Publicações

O desenvolvimento e a actualização ou adaptação de normas tem grande importânciana clarificação e uniformização de critérios e métodos utilizados na concepção, noprojecto, na construção (incluindo a selecção e o controlo de qualidade de materiais e de equipamentos), na operação, na manutenção e reabilitação dos sistemas urbanos de água.O presente artigo tem por objectivo apresentar a actividade que tem vindo a ser desenvolvida recentemente no âmbito do grupo de trabalho europeu TC 165 /WG 22, e dorespectivo grupo espelho CT 90 / SC 2 / GT 22, que se aplica a sistemas públicos deáguas residuais e de águas pluviais.

Durante a produção, transporte e distribuição de água para consumo humano, a água entra em contacto, com diversos produtos de construção, tais como tubagens, componentes e acessórios, revestimentos, selantes, reservatórios, contadores, torneiras, etc, os quais podem ser constituídos por materiais diversos, sendo de destacar: cobre, aço inox, ferro, chumbo, cloreto de polivinilo (PVC), polietileno (PE), polipropileno (PP), betão, resinas epóxi, etc. Nos processos de tratamento de água para consumo humano, são utilizados produtos químicos (como, por exemplo, para coagulação/floculação, desinfecção e oxidação, ajuste de pH e dureza, regeneração de resinas de permuta iónica) e meios de suporte (como, por exemplo, para filtração e adsorção). Em ambas as situações, importa garantir que os níveis de impurezas e de substâncias tóxicas que eventualmente possam ser transferidos para a água sejam inferiores aos estabelecidos em documentos Normativos ou estabelecidos na legislação em vigor.Apresenta-se nesta comunicação, o actual enquadramento legal e normativo existente anível nacional e comunitário, para os produtos químicos usados no tratamento de água para consumo humano e para os produtos de construção que fiquem em contacto coma água.

Lead time between rainfall prediction results and flood prediction results obtained by hydraulic simulations is one of the crucial factors in the implementation of real-time flood forecasting systems. Therefore, hydraulic simulation times must be as short as possible, with sufficient spatial and temporal flood distribution modelling accuracy. One of the ways toreduce the time required to run hydraulic model simulations is increasing computationalspeed by simplifying the model networks. This simplification can be conducted by removing and changing some secondary elements using network simplification techniques. The emphasis of this paper is to assess how the level of urban drainage network simplification influences the computational time and overall simulation results' accuracy. The models used in this paper comprise a sewer network and an overland flow drainage system in both 1D/1Dand 1D/2D approaches. The 1D/1D model is used as the reference model to generate several models with different levels of simplifications. The results presented in this paper suggest that the 1D/2D models are not yet suitable to be used in real-time flood prediction applications due to long simulation time, while on the other hand, the simplified 1D/1D models show that considerable reductions in simulation time can be achieved without compromising simulation results (flow and water depth) accuracy.

The removal of microcystins (MC) by powdered activated carbon adsorption/ultrafiltration (PAC/UF) was investigated, focusing on PAC dose and addition mode, MC initial concentration (expressed as MC-LReq) and on the impact of background natural organic matter (NOM), assessed through model compounds (a mixture of tannic and humic acids) and Microcystis aeruginosa culture. Constant flow experiments were performed with a hydrophilic UF hollow-fibre membrane and a mesoporous fine-powdered activated carbon. In the absence of backgroundNOM,PAC/UF with 10 mg/L PAC and up to 20_g/L MC-LReq feed concentration achieved 93–98% MC removal and a cycle-averaged permeate concentration below the drinking water guideline-value adopted by the World Health Organisation (WHO) for microcystin-LR variant. Single-pulse PAC dosing in the beginning of the UF-cycle allowed slightly lower MC concentration in the permeate compared to the multi-pulse PAC addition whereas no differences were found in terms of transmembrane pressure. Hydraulic retention time of 34 and 55 min resulted in similar permeate quality.NOM type and concentration and MC initial concentration determined the PAC dose to be used. While 10 mg/L PAC effectively controlled ca. 5_g/L MC-LReq in a model water with 2.5 mg/L NOM or with M. aeruginosa culture (cells and algogenic organic matter) 15 mg/L PAC were unable to achieve the WHO quality with a water containing higher concentrations of NOM (5 mg/L) and microcystins (ca. 20_g/L MC-LReq).

The removal of microcystins (MC) by powdered activated carbon adsorption/ultra

Reliable flood forecasting requires hydraulic models capable to estimate pluvial flooding fast enough in order to enable successful operational responses. Increased computational speed can be achieved by using a 1D/1D model, since 2D models are too computationally demanding.Further changes can be made by simplifying 1D network models, removing and by changingsome secondary elements. The Urban Water Research Group (UWRG) of Imperial College London developed a tool that automatically analyses, quantifies and generates 1D overland flow network.The overland flow network features (ponds and flow pathways) generated by this methodology are dependent on the number of sewer network manholes and sewer inlets, as some of the overland flow pathways start at manholes (or sewer inlets) locations. Thus, if a simplified version of the sewer network has less manholes (or sewer inlets) than the original one, the overland flow network will be consequently different. This paper compares different overland flow networksgenerated with different levels of sewer network skeletonisation. Sensitivity analysis is carried out in one catchment area in Coimbra, Portugal, in order to evaluate overland flow network characteristics.

O tratamento das águas residuais domésticas pode ser feito através de sistemas localizados (onsite),não se verificando neste caso a utilização de redes públicas de colectores. Em Portugal é vulgar a utilização de fossas sépticas particulares como sistema de disposição das águas residuais domésticas no meio ambiente, em situações tão díspares que vão desde as habitações isoladas até às zonas periféricasde aglomerados urbanos, passando ainda pelo seu emprego generalizado em povoações dereduzida dimensão. Existe ainda um conjunto bastante diversificado de tecnologias disponíveis para o tratamento das águas residuais domésticas em unidades compactas prefabricadas que podem ser utilizadas em sistemas localizados.A norma EN 12566 estabelece os requisitos gerais relativos a instalações e equipamentos auxiliares utilizados no tratamento de águas residuais domésticas para uma população total equivalente (PTE)igual ou inferior a 50. Esta norma está organizada num conjunto de Normas Europeias e de Relatórios Técnicos que cobrem diferentes tipos de sistemas de tratamento e de disposição no ambiente de águas residuais domésticas.No artigo é feita uma apresentação da norma europeia EN 12566, sendo enfatizada a importância da normalização na uniformização do mercado europeu.

The village of Agualva, located in Terceira Island, Azores, Portugal, experienced severe flooding on the early morning of 15th of December 2010. The flooding was caused by a short-duration and extreme intensity rainfall event. In less than four hours a total of 70mm of rain rushed down the catchment, flooding several streets and causing the main water course to transport a mix of mud, rocks and debris.

Available data relating to major pluvial flooding events in Jakarta, Indonesia were used to investigate the suitability of two different levels of sophistication in urban modelling tools for modelling these events. InfoWorks CS v9.0 was employed to build 1D and 1D/2D models of a 541 ha area of inner city Ciliwung River catchment which has a history of being particularly badly affected by flooding during heavy rainfall events. The study demonstrated that a 1D modelwas sufficient to simulate the flood extent of a major event using the limited data available.While the 1D/2D model also performed well, more data and time would have been requiredto match the 1D model

This paper tackles the problem of establishing prioritization of alternative waterrehabilitation investment plans. In mature systems, the planning department is often facedwith the problem of selecting investment proposals submitted by different departments, all ofthem contributing to meet the strategic and tactic corporate objectives, but none of thembeing critical to meet the service or legal requirements in the short term. This was the frameof the applied research project described herein. In this context, a conceptual model andworksheet-based operational prototype were developed and tested, incorporating the keyobjectives, assessment criteria and performance measures. A whole-of-life risk-basedapproach was adopted, including direct, indirect and external costs. A Business RiskExposure (BRE) technique was used to quantify the main technological and operational risks.The investment benefits are assessed subtracting the global costs of each investmentscenario from the corresponding costs of the statu quo. Given that this decision support toolshould be applicable to assets of different types (e.g., pipes, pumping stations, storage tanksand treatment facilities), sensitivity analyses were carried out in order to identify, for eachasset type, the main cost items to be considered, as a minimum set, in simplified applicationsof the developed model. Comparisons between alternative investment proposals require thata single period of analysis is adopted. The selection of this period is not obvious whendifferent asset types, each with different expected useful lives, are involved. Sensitivityanalyses were carried out in order to get a better insight of this problem. Finally, alternativeprioritization criteria were explored, concluding that investment prioritization should be basedon a simple ranking of the total direct relative benefits (i.e., total benefits/capital investment);however, indirect benefits should always be taken into consideration in the final decision.

A iniciativa em Energia, Qualidade e Tratamento de Água

Pharmaceutical compounds (PhCs) are emerging contaminants of environmental-health concern that, if not controlled, could adversely affect drinking water sources and water reuse projects, two key issues of sustainable water management. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are crucial barriers against PhCs, but many of these compounds are resistant to conventional treatments, thus cost-effective and resource efficient solutions based on existing infrastructure are essential. The LIFE Impetus project aims at demonstrating feasible measures for improving the control of PhCs in urban WWTPs with conventional activated sludge (CAS) treatment, namely strategies based on chemically enhanced barriers with adsorbent and/or coagulant addition.For the adsorbents, biomass-derived powdered activated carbons (PACs) are being developed and benchmarked against commercial PACs. The first selection of biomass took into account the availability of national industrial wastes and so cork and carob processing wastes were chemically and steam activated. Selected materials were used in laboratory tests assessing the adsorption of a short-list of representative PhCs, first in a synthetic inorganic matrix and then in a real competitive scenario using secondary effluents from Beirolas (BEI) and Faro Noroeste (FNW), the two project case studies both WWTPs with conventional activated sludge treatment.

A resiliência é usualmente entendida como a capacidade de um sistema de absorver umaperturbação e reorganizar-se enquanto sofre mudanças, de modo a manter a mesma função,estrutura, identidade e capacidade de resposta (Folke, 2006). A resiliência emergiu como umaperspetiva interessante para as cidades, teorizadas como sistemas adaptativos altamentecomplexos (Meerow et al. 2016). Segundo a OCDE, uma cidade resiliente deve ser adaptativa,robusta, redundante, flexível, com recursos, inclusiva e integrada (Sayass, 2016). As NatureBased Solutions (NBS) surgiram como soluções sustentáveis para contribuir para a resiliênciadas cidades, de forma a enfrentar os desafios das alterações climáticas. A Comissão Europeiadefine NBS como ações que visam ajudar as sociedades face os desafios ambientais, sociais eeconómicos de forma sustentável. As NBS envolvem ações de conservação ou reabilitação deecossistemas naturais, assim como a melhoria ou criação de processos naturais emecossistemas modificados ou artificiais (UNESCO, 2018). Esta comunicação visa aprofundar ocontributo das NBS para a resiliência urbana, analisando projetos e estudos desenvolvidos eidentificando as lacunas existentes neste âmbito.

Water treatment technologies improvement is the key to face current water quality challenges (2030Agenda). A challenge in wastewater treatment and water reuse relates to the presence of micropollutants in raw water, the latter often related with pharmaceutical compounds (PhCs). Although WWTPs are crucial barriers against PhCs, many of these compounds are resistant to conventional treatments, thus cost-effective and resource efficient solutions based on existing infrastructure are essential. LIFE Impetus project (LIFE14 ENV/PT/000739) aims at demonstrating feasible measures for improving the control of PhCs in urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with conventional activated sludge (CAS) treatment. Namely, strategies based on chemically enhanced barriers, with adsorbent and/or coagulant addition, are underway. New powdered activated carbons (PACs) are being developed from industrial wastes available in Portugal (cork, carob processing residues and pinion shell) by chemical and steam activation. The novel biomass-derived PACs (apparent surface areas > 1000 m2/g) are being benchmarked against commercial counterparts. Selected lab-made PACs were already used in laboratory tests assessing the competitive adsorption of a short-list of representative PhCs (diclofenac - DCF, carbamazepine - CBZ and sulfamethoxazole - SMX). Adsorption studies were conducted in synthetic inorganic matrix and in real wastewater effluents from one of the CAS-WWTPs selected as case study. For the carob-derived PAC, 10 to 20 mg/L are needed to attain, in 5 h of contact time, 80% removal of the target PhCs in the mixed liquor of that WWTP.

Water treatment technologies improvement is the key to face current water quality challenges (2030Agenda). A challenge in wastewater treatment and water reuse relates to the presence of micropollutants in raw water, the latter often related with pharmaceutical compounds (PhCs). Although WWTPs are crucial barriers against PhCs, many of these compounds are resistant to conventional treatments, thus cost-effective and resource efficient solutions based on existing infrastructure are essential. LIFE Impetus project (LIFE14 ENV/PT/000739) aims at demonstrating feasible measures for improving the control of PhCs in urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with conventional activated sludge (CAS) treatment. Namely, strategies based on chemically enhanced barriers, with adsorbent and/or coagulant addition, are underway. New powdered activated carbons (PACs) are being developed from industrial wastes available in Portugal (cork, carob processing residues and pinion shell) by chemical and steam activation. The novel biomass-derived PACs (apparent surface areas > 1000 m2/g) are being benchmarked against commercial counterparts. Selected lab-made PACs were already used in laboratory tests assessing the competitive adsorption of a short-list of representative PhCs (diclofenac - DCF, carbamazepine - CBZ and sulfamethoxazole - SMX). Adsorption studies were conducted in synthetic inorganic matrix and in real wastewater effluents from one of the CAS-WWTPs selected as case study. For the carob-derived PAC, 10 to 20 mg/L are needed to attain, in 5 h of contact time, 80% removal of the target PhCs in the mixed liquor of that WWTP.

A set of laboratory experiments on large scale models of different transition drop manhole/downstream sewer was conducted. The results obtained show evident influence from the different configurations on discharge coefficients and energy dissipation.

There is a significant potential for an increased use of reclaimed wastewater in Europe and a major challenge is to protect the environment and human health without blocking the development of water reuse programs. No legal requirements have been set for pharmaceutical compounds (PhCs) discharge into surface water bodies; however, changes in legislation may arise as a result of their monitoring in the water bodies (e.g. through the watch list of the environmental quality standards directive) and sound cause-effect (e.g. risk cancer increase or reproductive abnormalities) studies. The largest input source of PhCs into the aquatic environment is through wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and, since many of such compounds are resistant to conventional treatment, it is important to anticipate solutions for improving the performance of those infrastructures as crucial barriers for controlling PhCs, and ultimately for the preservation of drinking water sources and the development of safe water reuse projects. The development of technology safety credits towards PhCs control is essential for assisting risk assessment studies, key tools for effective safe water reuse programs. In this perspective, our team has been developing two approaches for controlling PhCs in reclaimed water, on one hand the enhancement of conventional treatment and, on the other hand, the use of advanced wastewater treatment, presenting in this communication one case study for each. Case study I (LIFE Impetus project) focuses the chemical enhancement of conventional activated sludge (CAS) treatment through the addition of commercial and local vegetal waste-based tailored powdered activated carbons (PACs). Case study II (LIFE aWARE project) focuses a PAC/loose nanofiltration (PAC/NF) process for advanced treatment of a membrane bioreactor (MBR) effluent from a Spanish WWTP plant. In case study I, lab adsorption studies and modeling allowed calibrating predictive models of the PAC adsorption capacity and rate. Results anticipate that the addition of 6 mg/L PAC to a well-mixed bioreactor with 12 h of contact time is able to remove 80% of target PhCs. A long-term pilot-scale demonstration with PAC addition to activated sludge systems is on-going in two Portuguese WWTPs. In case study II, two PAC/NF lab configurations were selected and tested at lab scale: i) one with a single PAC dose at the beginning of the filtration cycle (pulse dosing) and ii) another with continuous PAC dosing. No pressure increase was observed during the filtration cycles and high removals of the target PhCs were observed, with 58-89% for the continuous dosing of 50 mg/L PAC. The results were successfully used in the design and operation of the PAC/NF pilot for the technology demonstration in El Prat WWTP (Spain).

City resilience reflects the overall capacity of a city (individuals, communities, institutions,businesses and systems) to survive, adapt and thrive no matter what kinds of chronicstresses or acute shocks they experience [1]. This capacity may be acquired throughadopting structural and non-structural solutions and/or introducing knowledge andintelligence in the management of cities infrastructures.In recent years, society has become increasingly aware of the risks that climate changeposes to cities. Climate change is likely to result in sea level rise, irregularity in rainfallfrequency and intensity, droughts and heat waves, which calls for a rapid but alsoinformed, sustainable and cohesive response from several stakeholders. In fact, thegrowing diversity of hazards, increasing complexity of cities, and uncertainty associatedwith climate change, globalisation and rapid urbanisation have contributed to introduceurban resilience into a critical agenda [2] and reinforced and it is necessary to make citiesand human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable [3].Furthermore, there is a need for models and tools that analyse urban resilience basedon a multisectoral approach, considering service interdependences and cascadingeffects, in order to increase city

Está em curso uma transformação no papel desempenhado pelas estações de tratamento de águas residuais, no sentido de incluir objetivos como a redução da emissão de gases com efeito de estufa e a promoção da recuperação de nutrientes, para além das tarefas fundamentais de proteção da saúde pública e de proteção da qualidade da água. As normas europeias fornecem especificações para produtos, materiais, serviços e processos, no sentido de assegurar qualidade, segurança e eficiência. Podem assim apoiar processos de evolução tecnológica, como o que se assiste no sector da água, funcionando como um repositório de boas práticas. Nesta comunicação é feita uma apresentação da norma europeia EN 12255 “Estações de tratamento de águas residuais”, cujo processo de revisão sistemática visa, entre outros objetivos, incorporar no texto normativo questões relacionadas com a promoção da eficiência energética e a recuperação de nutrientes, aspetos essenciais para uma maior sustentabilidade do sector da água.

Pharmaceutical compounds (PhCs) are concerning the regulators and the general public because very little is known about their long-term and synergistic health-environmental effects. As some of these compounds are resistant to conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) though prone to adsorption, the addition of powdered activated carbon (PAC) emerges as a low capital cost and efficient complementary barrier against PhCs in the treated water. This paper reports the potential application of a newly developed waste-derived PAC for PhC removal in conventional activated sludge WWTPs, during the secondary treatment. The results obtained show that a dose of 6 mg/L of PAC will assure > 80% removal of the three PhCs tested (diclofenac, carbamazepine and sulfamethoxazole).

O Guia Técnico n.º 27 concretiza a 4.ª geração do sistema de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços da ERSAR, sendo o resultado de um excelente exemplo de colaboração entre a ERSAR, enquanto entidade reguladora, o Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil e a Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, a quem não podíamos deixar de agradecer, alargando este agradecimento ao universo das entidades gestoras reguladas, cujos contributos prestados durante a consulta ao setor foram integrados nesta versão final.

The European project LIFE IMPETUS demonstrated low-investment, low-energy, flexible, and easy to implement measures for improving the removal of pharmaceutical compounds in urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with activated sludge (CAS) treatment, the most common biological process in those plants in Portugal and worldwide.The project addressed two major groups of technical solutions: i) operating strategies to enhance the biological treatment for PhC removal, measures identified using sound benchmarking tools, and ii) powdered activated carbon (PAC) addition to the biological reactor, using eco-friendly adsorbents, to control the recalcitrant PhCs and those with incomplete and variable biological removal. These technical guidelines compile the best practices and best lessons learned in LIFE IMPETUS project regarding PhC monitoring and improvement of PhC control in urban CAS-WWTPs using the approached technical solutions. The document aims at an easy and comprehensive use by water practitioners, water regulators, academia, and students of different backgrounds, answering to the questions of what, where, how, how much (cost), and when to monitor and control PhCs in urban CAS-WWTPs. Incentives for PhC control in urban WWTPs are also tackled.

The Technical Guide presents the 4th generation of the service quality assessment system, which abandons some 3rd generation indicators and adds new ones to respond to the latest challenges to supply services, urban waste water management and urban waste management. Changes are also made to definitions and benchmarks for some indicators are adjusted.

O projeto Avaler+

These technical guidelines provides guidance on the use of the hybrid process of powdered activate carbon adsorption and ceramic microfiltration for sustainable drinking water production. They were developed based on the field demonstration of the technology, in Portugal, with a pilot prototype, within the LIFE Hymenb project LIFE12 ENV/PT/001154 "Tailoring hybrid membrane processes for sustainable drinking water production", conducted by LNEC - the National Civil Engineering Laboratory and Águas do Algarve, S.A.

O objetivo do presente Guia é a apresentação e a especificação dosistema correspondente à 2.ª geração de avaliação da qualidade dosserviços de abastecimento de água, de saneamento de águas residuaisurbanas e de gestão de resíduos urbanos prestados pelas entidadesgestoras sujeitas a regulação.Este sistema constitui uma peça fundamental do modelo de regulaçãoem implementação pela ERSAR, sumariamente descrito neste Guia emais detalhadamente descrito em [1], nomeadamente no que respeitaà componente da regulação da qualidade do serviço, de forma a tornarpossível a avaliação quantificada.Note-se que, de acordo com o disposto na alínea e) do n.º 1 do artigo 5.ºdo Decreto-Lei n.º 277/2009, de 2 de outubro, a ERSAR tem atribuiçõesnão apenas para assegurar a regulação da qualidade de serviço prestadoaos utilizadores pelas entidades gestoras, mas também para avaliaro desempenho dessas entidades, promovendo a melhoria dos níveis deserviço. É no quadro destas atribuições que se pretende promover estesistema de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços de águas e resíduos.A 2.ª geração do sistema de avaliação da qualidade do serviço resultouda análise crítica do sistema de indicadores adotado na 1.ª geração e darespetiva aplicação desde 2004 ao universo das entidades concessionáriase teve em conta o estado atual de conhecimentos e a experiênciainternacional entretanto adquirida.Para além da identificação e da especificação de todos os componentesdo sistema de avaliação, e em particular do conjunto de indicadores dequalidade do serviço a utilizar em cada um dos três tipos de serviços,são também definidos os procedimentos de avaliação, através dadefinição da informação a obter, do cálculo de indicadores, da sua interpretaçãoe análise comparativa, numa perspetiva de benchmarking, eda produção do relatório de síntese.

N/A

O objectivo do presente Guia é a apresentação e a especificação do sistema correspondente à 2.ª geração de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços de abastecimento de água, de saneamento de águas residuais urbanas e de gestão de resíduos urbanos prestados pelas entidades gestoras sujeitas a regulação. Este sistema constitui uma peça fundamental do modelo de regulação em implementação pela ERSAR, sumariamente descrito neste Guia e mais detalhadamente descrito em [1], nomeadamente no que respeita à componente da regulação da qualidade do serviço, de forma a tornar possível a avaliação quantificada. Note-se que, de acordo com o disposto nas alíneas e) do artigo 5.º do Decreto-Lei n.º 277/2009, de 2 de Outubro, a ERSAR tem atribuições não apenas para assegurar a regulação da qualidade de serviço prestado aos utilizadores pelas entidades gestoras bem como para avaliar o desempenho dessas entidades, promovendo a melhoria dos níveis de serviço. É no quadro destas atribuições que se pretende promover este sistema de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços de águas e resíduos. A 2.ª geração do sistema de avaliação da qualidade do serviço resultou da análise crítica do sistema de indicadores adoptado na 1.ª geração e da respectiva aplicação desde 2004 ao universo das entidades concessionárias e teve em conta o estado actual de conhecimentos e a experiência internacional entretanto adquirida. Para além da identificação e da especificação de todos os componentes do sistema de avaliação, e em particular do conjunto de indicadores de qualidade do serviço a utilizar em cada um dos três tipos de serviços, são também definidos os procedimentos de avaliação, através da definição da informação a obter, do cálculo de indicadores, da sua interpretação e análise comparativa, numa perspectiva de benchmarking, e da produção do relatório de síntese.

Os objetivos da nova DARU são ambiciosos, exigindo maior eficácia e eficiência

Asset management (AM) has become increasingly important in various sectors and organizations over the lastfew decades. This introductory chapter provides an overview of asset management to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of AM, summarizing its application to urban drainage asset management (UDAM), an asset-intensive sector. The chapter includes a short history, from general AM to UDAM, and refers to milestones, key organizations, and standards. It describes AM principles and different perspectives to approach the subject. The UDAM context is outlined, providing the general processes which can influence strategic, tactical, or operational decision levels, accounting for the specific perspectives and objectives on the subject. The main approaches applied to UDAM are broadly described, some of which incorporate a balance of costs, risks, opportunities, and performance, while others focus on specific aspects. The chapter presents different types of approaches to AM, ranging from those based on condition, reliability, and risk to those based on value, followed by those based on performance or quality of service, highlighting common aspects or overlaps between them. When appropriate, guidance to the chapters where additional information on the subject can be found is provided. Finally, challenges, limitations and opportunities are highlighted.

The number of climate-related disasters has progressively increased in the last two decades and this trend will drastically exacerbate in the medium- and long-term horizons according to climate change projections. In this framework, through a multi-disciplinary team and a strong background acquired in recent projects, ICARIA aims to promote the use of asset-level modeling to achieve a better understanding of climate related tangible direct and indirect impacts on critical assets due to complex, cascading, and compound disasters. Furthermore, it takes into account the related risk reduction provided by suitable, sustainable, and cost-effective adaptation solutions. ICARIA focuses on both (i) critical assets and services that were not designed for potential climate change-related impacts that can increase the unplanned outages and failures, and (ii) on housing, natural areas, and population. Cutting edge methods regarding climate scenario building, asset-level-coupled models, and multi-risk assessment approaches will be implemented and replicated in three EU regions to understand how future climate scenarios might affect critical assets and to provide decision-making support tools to private and public risk owners to assess the costs and benefits of various adaptation solutions.

Activated carbons are versatile adsorbents that can play a crucial role in the enhancement of wastewater treatment, namely by controlling organic microcontaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and organic matter. These materials have a 100-year market availability, large scientific testing at lab-scale and applicability in consolidated technologies. However, the use of activated carbons at full-scale wastewater treatment is still emerging, driven by the increasing awareness on environmental and human threats mainly resulting from CECs. The present chapter reviews the literature on the application of activated carbons in full- or large pilot-scale plants, highlighting the state-of-art knowledge on practical issues on operational set-ups, improvements on water overall quality, and costs. The selection criteria and properties of the powdered and granular (PAC and GAC) materials used, and the pros and critical aspects of their application, relevant for product development and process optimisation, are also analysed and determine the research needs proposed for a technical, economic, and environmentally sustainable application of activated carbon in full-scale advanced wastewater treatment.

Urban areas are dynamic, complex, and vulnerable systems involving multiple strategic services such as water supply, wastewater, and stormwater and waste management. Climate-change trends may directly affect the urban water cycle, through heavy rainfall, tides, and droughts, potentially causing cascading impacts with serious consequences for people, the natural and built environments, and the economy. These challenges to urban areas require an integrated and sustainable approach to increase their resilience, with the allocation of the needed resources, including the development and implementation of disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies, plans, and regulations in all relevant sectors. This chapter describes a resilience-assessment framework to be used by cities and urban-service managers. It considers a structured and objective-driven assessment aiming at supporting the development and monitoring of cities' and urban services' resilience action plans, thus contributing to appropriate DRR investments. Our approach considers four resilience dimensions: organizational, spatial, functional, and physical. It is aligned with the UNDRR's Disaster Resilience Scorecard for Cities and addresses the priorities of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. In this chapter, we apply the resilience-assessment framework to the waste and mobility sectors in Lisbon (Portugal), identifying main opportunities to enhance their resilience and supporting the development of resilience and DRR strategies.

Atualmente os sistemas urbanos de água são reconhecidos como infraestruturas in­dispensáveis de suporte para a prestação de serviços públicos de primeira necessida­de à saúde e bem-estar das populações e à economia das sociedades

This paper aims to explain why and how innovative technologies are enablers of strategic asset management (SAM) of water supply, wastewater and storm water systems.

Urban areas are dynamic, complex, and vulnerable systems involving multiple strategic urban services, stakeholders, and citizens. Strategic services essential to society include water and sewerage (water supply, and wastewater and stormwater management), waste management, energy supply, public lighting, transport, and public security. The potential effects of climate dynamics on the urban areas might lead to the aggravation of existing fragile conditions and the emergence of new hazards or risk factors, with major impacts on strategic urban services, people, the natural and built environment, and the economy. Climate change challenges to urban areas thus require an integrated and sustainable approach to increase their resilience, with the allocation of the needed resources at all administrative levels. These include the development and implementation of disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies, policies, plans, laws, and regulations in all relevant sectors (UNISDR, 2015). This chapter describes a resilience assessment framework to be used by cities and urban-service managers. The framework considers a structured and objective-driven assessment aiming at supporting the development and monitoring of cities

This chapter briefly presents concepts and methodologies to support the management of urban drainage infrastructure. After the introduction, data requirements for assessing the condition of urban drainage systems are presented. Data can be collected in different ways. Data analysis allows for determining structural and functional issues and system performance. The causes and consequences of failures are required for condition assessment and are the subject of the risk section. Any intervention in the urban drainage system has a cost that must be assessed. Mathematical modelling of the urban drainage systems has an advantage for evaluating the hydraulic and structural performance. Decisions on the management of urban drainage rehabilitation need to be addressed considering the different points of view or aspects that are often contradictory. This may be addressed by using multi-criteria decision analysis methodologies.

Urban water services make use of extensive networked infrastructures - water supply and drainage systems. Efficient management of these services relies on the quality of measurements of hydraulic variables in pipes and sewers to support robust analysis of systems

This research aims at developing a comprehensive approach for assessing the energy use and efficiency in wastewater systems, considering the water-energy-greenhouse gas (W-E-G) emissions nexus supported by methods and tools, such as a tailored energy balance and a performance assessment system (PAS). This approach is aligned with continuous improvement principles and allows carrying out the diagnosis of energy efficiency in wastewater systems supporting the building of a portfolio of energy use improvement measures responding to strategic objectives and attending to the systems

Drinking water storage tanks are essential components of water supply systems to store water, to level off pressure in networks and to meet emergency storage. They are also frequent sources of deterioration of drinking water quality and safety owing to inadequate tank design and operation. Mostly, existing tanks design, dimensions and operation do not account for water mixing and renewal.

Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) are crucial to achieving the goals of the United Nations Agenda 2030 for sustainable development and other global agendas, such as the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. In the last decade, the NBS umbrella concept has become more relevant intending to contribute to urban resilience and to address the climate change challenges. NBS are living solutions inspired by nature that use or mimic natural processes intending to face several societal challenges, from the perspective of resource-efficient use and the promotion of economic and environmental benefits. Currently, cities are encouraged to understand and measure the NBS contribution to identify adequate strategies for enhancing resilience and prioritize investments accordingly. The objective of the present thesis is to promote and enhance the NBS implementation in cities, focused on solutions for stormwater management and control. Based on the analysis of their contribution to urban resilience, the potential to meet environmental, social, and economic challenges and to adapt across diverse urban scales and contexts is demonstrated. In this sense, a Resilience Assessment Framework (RAF) to assess the NBS contribution to urban resilience was developed. This framework aims to assess the NBS contribution to urban resilience. Moreover, a Guidance for the RAF application in cities with different resilience maturity was developed, which involved the RAF validation by seven cities (from a national and international context), that participated voluntarily in this phase. In this context, the developed RAF is comprehensive and multidimensional. It is driven by the definition of objectives, criteria, and metrics, according to the proposed structure for assessing the water supply and wastewater system service performance in the framework of the ISO 24500 standards of the International Organization for Standardization. For an oriented assessment of the criteria, qualitative and quantitative metrics were defined, considering data from different sources and complexity. Reference values were also identified and metrics' classifications were defined. In this classification, each answer is associated with a resilience development level, intending to assess the NBS contribution to urban resilience on a normalized scale. To support the RAF application to cities with different resilience maturity (in terms of resilience and available information), three analysis degrees (essential, complementary, and comprehensive) and a set of metrics were proposed, which are pre-defined in the guidance for the RAF application. To support the selection of the analysis degree more adequate to any city, a structure to characterize the city's profile was developed. This complementary profile also supports the interpretation of the RAF results, both at the city and at the level of specific NBS. To conclude, the application of the RAF essential analysis degree to the seven participating cities, with different challenges regarding urban resilience and NBS, and of the comprehensive analysis degree (complete RAF) to Porto´s urban area, through an assemble assessment at the city and NBS levels, were presented.

Over the past two decades, performance assessment (PA) has been one of the areas show-ing the greatest advancement in the water sector. PA aims to measure effectiveness and/or efficiency of an activity or process using performance metrics, supporting the decision-making process and the continuous improvement of water utilities. Despite the potential benefits, few projects, and initiatives on PA have been undertaken regarding storm water systems (SWS). The present thesis aims to develop a performance assessment framework (PAF), applicable to both conventional SWS and sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS), objective driven and focused on systems

Infrastructure asset management (IAM) has been increasingly becoming a key topic in the mind-set shift of the water sector managers and policy makers, allowing to assist in the operational, tactical and strategic decision-making in urban water infrastructures. Nevertheless, IAM implementation by the water utilities is still far from needed and not widespread, due to several challenges and constraints, mainly associated with limited human, technological and financial resources. The current research aims at enhancing urban water infrastructure asset management through an integrated decision-making approach, that includes novel methodologies for condition assessment, service life prediction and cost modelling. This approach can be applied at three assessment levels

Este trabalho tem como objetivo melhorar a eficiência energética dos sistemas de abastecimento de água através do desenvolvimento de uma metodologia orientada por objetivos e com recurso ao balanço energético e a métricas de desempenho que permitem identificar as principais origens de ineficiência energética dos sistemas, comparar diferentes alternativas de intervenção e contribuir para a melhoria contínua destes sistemas.A metodologia de investigação seguida contempla desenvolvimentos científicos aliados a uma aplicação prática num conjunto alargado de casos de estudo através de ferramentas de cálculo automático desenvolvidas para o efeito. Os desenvolvimentos científicos consistem na formulação matemática de um balanço energético flexível em termos de dados necessários para a sua implementação; o desenvolvimento de métricas de desempenho que permitem identificar a origem das ineficiências energéticas (equipamentos, perdas de água ou configuração e operação) e a sua sistematização numa metodologia que segue os princípios de melhoria contínua (Plan-Do-Check-Act). A aplicação a casos de estudo é efetuada em três etapas. A primeira etapa consiste na aplicação do balanço energético agregado e métricas de desempenho para diagnosticar ineficiências a nível global em sistemas sem modelo matemático. A segunda etapa consiste na aplicação de um balanço detalhado com recurso a modelos matemáticos, bem como uma análise de sensibilidade aos diferentes métodos. A terceira etapa centra-se na aplicação detalhada de dois casos de estudo para ilustrar a metodologia.Os principais resultados são: i) uma metodologia integrada para o diagnóstico água-energia em sistemas de abastecimento de água; ii) um novo balanço energético para sistemas de abastecimento de água; iii) resultados da aplicação do balanço e das métricas de eficiência energética em 110 sistemas; iv) ferramentas para cálculo das diferentes formulações de balanço energético e de métricas de desempenho; e v) valores reais e exemplos de soluções não convencionais que conduziram a melhorias de desempenho energético.

As estações de tratamento de águas residuais (ETAR) são atualmente alvo de esforços de melhoria do seu desempenho técnico, ambiental e económico. Empresas, reguladores e organismos de financiamento têm utilizado sistemas de avaliação de desempenho para apoiar as suas decisões. Neste contexto, o LNEC desenvolveu a 1.ª e 2.ª geração do sistema de avaliação de desempenho (PAS) de ETAR baseado em indicadores (PIs) e índices de desempenho (PXs). Para ambos, os valores de referência para o julgamento do desempenho são elementos chave. Apesar de serem elementos cruciais, os valores de referência precisavam ainda de ser definidos para avaliar e melhorar o desempenho das ETAR com foco na eficiência energética e gestão de afluências pluviais. Assim, o objetivo da tese foi desenvolver a terceira geração do PAS com valores de referência para avaliar o desempenho. Os PIs e PXs focam os objetivos principais da ETAR, ou seja, garantir a sustentabilidade técnica, econômica e ambiental, garantindo um tratamento eficaz e fiável com o consumo mínimo de energia, reagentes e produção de lamas. A estratégia seguida consistiu em desenvolver ou selecionar a partir da segunda geração do PAS sub-conjuntos de PIs e PXs de acordo com os objetivos, nomeadamente, eficácia, fiabilidade, desempenho energético e consumo de reagentes e gestão das lamas. Os valores de referência foram derivados com base numa revisão da literatura, equações empíricas e/ou estudos de campo e, sempre que aplicável, incorporam o efeito de parâmetros chave, de modo a avaliar o efeito das variações de caudal e de concentração. Foi desenvolvida uma análise estatística dos PXs para avaliar a fiabilidade da ETAR. Foi também demonstrada a flexibilidade do sistema de avaliação de desempenho para diferentes objetivos e uma abordagem para diagnosticar oportunidades de melhoria do desempenho, utilizando os PIs e PXs num ciclo PDCA (plan-do-check-act).

Este trabalho de investigação teve como objectivo principal propor, aplicar e validar uma metodologia que permitisse transformar dados de consumo urbano de água, obtidos a partir de sistemas de telemetria, em informação útil para a gestão dos serviços de água e para os consumidores.A metodologia encontra-se estruturada em quatro módulos: planeamento e monitorização,processamento de dados, produção de informação de caracterização e previsão eclassificação. Tirando partido de dados de consumo telemedidos aos vários níveis, desde o cliente individual às zonas de medição e controlo (ZMC), procede-se à aplicação dametodologia para caracterização de grandes consumidores, previsão do consumodoméstico nocturno, avaliação do efeito da variação de pressão no consumo autorizado enas perdas de água e previsão do consumo em ZMC.Para além da metodologia estruturada para a análise de consumos, as principaiscontribuições inovadoras são o desenvolvimento de modelos de previsão e de classificação do consumo em ZMC, em função das variáveis explicativas mais significativas, e a obtenção de expressões para a variação do consumo autorizado e das perdas reais com a pressão.O trabalho desenvolvido contribuirá para um uso mais eficiente da água, através de ummelhor conhecimento sobre as várias componentes do consumo urbano de água, assimcomo para o estabelecimento de critérios de projecto e de exploração da rede maissustentados.

Os serviços de abastecimento de água (SAA) têm vindo a incorporar princípios desustentabilidade na sua prática de gestão. O estado da arte em metodologias de avaliação dedesempenho de SAA mostrou a necessidade de abordar especificamente o tratamento,considerado insatisfatoriamente nas abordagens sistematizadas existentes.Na presente dissertação desenvolveu-se um sistema de avaliação de desempenho (PAS) deestações de tratamento de água (ETA), orientado por objectivos, normalizado e quantitativo,destinado a apoiar a tomada de decisão, e cobrindo os domínios qualidade da água tratada,eficiência/fiabilidade, utilização de água, energia e materiais, gestão de subprodutos, segurança,recursos humanos e económico financeiros.O PAS integra uma componente para avaliação do desempenho global, baseada em indicadoresde desempenho, e uma componente para avaliação do desempenho operacional, baseada emíndices de desempenho que avaliam, numa escala 0-300, a qualidade da água tratada, eficiênciasdas várias operações/processos unitários (OPU) e sua relação com condições de operação.Foi desenvolvida uma ferramenta de cálculo automático do PAS.A aplicação do PAS a cinco ETA de características diversas permitiu avaliar a evoluçãotemporal do seu desempenho, comparar estações e OPU, e identificar oportunidades de melhoriana operação das OPU, na qualidade da água tratada e utilização de recursos.

In this document, the Lisbon Living Lab presents the sequence of quarterly exchanges of specification between Task (T) 2.4 and T3.5 that occurred from March 2021 (M7) until February 2023 (M30). The output of subtasks 2.4.2, 2.4.3 and 2.4.4 fed the development of the software tools in T3.5 and its outputs. A short and concrete description of the exchange of specification is provided.

This report documents the final release of the water cycle modelling and assessment solutions toolkit, which is comprised of the following ten tools: the water reuse strategic platform (#16), the environment for decision support and alternative course selection (#17), Re-Actor (#18), the sludge management platform (#19), the UWC observatory (#20), the stormwater reuse management system (#21), the Nessie System (#29), the Environmental Dashboard (#30), the Digital Enabler (#32) and the climate-readiness certification tool (#33) . It includes the following aspects: tool description, attributes and information around pre-existing background, developments and advancements within the project, navigation and primary functionalities, interoperability, indicative applications and synergistic benefits and how to access each tool and test data. It presents the use of the tools in the LLs by explaining the tools' integrative use, conceptual links, data flows and pilot interactions.

This report documents the final release of the water cycle modelling and assessment solutions toolkit, which is comprised of the following eight tools: UWOT #22, regional demand-supply matching GIS tool #23, reclaimed water distribution network water quality model #24, water-energy-phosphorous balance planning module #25, QMRA+ #26, risk assessment for urban water reuse module #27, short-term demand forecasting tool #28 and SuTRa #31 and complements the other toolkit. It includes the following aspects: tool description, attributes and information around pre-existing background, developments and advancements within the project, navigation and primary functionalities, interoperability, indicative applications and synergistic benefits and how to access each tool and test data. It presents the use of the tools in the LLs by explaining the tools' integrative use, conceptual links, data flows and pilot interactions.

This report offers a preliminary overview of the main drivers and barriers related to the policy and governance dimensions across the six Living Labs of B-WaterSmart: Alicante (Spain), Bodø (Norway), East Frisia (Germany), Flanders (Belgium), Lisbon (Portugal) and Venice (Italy). It provides an overview of the policy framework with implications for water management in the European Union, including the main plans and strategies related to adaptation to climate change and implementation of a circular economy, along the nexus water-energy-resources-waste. Furthermore, we added a section that describes succinctly the main models of water governance in Europe.

The main objective of the EMPOWER+ project is to develop new high-performing GACs and PACs and reusable magnetic powdered activated carbons (MPACs), prepared by steam and CO2 activation of pine nut shells (PNS/Steam and PNS/CO2 activated carbons) following the protocol developed for PACs under the framework of LIFE Impetus project.

MS16 consists of the first, preliminary version, V0, of the B-WaterSmart Assessment Framework (BWS AF) developed by WP6 in Task 6.2. The MS16 is composed of an excel file and this document. The excel file provides the list of elements forming the framework: the strategic objectives, the assessment criteria and the metrics proposed. This document, after background information about the BWS AF use, scope and development phases, describes the structure and the elements listed in the excel file. All the information provided by MS16 will be embedded into a web-application by end of April 2022, so to facilitate the validation phase carried out by the InAll, during the period April-August 2022.The planning of the period to release the web-application has been agreed with Task 1.4 and it is aligned with the activities planned within the InAll. Given the continuous work on refinement of metrics planned in collaboration with the InAll, the web-application, as well as this MS16, will be kept as living files for updating as and when required until the V2 of the BWS AF will be finalized.

Este trabalho envolve dois aspetos diferenciadores face a estudos anteriores: Diagnóstico aprofundado do subsistema D.S5-EEA3, quer espacial quer temporalmente, recorrendo à modelação hidráulica, aos cenários de operação de inverno e verão e cobrindo aspetos como a pressão, velocidade e idade da água na situação de referência e futura.Especificação e análise comparativa de alternativas (desempenho, custos, benefícios) para a sua priorização atendendo ao seu impacto a médio e longo-prazo (e.g., 10 anos e 20 anos).O diagnóstico aprofundado e a priorização de alternativas atenderão à evolução futura do sistema mediante cenários que serão identificados em conjunto com a EG, designadamente, alteração nos padrões de uso da água potável em usos não potáveis, com redução do seu uso para, por exemplo, rega de espaços públicos verdes, lavagem de ruas, climatização e alterações de contexto interno (e.g., expansão da rede do subsistema D.S5-EEA3). Este relatório visa apresentar a metodologia e o sistema de avaliação para diagnóstico aprofundado de subsistemas.

One of the key objectives of B-WaterSmart is to deliver a water-smartness assessment framework (BWS AF) fully tested in the six living labs (LLs) of the project. This deliverable aims at providing first recommendations to support both the refinement of the BWS AF and the development of the corresponding dashboard. This deliverable describes (i) the approach followed to obtain the recommendations within the innovation alliance (InAll), the InAll process (Task 1.4), and an overview of the testing process of BWS AF version V0 (delivered by WP6). It further presents (ii) the feedback on the framework from the LL problem-owners (LLi) (with support from WP6 for feedback collection and processing of raw results), the respective analysis, and subsequent recommendations both for refinement of the framework, and the development of the dashboard-type software to facilitate its use.

D6.2 consists of the Version 1 of the B-WaterSmart Assessment Framework (BWS AF) developed by WP6 under Task 6.2. V1 builds on the V0 (MS16), which provided the preliminary list of the elements forming the framework. MS16 built on the theoretical background given by D6.1, describing the preliminary conceptual design of the framework. V1 is a transitional step between V0 and the final version V2 (by Task 6.3). To deliver V1, first the information provided by MS16 have been embedded into a web-application, to facilitate a validation phase carried out by the Innovation Alliance (InAll) under the coordination of Task 1.4 in the period April-August 2022. Afterwards, the InAll have been trained to the use of the web application and, by using the feedback forms made available, their insights have been shared with Task 6.2. The feedback has been analyzed by Task 6.2 in September and either already addressed in V1 or included in this document as input to Task 6.3. D6.2 is composed therefore by this supporting document and the web-application incorporating the updated version of the BWS-AF allowing further testing by the InAll. This document consists of two parts: part I includes background information about the BWS AF scope, the description of the co-creation process established with the InAll, and the updated version of the elements forming the framework V1 (incorporated in the web-application), as well as the aggregated analysis of the feedbacks provided by the InAll. Part II addresses Task 3.9, which will convert the BWS AF V2 into a dashboard, by sharing insights based on the experience gained during the development of the web-application and the validation phase. Last, D6.2 is closely related with D1.3 describing the scope and process of validation of V0 and also providing insights to Task 6.3 and Task 3.9 from the InAll perspective.

O projeto AGIR

Este estudo visa aumentar a confiança na reutilização segura da água, utilizando tecnologias de tratamento avançado como ultrafiltração, ozonização e osmose inversa para avaliar a sua eficácia e limitações. Desenvolvido numa estação de tratamento de águas residuais (ETAR), o estudo comparou a qualidade da água resultante de processos em grande escala, como a ultrafiltração, com água tratada adicionalmente através de um sistema piloto de ozonização e osmose inversa, ou apenas osmose inversa. Todos os esquemas de tratamento estudados produziram água adequada ao consumo humano.

EXCLUSIVO: AWARE-P vence prémio alemão e conquista novo reconhecimento internacional: É a primeira vez que é distinguido um projecto de um país que não fala alemão, entrevista de Ana Santiago (Jornalista do Jornal Água & Ambiente - Portal Ambiente Online) a Helena Alegre, 19 de Agosto de 2014

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