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O desenvolvimento e a actualização ou adaptação de normas tem grande importânciana clarificação e uniformização de critérios e métodos utilizados na concepção, noprojecto, na construção (incluindo a selecção e o controlo de qualidade de materiais e de equipamentos), na operação, na manutenção e reabilitação dos sistemas urbanos de água.O presente artigo tem por objectivo apresentar a actividade que tem vindo a ser desenvolvida recentemente no âmbito do grupo de trabalho europeu TC 165 /WG 22, e dorespectivo grupo espelho CT 90 / SC 2 / GT 22, que se aplica a sistemas públicos deáguas residuais e de águas pluviais.

Durante a produção, transporte e distribuição de água para consumo humano, a água entra em contacto, com diversos produtos de construção, tais como tubagens, componentes e acessórios, revestimentos, selantes, reservatórios, contadores, torneiras, etc, os quais podem ser constituídos por materiais diversos, sendo de destacar: cobre, aço inox, ferro, chumbo, cloreto de polivinilo (PVC), polietileno (PE), polipropileno (PP), betão, resinas epóxi, etc. Nos processos de tratamento de água para consumo humano, são utilizados produtos químicos (como, por exemplo, para coagulação/floculação, desinfecção e oxidação, ajuste de pH e dureza, regeneração de resinas de permuta iónica) e meios de suporte (como, por exemplo, para filtração e adsorção). Em ambas as situações, importa garantir que os níveis de impurezas e de substâncias tóxicas que eventualmente possam ser transferidos para a água sejam inferiores aos estabelecidos em documentos Normativos ou estabelecidos na legislação em vigor.Apresenta-se nesta comunicação, o actual enquadramento legal e normativo existente anível nacional e comunitário, para os produtos químicos usados no tratamento de água para consumo humano e para os produtos de construção que fiquem em contacto coma água.

Lead time between rainfall prediction results and flood prediction results obtained by hydraulic simulations is one of the crucial factors in the implementation of real-time flood forecasting systems. Therefore, hydraulic simulation times must be as short as possible, with sufficient spatial and temporal flood distribution modelling accuracy. One of the ways toreduce the time required to run hydraulic model simulations is increasing computationalspeed by simplifying the model networks. This simplification can be conducted by removing and changing some secondary elements using network simplification techniques. The emphasis of this paper is to assess how the level of urban drainage network simplification influences the computational time and overall simulation results' accuracy. The models used in this paper comprise a sewer network and an overland flow drainage system in both 1D/1Dand 1D/2D approaches. The 1D/1D model is used as the reference model to generate several models with different levels of simplifications. The results presented in this paper suggest that the 1D/2D models are not yet suitable to be used in real-time flood prediction applications due to long simulation time, while on the other hand, the simplified 1D/1D models show that considerable reductions in simulation time can be achieved without compromising simulation results (flow and water depth) accuracy.

The removal of microcystins (MC) by powdered activated carbon adsorption/ultrafiltration (PAC/UF) was investigated, focusing on PAC dose and addition mode, MC initial concentration (expressed as MC-LReq) and on the impact of background natural organic matter (NOM), assessed through model compounds (a mixture of tannic and humic acids) and Microcystis aeruginosa culture. Constant flow experiments were performed with a hydrophilic UF hollow-fibre membrane and a mesoporous fine-powdered activated carbon. In the absence of backgroundNOM,PAC/UF with 10 mg/L PAC and up to 20_g/L MC-LReq feed concentration achieved 93–98% MC removal and a cycle-averaged permeate concentration below the drinking water guideline-value adopted by the World Health Organisation (WHO) for microcystin-LR variant. Single-pulse PAC dosing in the beginning of the UF-cycle allowed slightly lower MC concentration in the permeate compared to the multi-pulse PAC addition whereas no differences were found in terms of transmembrane pressure. Hydraulic retention time of 34 and 55 min resulted in similar permeate quality.NOM type and concentration and MC initial concentration determined the PAC dose to be used. While 10 mg/L PAC effectively controlled ca. 5_g/L MC-LReq in a model water with 2.5 mg/L NOM or with M. aeruginosa culture (cells and algogenic organic matter) 15 mg/L PAC were unable to achieve the WHO quality with a water containing higher concentrations of NOM (5 mg/L) and microcystins (ca. 20_g/L MC-LReq).

The removal of microcystins (MC) by powdered activated carbon adsorption/ultra

Reliable flood forecasting requires hydraulic models capable to estimate pluvial flooding fast enough in order to enable successful operational responses. Increased computational speed can be achieved by using a 1D/1D model, since 2D models are too computationally demanding.Further changes can be made by simplifying 1D network models, removing and by changingsome secondary elements. The Urban Water Research Group (UWRG) of Imperial College London developed a tool that automatically analyses, quantifies and generates 1D overland flow network.The overland flow network features (ponds and flow pathways) generated by this methodology are dependent on the number of sewer network manholes and sewer inlets, as some of the overland flow pathways start at manholes (or sewer inlets) locations. Thus, if a simplified version of the sewer network has less manholes (or sewer inlets) than the original one, the overland flow network will be consequently different. This paper compares different overland flow networksgenerated with different levels of sewer network skeletonisation. Sensitivity analysis is carried out in one catchment area in Coimbra, Portugal, in order to evaluate overland flow network characteristics.

O tratamento das águas residuais domésticas pode ser feito através de sistemas localizados (onsite),não se verificando neste caso a utilização de redes públicas de colectores. Em Portugal é vulgar a utilização de fossas sépticas particulares como sistema de disposição das águas residuais domésticas no meio ambiente, em situações tão díspares que vão desde as habitações isoladas até às zonas periféricasde aglomerados urbanos, passando ainda pelo seu emprego generalizado em povoações dereduzida dimensão. Existe ainda um conjunto bastante diversificado de tecnologias disponíveis para o tratamento das águas residuais domésticas em unidades compactas prefabricadas que podem ser utilizadas em sistemas localizados.A norma EN 12566 estabelece os requisitos gerais relativos a instalações e equipamentos auxiliares utilizados no tratamento de águas residuais domésticas para uma população total equivalente (PTE)igual ou inferior a 50. Esta norma está organizada num conjunto de Normas Europeias e de Relatórios Técnicos que cobrem diferentes tipos de sistemas de tratamento e de disposição no ambiente de águas residuais domésticas.No artigo é feita uma apresentação da norma europeia EN 12566, sendo enfatizada a importância da normalização na uniformização do mercado europeu.

The village of Agualva, located in Terceira Island, Azores, Portugal, experienced severe flooding on the early morning of 15th of December 2010. The flooding was caused by a short-duration and extreme intensity rainfall event. In less than four hours a total of 70mm of rain rushed down the catchment, flooding several streets and causing the main water course to transport a mix of mud, rocks and debris.

Available data relating to major pluvial flooding events in Jakarta, Indonesia were used to investigate the suitability of two different levels of sophistication in urban modelling tools for modelling these events. InfoWorks CS v9.0 was employed to build 1D and 1D/2D models of a 541 ha area of inner city Ciliwung River catchment which has a history of being particularly badly affected by flooding during heavy rainfall events. The study demonstrated that a 1D modelwas sufficient to simulate the flood extent of a major event using the limited data available.While the 1D/2D model also performed well, more data and time would have been requiredto match the 1D model

This paper tackles the problem of establishing prioritization of alternative waterrehabilitation investment plans. In mature systems, the planning department is often facedwith the problem of selecting investment proposals submitted by different departments, all ofthem contributing to meet the strategic and tactic corporate objectives, but none of thembeing critical to meet the service or legal requirements in the short term. This was the frameof the applied research project described herein. In this context, a conceptual model andworksheet-based operational prototype were developed and tested, incorporating the keyobjectives, assessment criteria and performance measures. A whole-of-life risk-basedapproach was adopted, including direct, indirect and external costs. A Business RiskExposure (BRE) technique was used to quantify the main technological and operational risks.The investment benefits are assessed subtracting the global costs of each investmentscenario from the corresponding costs of the statu quo. Given that this decision support toolshould be applicable to assets of different types (e.g., pipes, pumping stations, storage tanksand treatment facilities), sensitivity analyses were carried out in order to identify, for eachasset type, the main cost items to be considered, as a minimum set, in simplified applicationsof the developed model. Comparisons between alternative investment proposals require thata single period of analysis is adopted. The selection of this period is not obvious whendifferent asset types, each with different expected useful lives, are involved. Sensitivityanalyses were carried out in order to get a better insight of this problem. Finally, alternativeprioritization criteria were explored, concluding that investment prioritization should be basedon a simple ranking of the total direct relative benefits (i.e., total benefits/capital investment);however, indirect benefits should always be taken into consideration in the final decision.

Urban drainage systems are one of the essential infrastructures in our societies. These network systems are capital intensive infrastructures, mostly buried, and crucial to ensure the health and safety of populations, continuity of socioeconomic urban functions, and protection of the environment.

Water treatment improvement is mandatory to face current water quality challenges, being a focus of EU societal challenges. While the presence of micropollutants in natural waters, e.g. pharmaceutical compounds (PhCs) that resist to conventional treatments, constitutes an increasingly addressed issue, activated carbon (AC) adsorption is considered one of the best available technologies to control them during conventional [1] and advanced [2] drinking water treatment. The main objective of this work was the development of high-performing PACs prepared by steam activation of pine nut shells, conducted within EMPOWER+ project (https://empower.rd.ciencias.ulisboa.pt/).

Water scarcity and the increasing contamination of water resources are driving the use of alternative sources, such as the use of treated effluents. This study aims to demonstrate the combination of ozonation and reverse osmosis, at pilot scale, in batch and in continuous operation, to produce water to be used in the brewing industry. This solution sets a new paradigm of water use by testing a sound technology for water supply from treated wastewater. This pilot study aims to assess the impact of different operating conditions on the final water quality, checked against drinking water quality standards and for contaminants of emerging concern (e.g., pharmaceutical compounds, and multiple pathogens). To this end, 3000 L of water have been produced and used for craft beer production and a 24/7 study will be conducted until July 2022.

The urban water cycle infrastructures are important consumers of electricity. Thus several efforts have been made recently to increase their energy efficiency. During rainfall events, the increase in flows pumped by interceptor sewers and treated in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) can lead to significant increases in energy consumption. These flow increases occur not only in the combined sewer systems, but also in separate wastewater systems, due to water infiltration into the sewers, the rainfall-derived infiltration and inflow (RDII) component, and illicit misconnections between stormwater and sewage systems. Controlling rainfall-derived inflows into wastewater systems is a difficult challenge that has received increasing attention

Coastal cities face growing challenges from flooding, sea water quality and energy sustainability, which increasingly require an intelligent, real-time management. Urban drainage infrastructures often require pumping stations (PS) in low-lying areas, which transport to the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) all waters likely to pollute downstream beaches, including rainfall-derived infiltration inflows and stormwater from small rain events. During the bathing season, decentralized management measures, including naturebased solutions, can be used to retain stormwater and promote its transport to the WWTP after the rainy event. However, the growth in pumped and treated flows increases energy consumption. In addition, realtime tools are required to support the assessment and prediction of the quality of bathing waters, to assess the possible need to prohibit beach water usage. During heavy rainfall events, decentralized management systems can also contribute to mitigate downstream flooding. Nevertheless, this requires the operation of the entire system to be different from that used to protect bathing water.

Associado ao crescimento populacional, as alterações climáticas e a progressiva urbanização da sociedade têm aumentado a pressão sobre os recursos hídricos. A par de mudanças comportamentais no uso da água e da utilização de dispositivos mais eficientes, a utilização de origens alternativas permite reduzir a pressão na captação de água no meio natural para a produção de água potável. As normas EN 16941-1:2018 e EN 16941-2:2021 têm como propósito o estabelecimento de requisitos para os sistemas de aproveitamento de águas pluviais (SAAP) e os sistemas de utilização de águas cinzentas tratadas (SUACT), respetivamente. Estas normas fornecem recomendações para o projeto, dimensionamento, instalação, identificação, comissionamento e manutenção dos referidos sistemas. Na EN 16941-2:2021, pelas características físico-químicas e microbiológicas das águas cinzentas, estão incluídos ainda aspetos relacionados com a monitorização da qualidade da água, algo que não acontece na EN 16941-1:2018. Ambas as normas fazem referência à abordagem fit-for-purpose, estabelecendo, assim, que o tratamento da água deve ter por objetivo a obtenção de características adequadas ao(s) uso(s) selecionado(s).

Advanced technologies have the potential to ensure safe and sustainable water supply, a major global challenge of the near future. TiO2-containing photocatalyst, wich combine TiO2 with carbon-based materials, are promising materials for wastewater treatment due to synergistic photodegradation and adsorption phenomena. The purpose of this study was to develop TiO2/AC composites and test fresh and photo-regenetared materials for the removal of methylene blue in aqueous solutiopns prepared in ultrapure water or in wastewater effluent.

O produto da altura e da velocidade da inundação (h.V) é o critério mais utilizado para definir os limiares da estabilidade e segurança de pessoas e viaturas face à ação dos caudais de inundação. Na maioria dos casos, os critérios de segurança têm limitado h.V a valores entre 0,4 e 0,5 m2/s, embora estudos recentes proponham a redução até 0,22 m2/s em áreas urbanas. Neste artigo apresenta-se um método expedito que permite aferir o cumprimento de limites pré-estabelecidos do produto de

Neste artigo descreve-se uma abordagem que permite avaliar o uso de energia em sistemas de águas residuais, que inclui um sistema de avaliação de desempenho (SAD) centrado na eficiência energética, um balanço energético e um portfólio de medidas de melhoria do uso de energia, especificamente focados para sistemas de águas residuais. Esta abordagem enquadra-se no nível de planeamento tático, estando alinhada com os princípios de melhoria contínua nas organizações, como a gestão patrimonial de infraestruturas (GPI). A abordagem proposta permite a aplicação de um balanço energético específico em três níveis de avaliação e de um SAD que segue uma estrutura completa de objetivos, critérios e métricas para avaliar o desempenho ao nível da eficiência energética em sistemas de águas residuais. Estas ferramentas suportam a seleção de medidas de melhoria do uso de energia atendendo às especificidades de cada sistema, por exemplo, o controlo de afluências indevidas, as limitações de dados de cadastro, a medição de caudais, ou ferramentas de modelação. A metodologia orientada para objetivos foca-se no sistema como um todo, permitindo que as entidades gestoras de águas residuais desenvolvam uma avaliação estruturada a médio e longo prazo.

Urban drainage systems have developed way beyond the traditional piped combined or separate sewer systems. Many

O Guia Técnico n.º 27 concretiza a 4.ª geração do sistema de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços da ERSAR, sendo o resultado de um excelente exemplo de colaboração entre a ERSAR, enquanto entidade reguladora, o Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil e a Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, a quem não podíamos deixar de agradecer, alargando este agradecimento ao universo das entidades gestoras reguladas, cujos contributos prestados durante a consulta ao setor foram integrados nesta versão final.

The European project LIFE IMPETUS demonstrated low-investment, low-energy, flexible, and easy to implement measures for improving the removal of pharmaceutical compounds in urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with activated sludge (CAS) treatment, the most common biological process in those plants in Portugal and worldwide.The project addressed two major groups of technical solutions: i) operating strategies to enhance the biological treatment for PhC removal, measures identified using sound benchmarking tools, and ii) powdered activated carbon (PAC) addition to the biological reactor, using eco-friendly adsorbents, to control the recalcitrant PhCs and those with incomplete and variable biological removal. These technical guidelines compile the best practices and best lessons learned in LIFE IMPETUS project regarding PhC monitoring and improvement of PhC control in urban CAS-WWTPs using the approached technical solutions. The document aims at an easy and comprehensive use by water practitioners, water regulators, academia, and students of different backgrounds, answering to the questions of what, where, how, how much (cost), and when to monitor and control PhCs in urban CAS-WWTPs. Incentives for PhC control in urban WWTPs are also tackled.

The Technical Guide presents the 4th generation of the service quality assessment system, which abandons some 3rd generation indicators and adds new ones to respond to the latest challenges to supply services, urban waste water management and urban waste management. Changes are also made to definitions and benchmarks for some indicators are adjusted.

O projeto Avaler+

These technical guidelines provides guidance on the use of the hybrid process of powdered activate carbon adsorption and ceramic microfiltration for sustainable drinking water production. They were developed based on the field demonstration of the technology, in Portugal, with a pilot prototype, within the LIFE Hymenb project LIFE12 ENV/PT/001154 "Tailoring hybrid membrane processes for sustainable drinking water production", conducted by LNEC - the National Civil Engineering Laboratory and Águas do Algarve, S.A.

O objetivo do presente Guia é a apresentação e a especificação dosistema correspondente à 2.ª geração de avaliação da qualidade dosserviços de abastecimento de água, de saneamento de águas residuaisurbanas e de gestão de resíduos urbanos prestados pelas entidadesgestoras sujeitas a regulação.Este sistema constitui uma peça fundamental do modelo de regulaçãoem implementação pela ERSAR, sumariamente descrito neste Guia emais detalhadamente descrito em [1], nomeadamente no que respeitaà componente da regulação da qualidade do serviço, de forma a tornarpossível a avaliação quantificada.Note-se que, de acordo com o disposto na alínea e) do n.º 1 do artigo 5.ºdo Decreto-Lei n.º 277/2009, de 2 de outubro, a ERSAR tem atribuiçõesnão apenas para assegurar a regulação da qualidade de serviço prestadoaos utilizadores pelas entidades gestoras, mas também para avaliaro desempenho dessas entidades, promovendo a melhoria dos níveis deserviço. É no quadro destas atribuições que se pretende promover estesistema de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços de águas e resíduos.A 2.ª geração do sistema de avaliação da qualidade do serviço resultouda análise crítica do sistema de indicadores adotado na 1.ª geração e darespetiva aplicação desde 2004 ao universo das entidades concessionáriase teve em conta o estado atual de conhecimentos e a experiênciainternacional entretanto adquirida.Para além da identificação e da especificação de todos os componentesdo sistema de avaliação, e em particular do conjunto de indicadores dequalidade do serviço a utilizar em cada um dos três tipos de serviços,são também definidos os procedimentos de avaliação, através dadefinição da informação a obter, do cálculo de indicadores, da sua interpretaçãoe análise comparativa, numa perspetiva de benchmarking, eda produção do relatório de síntese.

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O objectivo do presente Guia é a apresentação e a especificação do sistema correspondente à 2.ª geração de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços de abastecimento de água, de saneamento de águas residuais urbanas e de gestão de resíduos urbanos prestados pelas entidades gestoras sujeitas a regulação. Este sistema constitui uma peça fundamental do modelo de regulação em implementação pela ERSAR, sumariamente descrito neste Guia e mais detalhadamente descrito em [1], nomeadamente no que respeita à componente da regulação da qualidade do serviço, de forma a tornar possível a avaliação quantificada. Note-se que, de acordo com o disposto nas alíneas e) do artigo 5.º do Decreto-Lei n.º 277/2009, de 2 de Outubro, a ERSAR tem atribuições não apenas para assegurar a regulação da qualidade de serviço prestado aos utilizadores pelas entidades gestoras bem como para avaliar o desempenho dessas entidades, promovendo a melhoria dos níveis de serviço. É no quadro destas atribuições que se pretende promover este sistema de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços de águas e resíduos. A 2.ª geração do sistema de avaliação da qualidade do serviço resultou da análise crítica do sistema de indicadores adoptado na 1.ª geração e da respectiva aplicação desde 2004 ao universo das entidades concessionárias e teve em conta o estado actual de conhecimentos e a experiência internacional entretanto adquirida. Para além da identificação e da especificação de todos os componentes do sistema de avaliação, e em particular do conjunto de indicadores de qualidade do serviço a utilizar em cada um dos três tipos de serviços, são também definidos os procedimentos de avaliação, através da definição da informação a obter, do cálculo de indicadores, da sua interpretação e análise comparativa, numa perspectiva de benchmarking, e da produção do relatório de síntese.

Os objetivos da nova DARU são ambiciosos, exigindo maior eficácia e eficiência

Asset management (AM) has become increasingly important in various sectors and organizations over the lastfew decades. This introductory chapter provides an overview of asset management to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of AM, summarizing its application to urban drainage asset management (UDAM), an asset-intensive sector. The chapter includes a short history, from general AM to UDAM, and refers to milestones, key organizations, and standards. It describes AM principles and different perspectives to approach the subject. The UDAM context is outlined, providing the general processes which can influence strategic, tactical, or operational decision levels, accounting for the specific perspectives and objectives on the subject. The main approaches applied to UDAM are broadly described, some of which incorporate a balance of costs, risks, opportunities, and performance, while others focus on specific aspects. The chapter presents different types of approaches to AM, ranging from those based on condition, reliability, and risk to those based on value, followed by those based on performance or quality of service, highlighting common aspects or overlaps between them. When appropriate, guidance to the chapters where additional information on the subject can be found is provided. Finally, challenges, limitations and opportunities are highlighted.

The number of climate-related disasters has progressively increased in the last two decades and this trend will drastically exacerbate in the medium- and long-term horizons according to climate change projections. In this framework, through a multi-disciplinary team and a strong background acquired in recent projects, ICARIA aims to promote the use of asset-level modeling to achieve a better understanding of climate related tangible direct and indirect impacts on critical assets due to complex, cascading, and compound disasters. Furthermore, it takes into account the related risk reduction provided by suitable, sustainable, and cost-effective adaptation solutions. ICARIA focuses on both (i) critical assets and services that were not designed for potential climate change-related impacts that can increase the unplanned outages and failures, and (ii) on housing, natural areas, and population. Cutting edge methods regarding climate scenario building, asset-level-coupled models, and multi-risk assessment approaches will be implemented and replicated in three EU regions to understand how future climate scenarios might affect critical assets and to provide decision-making support tools to private and public risk owners to assess the costs and benefits of various adaptation solutions.

Activated carbons are versatile adsorbents that can play a crucial role in the enhancement of wastewater treatment, namely by controlling organic microcontaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and organic matter. These materials have a 100-year market availability, large scientific testing at lab-scale and applicability in consolidated technologies. However, the use of activated carbons at full-scale wastewater treatment is still emerging, driven by the increasing awareness on environmental and human threats mainly resulting from CECs. The present chapter reviews the literature on the application of activated carbons in full- or large pilot-scale plants, highlighting the state-of-art knowledge on practical issues on operational set-ups, improvements on water overall quality, and costs. The selection criteria and properties of the powdered and granular (PAC and GAC) materials used, and the pros and critical aspects of their application, relevant for product development and process optimisation, are also analysed and determine the research needs proposed for a technical, economic, and environmentally sustainable application of activated carbon in full-scale advanced wastewater treatment.

Urban areas are dynamic, complex, and vulnerable systems involving multiple strategic services such as water supply, wastewater, and stormwater and waste management. Climate-change trends may directly affect the urban water cycle, through heavy rainfall, tides, and droughts, potentially causing cascading impacts with serious consequences for people, the natural and built environments, and the economy. These challenges to urban areas require an integrated and sustainable approach to increase their resilience, with the allocation of the needed resources, including the development and implementation of disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies, plans, and regulations in all relevant sectors. This chapter describes a resilience-assessment framework to be used by cities and urban-service managers. It considers a structured and objective-driven assessment aiming at supporting the development and monitoring of cities' and urban services' resilience action plans, thus contributing to appropriate DRR investments. Our approach considers four resilience dimensions: organizational, spatial, functional, and physical. It is aligned with the UNDRR's Disaster Resilience Scorecard for Cities and addresses the priorities of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. In this chapter, we apply the resilience-assessment framework to the waste and mobility sectors in Lisbon (Portugal), identifying main opportunities to enhance their resilience and supporting the development of resilience and DRR strategies.

Atualmente os sistemas urbanos de água são reconhecidos como infraestruturas in­dispensáveis de suporte para a prestação de serviços públicos de primeira necessida­de à saúde e bem-estar das populações e à economia das sociedades

This paper aims to explain why and how innovative technologies are enablers of strategic asset management (SAM) of water supply, wastewater and storm water systems.

Urban areas are dynamic, complex, and vulnerable systems involving multiple strategic urban services, stakeholders, and citizens. Strategic services essential to society include water and sewerage (water supply, and wastewater and stormwater management), waste management, energy supply, public lighting, transport, and public security. The potential effects of climate dynamics on the urban areas might lead to the aggravation of existing fragile conditions and the emergence of new hazards or risk factors, with major impacts on strategic urban services, people, the natural and built environment, and the economy. Climate change challenges to urban areas thus require an integrated and sustainable approach to increase their resilience, with the allocation of the needed resources at all administrative levels. These include the development and implementation of disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies, policies, plans, laws, and regulations in all relevant sectors (UNISDR, 2015). This chapter describes a resilience assessment framework to be used by cities and urban-service managers. The framework considers a structured and objective-driven assessment aiming at supporting the development and monitoring of cities

This chapter briefly presents concepts and methodologies to support the management of urban drainage infrastructure. After the introduction, data requirements for assessing the condition of urban drainage systems are presented. Data can be collected in different ways. Data analysis allows for determining structural and functional issues and system performance. The causes and consequences of failures are required for condition assessment and are the subject of the risk section. Any intervention in the urban drainage system has a cost that must be assessed. Mathematical modelling of the urban drainage systems has an advantage for evaluating the hydraulic and structural performance. Decisions on the management of urban drainage rehabilitation need to be addressed considering the different points of view or aspects that are often contradictory. This may be addressed by using multi-criteria decision analysis methodologies.

Urban water services make use of extensive networked infrastructures - water supply and drainage systems. Efficient management of these services relies on the quality of measurements of hydraulic variables in pipes and sewers to support robust analysis of systems

This research aims at developing a comprehensive approach for assessing the energy use and efficiency in wastewater systems, considering the water-energy-greenhouse gas (W-E-G) emissions nexus supported by methods and tools, such as a tailored energy balance and a performance assessment system (PAS). This approach is aligned with continuous improvement principles and allows carrying out the diagnosis of energy efficiency in wastewater systems supporting the building of a portfolio of energy use improvement measures responding to strategic objectives and attending to the systems

Drinking water storage tanks are essential components of water supply systems to store water, to level off pressure in networks and to meet emergency storage. They are also frequent sources of deterioration of drinking water quality and safety owing to inadequate tank design and operation. Mostly, existing tanks design, dimensions and operation do not account for water mixing and renewal.

Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) are crucial to achieving the goals of the United Nations Agenda 2030 for sustainable development and other global agendas, such as the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. In the last decade, the NBS umbrella concept has become more relevant intending to contribute to urban resilience and to address the climate change challenges. NBS are living solutions inspired by nature that use or mimic natural processes intending to face several societal challenges, from the perspective of resource-efficient use and the promotion of economic and environmental benefits. Currently, cities are encouraged to understand and measure the NBS contribution to identify adequate strategies for enhancing resilience and prioritize investments accordingly. The objective of the present thesis is to promote and enhance the NBS implementation in cities, focused on solutions for stormwater management and control. Based on the analysis of their contribution to urban resilience, the potential to meet environmental, social, and economic challenges and to adapt across diverse urban scales and contexts is demonstrated. In this sense, a Resilience Assessment Framework (RAF) to assess the NBS contribution to urban resilience was developed. This framework aims to assess the NBS contribution to urban resilience. Moreover, a Guidance for the RAF application in cities with different resilience maturity was developed, which involved the RAF validation by seven cities (from a national and international context), that participated voluntarily in this phase. In this context, the developed RAF is comprehensive and multidimensional. It is driven by the definition of objectives, criteria, and metrics, according to the proposed structure for assessing the water supply and wastewater system service performance in the framework of the ISO 24500 standards of the International Organization for Standardization. For an oriented assessment of the criteria, qualitative and quantitative metrics were defined, considering data from different sources and complexity. Reference values were also identified and metrics' classifications were defined. In this classification, each answer is associated with a resilience development level, intending to assess the NBS contribution to urban resilience on a normalized scale. To support the RAF application to cities with different resilience maturity (in terms of resilience and available information), three analysis degrees (essential, complementary, and comprehensive) and a set of metrics were proposed, which are pre-defined in the guidance for the RAF application. To support the selection of the analysis degree more adequate to any city, a structure to characterize the city's profile was developed. This complementary profile also supports the interpretation of the RAF results, both at the city and at the level of specific NBS. To conclude, the application of the RAF essential analysis degree to the seven participating cities, with different challenges regarding urban resilience and NBS, and of the comprehensive analysis degree (complete RAF) to Porto´s urban area, through an assemble assessment at the city and NBS levels, were presented.

Over the past two decades, performance assessment (PA) has been one of the areas show-ing the greatest advancement in the water sector. PA aims to measure effectiveness and/or efficiency of an activity or process using performance metrics, supporting the decision-making process and the continuous improvement of water utilities. Despite the potential benefits, few projects, and initiatives on PA have been undertaken regarding storm water systems (SWS). The present thesis aims to develop a performance assessment framework (PAF), applicable to both conventional SWS and sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS), objective driven and focused on systems

Infrastructure asset management (IAM) has been increasingly becoming a key topic in the mind-set shift of the water sector managers and policy makers, allowing to assist in the operational, tactical and strategic decision-making in urban water infrastructures. Nevertheless, IAM implementation by the water utilities is still far from needed and not widespread, due to several challenges and constraints, mainly associated with limited human, technological and financial resources. The current research aims at enhancing urban water infrastructure asset management through an integrated decision-making approach, that includes novel methodologies for condition assessment, service life prediction and cost modelling. This approach can be applied at three assessment levels

Este trabalho tem como objetivo melhorar a eficiência energética dos sistemas de abastecimento de água através do desenvolvimento de uma metodologia orientada por objetivos e com recurso ao balanço energético e a métricas de desempenho que permitem identificar as principais origens de ineficiência energética dos sistemas, comparar diferentes alternativas de intervenção e contribuir para a melhoria contínua destes sistemas.A metodologia de investigação seguida contempla desenvolvimentos científicos aliados a uma aplicação prática num conjunto alargado de casos de estudo através de ferramentas de cálculo automático desenvolvidas para o efeito. Os desenvolvimentos científicos consistem na formulação matemática de um balanço energético flexível em termos de dados necessários para a sua implementação; o desenvolvimento de métricas de desempenho que permitem identificar a origem das ineficiências energéticas (equipamentos, perdas de água ou configuração e operação) e a sua sistematização numa metodologia que segue os princípios de melhoria contínua (Plan-Do-Check-Act). A aplicação a casos de estudo é efetuada em três etapas. A primeira etapa consiste na aplicação do balanço energético agregado e métricas de desempenho para diagnosticar ineficiências a nível global em sistemas sem modelo matemático. A segunda etapa consiste na aplicação de um balanço detalhado com recurso a modelos matemáticos, bem como uma análise de sensibilidade aos diferentes métodos. A terceira etapa centra-se na aplicação detalhada de dois casos de estudo para ilustrar a metodologia.Os principais resultados são: i) uma metodologia integrada para o diagnóstico água-energia em sistemas de abastecimento de água; ii) um novo balanço energético para sistemas de abastecimento de água; iii) resultados da aplicação do balanço e das métricas de eficiência energética em 110 sistemas; iv) ferramentas para cálculo das diferentes formulações de balanço energético e de métricas de desempenho; e v) valores reais e exemplos de soluções não convencionais que conduziram a melhorias de desempenho energético.

As estações de tratamento de águas residuais (ETAR) são atualmente alvo de esforços de melhoria do seu desempenho técnico, ambiental e económico. Empresas, reguladores e organismos de financiamento têm utilizado sistemas de avaliação de desempenho para apoiar as suas decisões. Neste contexto, o LNEC desenvolveu a 1.ª e 2.ª geração do sistema de avaliação de desempenho (PAS) de ETAR baseado em indicadores (PIs) e índices de desempenho (PXs). Para ambos, os valores de referência para o julgamento do desempenho são elementos chave. Apesar de serem elementos cruciais, os valores de referência precisavam ainda de ser definidos para avaliar e melhorar o desempenho das ETAR com foco na eficiência energética e gestão de afluências pluviais. Assim, o objetivo da tese foi desenvolver a terceira geração do PAS com valores de referência para avaliar o desempenho. Os PIs e PXs focam os objetivos principais da ETAR, ou seja, garantir a sustentabilidade técnica, econômica e ambiental, garantindo um tratamento eficaz e fiável com o consumo mínimo de energia, reagentes e produção de lamas. A estratégia seguida consistiu em desenvolver ou selecionar a partir da segunda geração do PAS sub-conjuntos de PIs e PXs de acordo com os objetivos, nomeadamente, eficácia, fiabilidade, desempenho energético e consumo de reagentes e gestão das lamas. Os valores de referência foram derivados com base numa revisão da literatura, equações empíricas e/ou estudos de campo e, sempre que aplicável, incorporam o efeito de parâmetros chave, de modo a avaliar o efeito das variações de caudal e de concentração. Foi desenvolvida uma análise estatística dos PXs para avaliar a fiabilidade da ETAR. Foi também demonstrada a flexibilidade do sistema de avaliação de desempenho para diferentes objetivos e uma abordagem para diagnosticar oportunidades de melhoria do desempenho, utilizando os PIs e PXs num ciclo PDCA (plan-do-check-act).

Este trabalho de investigação teve como objectivo principal propor, aplicar e validar uma metodologia que permitisse transformar dados de consumo urbano de água, obtidos a partir de sistemas de telemetria, em informação útil para a gestão dos serviços de água e para os consumidores.A metodologia encontra-se estruturada em quatro módulos: planeamento e monitorização,processamento de dados, produção de informação de caracterização e previsão eclassificação. Tirando partido de dados de consumo telemedidos aos vários níveis, desde o cliente individual às zonas de medição e controlo (ZMC), procede-se à aplicação dametodologia para caracterização de grandes consumidores, previsão do consumodoméstico nocturno, avaliação do efeito da variação de pressão no consumo autorizado enas perdas de água e previsão do consumo em ZMC.Para além da metodologia estruturada para a análise de consumos, as principaiscontribuições inovadoras são o desenvolvimento de modelos de previsão e de classificação do consumo em ZMC, em função das variáveis explicativas mais significativas, e a obtenção de expressões para a variação do consumo autorizado e das perdas reais com a pressão.O trabalho desenvolvido contribuirá para um uso mais eficiente da água, através de ummelhor conhecimento sobre as várias componentes do consumo urbano de água, assimcomo para o estabelecimento de critérios de projecto e de exploração da rede maissustentados.

Os serviços de abastecimento de água (SAA) têm vindo a incorporar princípios desustentabilidade na sua prática de gestão. O estado da arte em metodologias de avaliação dedesempenho de SAA mostrou a necessidade de abordar especificamente o tratamento,considerado insatisfatoriamente nas abordagens sistematizadas existentes.Na presente dissertação desenvolveu-se um sistema de avaliação de desempenho (PAS) deestações de tratamento de água (ETA), orientado por objectivos, normalizado e quantitativo,destinado a apoiar a tomada de decisão, e cobrindo os domínios qualidade da água tratada,eficiência/fiabilidade, utilização de água, energia e materiais, gestão de subprodutos, segurança,recursos humanos e económico financeiros.O PAS integra uma componente para avaliação do desempenho global, baseada em indicadoresde desempenho, e uma componente para avaliação do desempenho operacional, baseada emíndices de desempenho que avaliam, numa escala 0-300, a qualidade da água tratada, eficiênciasdas várias operações/processos unitários (OPU) e sua relação com condições de operação.Foi desenvolvida uma ferramenta de cálculo automático do PAS.A aplicação do PAS a cinco ETA de características diversas permitiu avaliar a evoluçãotemporal do seu desempenho, comparar estações e OPU, e identificar oportunidades de melhoriana operação das OPU, na qualidade da água tratada e utilização de recursos.

This milestone aims at providing the lessons learnt from joint application of water-smartness dashboard for long-term strategic planning in the LLs, within the Innovation Alliance (InAll, Task 1.4). InAll provides a means for testing and validating the dashboard (developed within Task 3.9), both through the LL owners as the first users of the dashboard, as well as from meeting and discussions involving the leaders of the two referred tasks. This milestone describes (i) the approach followed to produce the feedback and lessons learnt from the dashboard use within InAll, including a brief explanation of the InAll and the strategic planning processes and an overview of the dashboard testing process, and (ii) the feedback on the dashboard, provided by the InAll LL problem-owners, as well as the lessons learnt.

The Innovation Alliance (InAll) of the B-WaterSmart (BWS) project was established across the project's six Living Labs (LLs): Alicante, Bodø, Flanders, Lisbon, East Frisia, and Venice. InAll constitutes a key co-production instrument of the B-WaterSmart project. It was designed for the primary problem-owners of the LLs to internalize and learn by doing how to use the B-WaterSmart objective-oriented assessment framework, developed in WP6, as a main tool for strategic planning on water smartness. This deliverable aims to provide the lessons learnt from the BWS InAll, including recommendations for case owners (follow-up beyond the project) and future users (replication).

This deliverable is a synthesis report on the results of all the technologies in the different case studies within the B-Watersmart project. As the final report on the outcome of the technology demonstrations, it provides a public synthesized overview and encompasses all Living labs. The document begins by clarifying its objectives in the first section. Section 2 provides a concise description of the technologies applied in each living labs, the achieved results and the challenges encountered during implementation. It also provides lessons learnt for future implementation of the technologies in other places. Section 3 provides the description of the achieved and expected impacts of the technologies on the Living labs. Finally, section 4 summarizes the activities and presents the common trends, lessons learned are and overarching impacts, highlighting cross-cutting aspects and synergies of the different technologies.

This internal report of Work Package 2

This document presents the links to and the contents of the

This report offers an overview of key present challenges for water governance across the 6 Living Labs of B-WaterSmart: Alicante (Spain), Bodø (Norway), East Frisia (Germany), Flanders (Belgium), Lisbon (Portugal) and Venice (Italy), according to the 12 OECD Principles for Water Governance (2015). It includes a set of recommendations for the LLs of the project and beyond, with a view to a more adaptive, fair and resilient water governance, along the lines of the circular economy and a fuller integration into the nexus of water, energy and waste

This document reports the activity developed in the second year of the EMPOWER+ project including the progress and results of the Task 1 & 2 - PACs, GACs and magnetic PAC synthesis and characterization, Task 3 - Batch adsorption studies with the produced PACs and GACs, Task 4 - Rapid small colunm tests and Task 7 - GAC regeneration assays.

The B-WaterSmart project, and specifically through WP6, aims at providing an assessment framework to support multi-stakeholder and strategic decision-making towards the transition to a water-smart society that recognizes multiple values and facilitates the active participation of a varied set of actors.

This document is the Management Plan for the LIFE Fitting project. Its purpose is to establish the project management composition, responsibilities, and processes to be followed throughout the project duration regarding project management. This project management plan is a deliverable of task 1.1 and is expected to be updated whenever a change in project requirements occurs or a risk or unexpected deviation from the planned course of action is encountered.

Milestone (MS) 22 contains the Living Lab (LL) strategic agendas (SA) as agreed with stakeholders in the Communities of Practice (CoPs). MS22 builds upon MS6 and MS12 and illustrates the changes to the SAs that occurred as result of the discussion with stakeholders. An overview of discussions held during the CoP meetings concerning the SAs is provided. The next steps with the SAs are also discussed.

Este estudo visa aumentar a confiança na reutilização segura da água, utilizando tecnologias de tratamento avançado como ultrafiltração, ozonização e osmose inversa para avaliar a sua eficácia e limitações. Desenvolvido numa estação de tratamento de águas residuais (ETAR), o estudo comparou a qualidade da água resultante de processos em grande escala, como a ultrafiltração, com água tratada adicionalmente através de um sistema piloto de ozonização e osmose inversa, ou apenas osmose inversa. Todos os esquemas de tratamento estudados produziram água adequada ao consumo humano.

EXCLUSIVO: AWARE-P vence prémio alemão e conquista novo reconhecimento internacional: É a primeira vez que é distinguido um projecto de um país que não fala alemão, entrevista de Ana Santiago (Jornalista do Jornal Água & Ambiente - Portal Ambiente Online) a Helena Alegre, 19 de Agosto de 2014

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