of city resilience to CC challenges at Portuguese, Iberian and European scale is fundamental to plan CC adaptation and strategies implementation, preventing both human and material losses as well as environmental damages.

Designing for exceedance events has been a remediation and adaptation strategy to mitigate effects of flooding that is also being applied for new developments in an increasingly number of cities. 1D/1D modelling or simpler approaches are often applied in the design of flood flow pathways and detention areas. In this study, simple equations are obtained from the concept of the equivalent section for the estimation of street flood heights and velocities based on the results obtained for rectangular sections. Equations are discussed within a sensitivity analysis of the width and shape of street cross-section and of the roughness uncertainty in both the streets surfaces and the sewers. Results highlight that compliance with safety thresholds for the product of flood heights and velocities can be particularly sensitive to details and uncertainties on steep streets. The use of rectangular or simplified street cross-sections can significantly influence flood velocity calculations. The same applies to the uncertainty in street surface roughness and slope. Uncertainty in sewer conveyance capacity can significantly impact flood flows, heights and velocities, especially if this capacity is reduced.

O Guia Técnico n.º 27 concretiza a 4.ª geração do sistema de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços da ERSAR, sendo o resultado de um excelente exemplo de colaboração entre a ERSAR, enquanto entidade reguladora, o Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil e a Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, a quem não podíamos deixar de agradecer, alargando este agradecimento ao universo das entidades gestoras reguladas, cujos contributos prestados durante a consulta ao setor foram integrados nesta versão final.

The European project LIFE IMPETUS demonstrated low-investment, low-energy, flexible, and easy to implement measures for improving the removal of pharmaceutical compounds in urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with activated sludge (CAS) treatment, the most common biological process in those plants in Portugal and worldwide.The project addressed two major groups of technical solutions: i) operating strategies to enhance the biological treatment for PhC removal, measures identified using sound benchmarking tools, and ii) powdered activated carbon (PAC) addition to the biological reactor, using eco-friendly adsorbents, to control the recalcitrant PhCs and those with incomplete and variable biological removal. These technical guidelines compile the best practices and best lessons learned in LIFE IMPETUS project regarding PhC monitoring and improvement of PhC control in urban CAS-WWTPs using the approached technical solutions. The document aims at an easy and comprehensive use by water practitioners, water regulators, academia, and students of different backgrounds, answering to the questions of what, where, how, how much (cost), and when to monitor and control PhCs in urban CAS-WWTPs. Incentives for PhC control in urban WWTPs are also tackled.

The Technical Guide presents the 4th generation of the service quality assessment system, which abandons some 3rd generation indicators and adds new ones to respond to the latest challenges to supply services, urban waste water management and urban waste management. Changes are also made to definitions and benchmarks for some indicators are adjusted.

O projeto Avaler+

These technical guidelines provides guidance on the use of the hybrid process of powdered activate carbon adsorption and ceramic microfiltration for sustainable drinking water production. They were developed based on the field demonstration of the technology, in Portugal, with a pilot prototype, within the LIFE Hymenb project LIFE12 ENV/PT/001154 "Tailoring hybrid membrane processes for sustainable drinking water production", conducted by LNEC - the National Civil Engineering Laboratory and Águas do Algarve, S.A.

O objetivo do presente Guia é a apresentação e a especificação dosistema correspondente à 2.ª geração de avaliação da qualidade dosserviços de abastecimento de água, de saneamento de águas residuaisurbanas e de gestão de resíduos urbanos prestados pelas entidadesgestoras sujeitas a regulação.Este sistema constitui uma peça fundamental do modelo de regulaçãoem implementação pela ERSAR, sumariamente descrito neste Guia emais detalhadamente descrito em [1], nomeadamente no que respeitaà componente da regulação da qualidade do serviço, de forma a tornarpossível a avaliação quantificada.Note-se que, de acordo com o disposto na alínea e) do n.º 1 do artigo 5.ºdo Decreto-Lei n.º 277/2009, de 2 de outubro, a ERSAR tem atribuiçõesnão apenas para assegurar a regulação da qualidade de serviço prestadoaos utilizadores pelas entidades gestoras, mas também para avaliaro desempenho dessas entidades, promovendo a melhoria dos níveis deserviço. É no quadro destas atribuições que se pretende promover estesistema de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços de águas e resíduos.A 2.ª geração do sistema de avaliação da qualidade do serviço resultouda análise crítica do sistema de indicadores adotado na 1.ª geração e darespetiva aplicação desde 2004 ao universo das entidades concessionáriase teve em conta o estado atual de conhecimentos e a experiênciainternacional entretanto adquirida.Para além da identificação e da especificação de todos os componentesdo sistema de avaliação, e em particular do conjunto de indicadores dequalidade do serviço a utilizar em cada um dos três tipos de serviços,são também definidos os procedimentos de avaliação, através dadefinição da informação a obter, do cálculo de indicadores, da sua interpretaçãoe análise comparativa, numa perspetiva de benchmarking, eda produção do relatório de síntese.

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O objectivo do presente Guia é a apresentação e a especificação do sistema correspondente à 2.ª geração de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços de abastecimento de água, de saneamento de águas residuais urbanas e de gestão de resíduos urbanos prestados pelas entidades gestoras sujeitas a regulação. Este sistema constitui uma peça fundamental do modelo de regulação em implementação pela ERSAR, sumariamente descrito neste Guia e mais detalhadamente descrito em [1], nomeadamente no que respeita à componente da regulação da qualidade do serviço, de forma a tornar possível a avaliação quantificada. Note-se que, de acordo com o disposto nas alíneas e) do artigo 5.º do Decreto-Lei n.º 277/2009, de 2 de Outubro, a ERSAR tem atribuições não apenas para assegurar a regulação da qualidade de serviço prestado aos utilizadores pelas entidades gestoras bem como para avaliar o desempenho dessas entidades, promovendo a melhoria dos níveis de serviço. É no quadro destas atribuições que se pretende promover este sistema de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços de águas e resíduos. A 2.ª geração do sistema de avaliação da qualidade do serviço resultou da análise crítica do sistema de indicadores adoptado na 1.ª geração e da respectiva aplicação desde 2004 ao universo das entidades concessionárias e teve em conta o estado actual de conhecimentos e a experiência internacional entretanto adquirida. Para além da identificação e da especificação de todos os componentes do sistema de avaliação, e em particular do conjunto de indicadores de qualidade do serviço a utilizar em cada um dos três tipos de serviços, são também definidos os procedimentos de avaliação, através da definição da informação a obter, do cálculo de indicadores, da sua interpretação e análise comparativa, numa perspectiva de benchmarking, e da produção do relatório de síntese.

Os objetivos da nova DARU são ambiciosos, exigindo maior eficácia e eficiência

Asset management (AM) has become increasingly important in various sectors and organizations over the lastfew decades. This introductory chapter provides an overview of asset management to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of AM, summarizing its application to urban drainage asset management (UDAM), an asset-intensive sector. The chapter includes a short history, from general AM to UDAM, and refers to milestones, key organizations, and standards. It describes AM principles and different perspectives to approach the subject. The UDAM context is outlined, providing the general processes which can influence strategic, tactical, or operational decision levels, accounting for the specific perspectives and objectives on the subject. The main approaches applied to UDAM are broadly described, some of which incorporate a balance of costs, risks, opportunities, and performance, while others focus on specific aspects. The chapter presents different types of approaches to AM, ranging from those based on condition, reliability, and risk to those based on value, followed by those based on performance or quality of service, highlighting common aspects or overlaps between them. When appropriate, guidance to the chapters where additional information on the subject can be found is provided. Finally, challenges, limitations and opportunities are highlighted.

The number of climate-related disasters has progressively increased in the last two decades and this trend will drastically exacerbate in the medium- and long-term horizons according to climate change projections. In this framework, through a multi-disciplinary team and a strong background acquired in recent projects, ICARIA aims to promote the use of asset-level modeling to achieve a better understanding of climate related tangible direct and indirect impacts on critical assets due to complex, cascading, and compound disasters. Furthermore, it takes into account the related risk reduction provided by suitable, sustainable, and cost-effective adaptation solutions. ICARIA focuses on both (i) critical assets and services that were not designed for potential climate change-related impacts that can increase the unplanned outages and failures, and (ii) on housing, natural areas, and population. Cutting edge methods regarding climate scenario building, asset-level-coupled models, and multi-risk assessment approaches will be implemented and replicated in three EU regions to understand how future climate scenarios might affect critical assets and to provide decision-making support tools to private and public risk owners to assess the costs and benefits of various adaptation solutions.

Activated carbons are versatile adsorbents that can play a crucial role in the enhancement of wastewater treatment, namely by controlling organic microcontaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and organic matter. These materials have a 100-year market availability, large scientific testing at lab-scale and applicability in consolidated technologies. However, the use of activated carbons at full-scale wastewater treatment is still emerging, driven by the increasing awareness on environmental and human threats mainly resulting from CECs. The present chapter reviews the literature on the application of activated carbons in full- or large pilot-scale plants, highlighting the state-of-art knowledge on practical issues on operational set-ups, improvements on water overall quality, and costs. The selection criteria and properties of the powdered and granular (PAC and GAC) materials used, and the pros and critical aspects of their application, relevant for product development and process optimisation, are also analysed and determine the research needs proposed for a technical, economic, and environmentally sustainable application of activated carbon in full-scale advanced wastewater treatment.

Urban areas are dynamic, complex, and vulnerable systems involving multiple strategic services such as water supply, wastewater, and stormwater and waste management. Climate-change trends may directly affect the urban water cycle, through heavy rainfall, tides, and droughts, potentially causing cascading impacts with serious consequences for people, the natural and built environments, and the economy. These challenges to urban areas require an integrated and sustainable approach to increase their resilience, with the allocation of the needed resources, including the development and implementation of disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies, plans, and regulations in all relevant sectors. This chapter describes a resilience-assessment framework to be used by cities and urban-service managers. It considers a structured and objective-driven assessment aiming at supporting the development and monitoring of cities' and urban services' resilience action plans, thus contributing to appropriate DRR investments. Our approach considers four resilience dimensions: organizational, spatial, functional, and physical. It is aligned with the UNDRR's Disaster Resilience Scorecard for Cities and addresses the priorities of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. In this chapter, we apply the resilience-assessment framework to the waste and mobility sectors in Lisbon (Portugal), identifying main opportunities to enhance their resilience and supporting the development of resilience and DRR strategies.

Atualmente os sistemas urbanos de água são reconhecidos como infraestruturas in­dispensáveis de suporte para a prestação de serviços públicos de primeira necessida­de à saúde e bem-estar das populações e à economia das sociedades

This paper aims to explain why and how innovative technologies are enablers of strategic asset management (SAM) of water supply, wastewater and storm water systems.

Urban areas are dynamic, complex, and vulnerable systems involving multiple strategic urban services, stakeholders, and citizens. Strategic services essential to society include water and sewerage (water supply, and wastewater and stormwater management), waste management, energy supply, public lighting, transport, and public security. The potential effects of climate dynamics on the urban areas might lead to the aggravation of existing fragile conditions and the emergence of new hazards or risk factors, with major impacts on strategic urban services, people, the natural and built environment, and the economy. Climate change challenges to urban areas thus require an integrated and sustainable approach to increase their resilience, with the allocation of the needed resources at all administrative levels. These include the development and implementation of disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies, policies, plans, laws, and regulations in all relevant sectors (UNISDR, 2015). This chapter describes a resilience assessment framework to be used by cities and urban-service managers. The framework considers a structured and objective-driven assessment aiming at supporting the development and monitoring of cities

This chapter briefly presents concepts and methodologies to support the management of urban drainage infrastructure. After the introduction, data requirements for assessing the condition of urban drainage systems are presented. Data can be collected in different ways. Data analysis allows for determining structural and functional issues and system performance. The causes and consequences of failures are required for condition assessment and are the subject of the risk section. Any intervention in the urban drainage system has a cost that must be assessed. Mathematical modelling of the urban drainage systems has an advantage for evaluating the hydraulic and structural performance. Decisions on the management of urban drainage rehabilitation need to be addressed considering the different points of view or aspects that are often contradictory. This may be addressed by using multi-criteria decision analysis methodologies.

Urban water services make use of extensive networked infrastructures - water supply and drainage systems. Efficient management of these services relies on the quality of measurements of hydraulic variables in pipes and sewers to support robust analysis of systems

This research aims at developing a comprehensive approach for assessing the energy use and efficiency in wastewater systems, considering the water-energy-greenhouse gas (W-E-G) emissions nexus supported by methods and tools, such as a tailored energy balance and a performance assessment system (PAS). This approach is aligned with continuous improvement principles and allows carrying out the diagnosis of energy efficiency in wastewater systems supporting the building of a portfolio of energy use improvement measures responding to strategic objectives and attending to the systems

Drinking water storage tanks are essential components of water supply systems to store water, to level off pressure in networks and to meet emergency storage. They are also frequent sources of deterioration of drinking water quality and safety owing to inadequate tank design and operation. Mostly, existing tanks design, dimensions and operation do not account for water mixing and renewal.

Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) are crucial to achieving the goals of the United Nations Agenda 2030 for sustainable development and other global agendas, such as the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. In the last decade, the NBS umbrella concept has become more relevant intending to contribute to urban resilience and to address the climate change challenges. NBS are living solutions inspired by nature that use or mimic natural processes intending to face several societal challenges, from the perspective of resource-efficient use and the promotion of economic and environmental benefits. Currently, cities are encouraged to understand and measure the NBS contribution to identify adequate strategies for enhancing resilience and prioritize investments accordingly. The objective of the present thesis is to promote and enhance the NBS implementation in cities, focused on solutions for stormwater management and control. Based on the analysis of their contribution to urban resilience, the potential to meet environmental, social, and economic challenges and to adapt across diverse urban scales and contexts is demonstrated. In this sense, a Resilience Assessment Framework (RAF) to assess the NBS contribution to urban resilience was developed. This framework aims to assess the NBS contribution to urban resilience. Moreover, a Guidance for the RAF application in cities with different resilience maturity was developed, which involved the RAF validation by seven cities (from a national and international context), that participated voluntarily in this phase. In this context, the developed RAF is comprehensive and multidimensional. It is driven by the definition of objectives, criteria, and metrics, according to the proposed structure for assessing the water supply and wastewater system service performance in the framework of the ISO 24500 standards of the International Organization for Standardization. For an oriented assessment of the criteria, qualitative and quantitative metrics were defined, considering data from different sources and complexity. Reference values were also identified and metrics' classifications were defined. In this classification, each answer is associated with a resilience development level, intending to assess the NBS contribution to urban resilience on a normalized scale. To support the RAF application to cities with different resilience maturity (in terms of resilience and available information), three analysis degrees (essential, complementary, and comprehensive) and a set of metrics were proposed, which are pre-defined in the guidance for the RAF application. To support the selection of the analysis degree more adequate to any city, a structure to characterize the city's profile was developed. This complementary profile also supports the interpretation of the RAF results, both at the city and at the level of specific NBS. To conclude, the application of the RAF essential analysis degree to the seven participating cities, with different challenges regarding urban resilience and NBS, and of the comprehensive analysis degree (complete RAF) to Porto´s urban area, through an assemble assessment at the city and NBS levels, were presented.

Over the past two decades, performance assessment (PA) has been one of the areas show-ing the greatest advancement in the water sector. PA aims to measure effectiveness and/or efficiency of an activity or process using performance metrics, supporting the decision-making process and the continuous improvement of water utilities. Despite the potential benefits, few projects, and initiatives on PA have been undertaken regarding storm water systems (SWS). The present thesis aims to develop a performance assessment framework (PAF), applicable to both conventional SWS and sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS), objective driven and focused on systems

Infrastructure asset management (IAM) has been increasingly becoming a key topic in the mind-set shift of the water sector managers and policy makers, allowing to assist in the operational, tactical and strategic decision-making in urban water infrastructures. Nevertheless, IAM implementation by the water utilities is still far from needed and not widespread, due to several challenges and constraints, mainly associated with limited human, technological and financial resources. The current research aims at enhancing urban water infrastructure asset management through an integrated decision-making approach, that includes novel methodologies for condition assessment, service life prediction and cost modelling. This approach can be applied at three assessment levels

Este trabalho tem como objetivo melhorar a eficiência energética dos sistemas de abastecimento de água através do desenvolvimento de uma metodologia orientada por objetivos e com recurso ao balanço energético e a métricas de desempenho que permitem identificar as principais origens de ineficiência energética dos sistemas, comparar diferentes alternativas de intervenção e contribuir para a melhoria contínua destes sistemas.A metodologia de investigação seguida contempla desenvolvimentos científicos aliados a uma aplicação prática num conjunto alargado de casos de estudo através de ferramentas de cálculo automático desenvolvidas para o efeito. Os desenvolvimentos científicos consistem na formulação matemática de um balanço energético flexível em termos de dados necessários para a sua implementação; o desenvolvimento de métricas de desempenho que permitem identificar a origem das ineficiências energéticas (equipamentos, perdas de água ou configuração e operação) e a sua sistematização numa metodologia que segue os princípios de melhoria contínua (Plan-Do-Check-Act). A aplicação a casos de estudo é efetuada em três etapas. A primeira etapa consiste na aplicação do balanço energético agregado e métricas de desempenho para diagnosticar ineficiências a nível global em sistemas sem modelo matemático. A segunda etapa consiste na aplicação de um balanço detalhado com recurso a modelos matemáticos, bem como uma análise de sensibilidade aos diferentes métodos. A terceira etapa centra-se na aplicação detalhada de dois casos de estudo para ilustrar a metodologia.Os principais resultados são: i) uma metodologia integrada para o diagnóstico água-energia em sistemas de abastecimento de água; ii) um novo balanço energético para sistemas de abastecimento de água; iii) resultados da aplicação do balanço e das métricas de eficiência energética em 110 sistemas; iv) ferramentas para cálculo das diferentes formulações de balanço energético e de métricas de desempenho; e v) valores reais e exemplos de soluções não convencionais que conduziram a melhorias de desempenho energético.

As estações de tratamento de águas residuais (ETAR) são atualmente alvo de esforços de melhoria do seu desempenho técnico, ambiental e económico. Empresas, reguladores e organismos de financiamento têm utilizado sistemas de avaliação de desempenho para apoiar as suas decisões. Neste contexto, o LNEC desenvolveu a 1.ª e 2.ª geração do sistema de avaliação de desempenho (PAS) de ETAR baseado em indicadores (PIs) e índices de desempenho (PXs). Para ambos, os valores de referência para o julgamento do desempenho são elementos chave. Apesar de serem elementos cruciais, os valores de referência precisavam ainda de ser definidos para avaliar e melhorar o desempenho das ETAR com foco na eficiência energética e gestão de afluências pluviais. Assim, o objetivo da tese foi desenvolver a terceira geração do PAS com valores de referência para avaliar o desempenho. Os PIs e PXs focam os objetivos principais da ETAR, ou seja, garantir a sustentabilidade técnica, econômica e ambiental, garantindo um tratamento eficaz e fiável com o consumo mínimo de energia, reagentes e produção de lamas. A estratégia seguida consistiu em desenvolver ou selecionar a partir da segunda geração do PAS sub-conjuntos de PIs e PXs de acordo com os objetivos, nomeadamente, eficácia, fiabilidade, desempenho energético e consumo de reagentes e gestão das lamas. Os valores de referência foram derivados com base numa revisão da literatura, equações empíricas e/ou estudos de campo e, sempre que aplicável, incorporam o efeito de parâmetros chave, de modo a avaliar o efeito das variações de caudal e de concentração. Foi desenvolvida uma análise estatística dos PXs para avaliar a fiabilidade da ETAR. Foi também demonstrada a flexibilidade do sistema de avaliação de desempenho para diferentes objetivos e uma abordagem para diagnosticar oportunidades de melhoria do desempenho, utilizando os PIs e PXs num ciclo PDCA (plan-do-check-act).

Este trabalho de investigação teve como objectivo principal propor, aplicar e validar uma metodologia que permitisse transformar dados de consumo urbano de água, obtidos a partir de sistemas de telemetria, em informação útil para a gestão dos serviços de água e para os consumidores.A metodologia encontra-se estruturada em quatro módulos: planeamento e monitorização,processamento de dados, produção de informação de caracterização e previsão eclassificação. Tirando partido de dados de consumo telemedidos aos vários níveis, desde o cliente individual às zonas de medição e controlo (ZMC), procede-se à aplicação dametodologia para caracterização de grandes consumidores, previsão do consumodoméstico nocturno, avaliação do efeito da variação de pressão no consumo autorizado enas perdas de água e previsão do consumo em ZMC.Para além da metodologia estruturada para a análise de consumos, as principaiscontribuições inovadoras são o desenvolvimento de modelos de previsão e de classificação do consumo em ZMC, em função das variáveis explicativas mais significativas, e a obtenção de expressões para a variação do consumo autorizado e das perdas reais com a pressão.O trabalho desenvolvido contribuirá para um uso mais eficiente da água, através de ummelhor conhecimento sobre as várias componentes do consumo urbano de água, assimcomo para o estabelecimento de critérios de projecto e de exploração da rede maissustentados.

Os serviços de abastecimento de água (SAA) têm vindo a incorporar princípios desustentabilidade na sua prática de gestão. O estado da arte em metodologias de avaliação dedesempenho de SAA mostrou a necessidade de abordar especificamente o tratamento,considerado insatisfatoriamente nas abordagens sistematizadas existentes.Na presente dissertação desenvolveu-se um sistema de avaliação de desempenho (PAS) deestações de tratamento de água (ETA), orientado por objectivos, normalizado e quantitativo,destinado a apoiar a tomada de decisão, e cobrindo os domínios qualidade da água tratada,eficiência/fiabilidade, utilização de água, energia e materiais, gestão de subprodutos, segurança,recursos humanos e económico financeiros.O PAS integra uma componente para avaliação do desempenho global, baseada em indicadoresde desempenho, e uma componente para avaliação do desempenho operacional, baseada emíndices de desempenho que avaliam, numa escala 0-300, a qualidade da água tratada, eficiênciasdas várias operações/processos unitários (OPU) e sua relação com condições de operação.Foi desenvolvida uma ferramenta de cálculo automático do PAS.A aplicação do PAS a cinco ETA de características diversas permitiu avaliar a evoluçãotemporal do seu desempenho, comparar estações e OPU, e identificar oportunidades de melhoriana operação das OPU, na qualidade da água tratada e utilização de recursos.

This document presents relevant indicators that may affect the impact of LIFE IMPETUS project actions, as well the results of a Future Scenarios Design exercise, in order to address a sustained approach to their potential.

This document summarises the LIFE IMPETUS Final Conference held in Lisbon on 5 December 2019.

This document constitutes a Technical report of Action B7.2

This document reports the work developed in Beirolas WWTP, namely the long-term monitoring of PhC occurrence throughout the treatment line and the associated operating conditions, for the 24 PhCs and hormones targeted.

This document reports the reports the work developed in FNW WWTP, namely the long-term monitoring of PhC occurrence throughout the treatment line and the associated operating conditions, for the 24 PhCs and hormones targeted.

This document processes and discusses the integrated results of BEI and FNW WWTPs (actions B6 and B7, respectively) towards PhC control, namely, the PhC concentration ranges in each monitoring point, the PhC reduction in each step/barrier and their relation with key variables. A 4-class (A-D) PhC framework is proposed and validated for interpret-ting and predicting PhC control in urban CAS-WWTPs.

This document constitutes a Deliverable of Action B.5

This document presents the LIFE IMPETUS networking strategy and main activities developed with different projects and LIFE Program initiatives.

This document presents the monitoring results on the occurrence of multidrug resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in raw and treated wastewaters of BEI and FNW WWTPs.

O projeto Avaler+

Este estudo visa aumentar a confiança na reutilização segura da água, utilizando tecnologias de tratamento avançado como ultrafiltração, ozonização e osmose inversa para avaliar a sua eficácia e limitações. Desenvolvido numa estação de tratamento de águas residuais (ETAR), o estudo comparou a qualidade da água resultante de processos em grande escala, como a ultrafiltração, com água tratada adicionalmente através de um sistema piloto de ozonização e osmose inversa, ou apenas osmose inversa. Todos os esquemas de tratamento estudados produziram água adequada ao consumo humano.

EXCLUSIVO: AWARE-P vence prémio alemão e conquista novo reconhecimento internacional: É a primeira vez que é distinguido um projecto de um país que não fala alemão, entrevista de Ana Santiago (Jornalista do Jornal Água & Ambiente - Portal Ambiente Online) a Helena Alegre, 19 de Agosto de 2014

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