Publicações

RESCCUE es un proyecto de investigación financiado por el programa Horizonte 2020 de la Comisión Europea y liderado por Suez que tiene como objetivo ayudar a ciudades de todo el mundo a ser más resistentes a retos físicos, sociales y económicos, utilizando el sector del agua como elemento central.

TiO2-containing photocatalysts, which combine TiO2 with carbon-based materials, are promising materials for wastewater treatment due to synergistic photodegradation and adsorption phenomena. In this work, TiO2/AC composites were produced by the in situ immobilization of TiO2 nanoparticles over activated carbon (AC) derived from spent coffee grains, using different TiO2/AC proportions. The TiO2/AC composites were tested as adsorbents (dark) and as photocatalysts in a combined adsorption+photocatalytic process (solar irradiation) for methylene blue (MB) removal from ultrapure water, and from a secondary effluent (SecEf) of an urban wastewater treatment plant. All the materials were characterized by XRD (X-ray powder diffraction), N2 adsorption

Storage tanks are essential components of water supply systems to store water to face normal and emergency conditions and to level off required pressures. However, tanks can also be the source of water quality deterioration due to poor mixing and long residence times. In this paper, the effect of the tank configuration and of the operating mode on water mixing and renewal in cylindrical small-scale tanks of typical configurations is assessed. Results show that nearly complete mixing conditions can be attained in the tanks with inlet and outlet pipes located at opposite walls. Short-circuiting and the formation of dead zones is demonstrated in tanks with inlet and outlet pipes located close together. In fill-and-draw mode, water mixing is enhanced by a wide water-level variation, but renewal takes longer than in steady-state conditions. In addition, an empirical formula is proposed for estimating the turnover time in cylindrical tanks operated at a constant level. By identifying the configurations and operating conditions that promote mixing, this paper contributes to better water quality management in existing and new storage tanks in distribution systems.

Flood risk management in urban areas adjacent to the coast is essential to increase their resilience. This study aims at improving scientific knowledge of flood risk alongside estuaries, considering different hazards and integrating estuestuarine and urban drainage modelling. Mathematical modelling of stormwater systems is a useful tool to evaluate the susceptibility to flooding and identify potential measures to reduce flood risk.

Apesar da qualidade de serviço assegurada atualmente pelos sistemas de abastecimento de água (SAA) em Portugal, o valor de água não faturada nos sistemas em

Urban areas are complex, vulnerable and continuously evolving, with interacting strategic services, assets and stakeholders. Potential effects of climate dynamics on urban areas may include the aggravation of current conditions, with identification of new hazards or risk drivers. These challenges require an integrated and forward-looking approach to sustainable urban development.

Urban environments are challenged with unprecedented anthropogenic and natural pressures, the latter being accelerated by the growing awareness of the consequences of climate change. The concept of urban resilience has been growing in response, since it allows us to understand city behaviour as a system of systems, improving its response to extreme climate-related events. This paper presents the EU H2020 Resilience to Cope with Climate Change in Urban Areas (RESCCUE) project approach in Lisbon

Concentration polarization is a phenomenon inherent to membrane separation operations and as a precursor of membrane fouling is frequently related to the decrease in the performance of these operations. In the present work, a case-specific mass transfer correlation was developed to assess the concentration polarization when nanofiltration, in different operating conditions, was applied to treat a pharmaceutical wastewater containing atenolol. NF runs with two membranes, two atenolol concentrations and three feed circulating velocities were conducted, and the corresponding experimental mass transfer coefficients were determined using film theory to describe the concentration polarization phenomenon. Higher velocities led to higher mass transfer coefficients and, consequently, lower concentration polarization. These mass transfer coefficients were correlated with the circulating velocity (Re), the solute diffusivity (Sc) and the membrane permeability (LPþ) (the membrane is a permeable interface with effect on the concentration profiles developed from the interface towards the bulk feed), yielding the following correlation Sh ¼ 1.98 × 104Re0.5Sc0.33LP þ0.32. The good agreement between the calculated and the experimental results makes this correlation a valuable tool for water practitioners to predict and control the concentration polarization during atenolol-rich wastewater treatment by nanofiltration, thereby increasing its productivity and selectivity.

Concentration polarization is a phenomenon inherent to membrane separation operations and as a precursor of membrane fouling is frequently related to the decrease in the performance of these operations. In the present work, a case-specific mass transfer correlation was developed to assess the concentration polarization when nanofiltration, in different operating conditions, was applied to treat a pharmaceutical wastewater containing atenolol. NF runs with two membranes, two atenolol concentrations and three feed circulating velocities were conducted, and the corresponding experimental mass transfer coefficients were determined using film theory to describe the concentration polarization phenomenon. Higher velocities led to higher mass transfer coefficients and, consequently, lower concentration polarization. These mass transfer coefficients were correlated with the circulating velocity (Re), the solute diffusivity (Sc) and the membrane permeability (LP+) (the membrane is a permeable interface with effect on the concentration profiles developed from the interface towards the bulk feed), yielding the following correlation Sh = 1.98 × 104Re0.5Sc0.33LP+0.32. The good agreement between the calculated and the experimental results makes this correlation a valuable tool for water practitioners to predict and control the concentration polarization during atenolol-rich wastewater treatment by nanofiltration, thereby increasing its productivity and selectivity.

Os sistemas urbanos de água são projetados para garantir o fornecimento ininterrupto deágua com qualidade numa perspetiva de longo prazo. A gestão patrimonial dasinfraestruturas (GPI) visa a gestão estratégica e sustentável do património existente eminfraestruturas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi abordar a gestão da qualidade da água nossistemas de distribuição num contexto de GPI. Para tal, foram definidos objetivos, critérios emétricas para o nível estratégico e para o nível tático, para os principais processos e fatoresque respondem pela manutenção da qualidade e segurança da água nos sistemas dedistribuição. A metodologia evidenciou potencial para ser utilizada por entidades gestoras(EG) para controlo e gestão da qualidade da água nos sistemas de distribuição. Foramilustradas interseções desta metodologia com a dos Planos de Segurança da Água, bemcomo com alguns critérios de conceção e dimensionamento das infraestruturas. Aincorporação da qualidade da água em abordagens de GPI mais integradas, que incluammétricas que vão além do cumprimento dos requisitos legais, pode capacitar as EG a melho

This paper assesses calibration and verification results of the Alcântara catchment model (Lisbon) and of the flow model forecasts forced by two different resolutions in Weather Forecasting: the 9 km WRF model from the Windguru website, available with just one forecast point in the catchment area, and the 5 km WRF model of the University of Aveiro, with an orthogonal grid of six forecast points. The accuracy of urban drainage model results was assessed combining statistical and graphical techniques and is substantially affected by the uncertainty in spatial rainfall distribution. Therefore, data from more rain gauges or from satellite sources would certainly improve model parameterisation and results. This study also highlighted the importance of modelling rainfall-derived infiltration and inflow (RDII) for achieving more balanced and accurate results. In forecast mode, the sewer model is significantly more accurate when forced by the University of Aveiro model forecasts than when forced by the Windguru website forecasts. Differences in results are partially attributed to the number of forecast points considered in each model and on differences in spatial resolution of the models. The comparison between predicted and observed storms was sometimes difficult and subjective due to the time lags between them.

No presente artigo avalia-se a qualidade do modelo de uma pequena bacia de drenagemurbana e a contribuição de algumas componentes do sistema para a incerteza dosresultados face às medições. A análise é efetuada através de técnicas estatísticas e gráficasde avaliação dos resultados, que podem ser classificadas em três categorias principais:adimensional (e.g., coeficiente de eficiência de Nash-Sutcliffe), índice de erro (e.g., erroquadrático médio) e regressão linear. Propõe-se uma abordagem inovadora quecompreende a quantificação da precisão dos resultados de diferentes variáveis doshidrogramas: volume, caudal de ponta e, por forma a avaliar a forma do hidrograma,volumes máximos associados a diferentes durações. Apesar do modelo existente jáapresentar bons resultados, este estudo levou a uma melhoria da sua calibração. Aaplicação da metodologia revelou-se simples e útil na compreensão e redução da incertezado modelo.

Apresenta-se a avaliação da qualidade dos resultados da calibração e da verificação domodelo da bacia de Alcântara, bem como das previsões utilizando forçamentos deprecipitação de dois modelos atmosféricos distintos: o modelo WRF 9 km da página webWindguru, com um posto de previsão, e o modelo WRF 5 km da Universidade de Aveiro,com uma malha ortogonal de seis postos de previsão.Concluiu-se que a incerteza da distribuição espacial da precipitação e, eventualmente, detransferências de caudais de bacias vizinhas durante grandes chuvadas afetamsignificativamente a precisão do modelo de Alcântara. Dada a área da bacia, a utilização demais udómetros conduziria a uma melhoria da parametrização do modelo e dos resultados.A consideração dos caudais de infiltração e subsuperficiais levou a uma melhoria importantedos resultados.Em modo de previsão, os forçamentos da precipitação da Universidade de Aveiro levaram aresultados substancialmente mais precisos do que os forçamentos do modelo Windguru. Asdiferenças de resultados são parcialmente atribuídas às diferenças quanto à resoluçãoespacial dos modelos e quanto ao número de postos de previsão considerados. A análisecomparativa entre os hidrogramas observados e previstos foi por vezes difícil e subjetiva,devido ao desfasamento temporal entre as ocorrências reais e previstas.

O software AWARE-P proporciona uma abordagem organizada para avaliação e comparação de alternativas de planeamento ou diferentes soluções de gestão patrimonial de infraestruturas, através de métricas de desempenho, risco e custo. Compreende um conjunto alargado de métricas e ferramentas de análise de rede, que também podem ser usadas individualmente para análises de diagnóstico e sensibilidade. Oferece um ambiente colaborativo e não intrusivo, baseado na web, integrador para uma grande variedade de dados e processos que podem ser relevantes para os demais processos de apoio à decisão, como cadastro, ordens de serviço, manutenção, registos de inspeções (CCTV), modelos de rede, indicadores de desempenho, registos de avaliação de componentes, entre outros. A versão beta foi tornada pública no início de 2012, tendo registado mais de 1000 utilizadores a nível mundial. Versões subsequentes, e um elevado número de versões personalizadas e de casos de estudo (EUA, Noruega, Espanha e Portugal, entre outros) confirmam o potencial da abordagem e do software desenvolvido. O software baseia-se numa plataforma modular, colaborativa e baseada na web (baseform.org), que pode ser utilizada em qualquer ambiente que suporte a linguagem Java

Os sistemas urbanos de abastecimento de água têm beneficiado de uma forte evolução tecnológica nas últimas décadas, traduzindo-se na melhoria global dos serviços prestados. As tecnologias de informação têm contribuído para esta melhoria, através da leitura remota, comunicação e registo continuo de parâmetros como o consumo de água e a pressão. Embora muitas entidades gestoras utilizem já estas tecnologias, o foco principal tem sido a monitorização da rede e dos grandes consumidores parav controlo de perdas de água nos sistemas. Além disso, a maioria das tecnologias de telemedição são muitas vezes utilizadas de forma isolada sem integração entre elas e com outros sistemas de informação. Portanto, há necessidade de uma abordagem mais completa, que contemple aplicações não tradicionais e que benefecie da análise cruzada entre dados obtidos, com elevada frequência, por telemedição de medidores de caudal instalados para monitorização das redes e de contadores instalados nos consumidores. Neste artigo apresenta-se o trabalho desenvolvido no âmbito do projeto europeu iWIDGET no sentido de identificar, validar e testar um conjunto de aplicações inovadoras baseadas em dados de telemedição adquiridos em tempo real e que permitem melhorar a eficiência no consumo de água e de energia associado em sistemas de abastecimento.

Tap water discolouration incidents may occur due to resuspension of loose deposits (LD) that accumulate in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS), due to velocity increases or rapid changes. While lowering the consumers

The current paper aims at presenting a standardized auditing scheme for assessing energy efficiency in water supply systems. The proposed scheme has been developed based on the existing methodologies and International Water Association (IWA) waterbalance principles. The main innovation is the direct link to the water auditing in order to encourage water utilities to carry out the joint management of water losses and related energy efficiency. Key energy efficiency performance indices are calculatedbased on the energy auditing without the need of using hydraulic modelling. Two case-studies are explored and discussed. Thispaper shows that specific energy consumption and pump efficiency are not sufficient to evaluate the energy efficiency of a givensystem. The energy balance proposed herein allows the development of a preliminary diagnosis and the identification of thecritical areas in terms of energy efficiency, and thereby, supports the tactical and operational management of water supply systems.

The energy costs usually represent the second largest part of the running costs of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The energy Performance Indicators (PIs) are thus core measures of the Performance Assessment System developed for WWTPs. This paper presents the energy PIs proposed, which cover the unit energy consumption, production, net use and costs, and the results used to validate them and derive their reference values (PI costs excluded). The results of a field study with 17 Portuguese WWTPs (5-year period) were consistent with the results obtained for different countries through a literature survey on the energy consumption and production. The unit energy consumption showed an overall inverse relation with the volume treated, and the reference values reflect this relation for trickling filters and for activated sludge systems (conventional, with coagulation/filtration (C/F) and with nitrification and C/F). The reference values of energy production were derived from the methane generation potential and literature data, whereas those of energy net use consider the difference between the energy consumption and energy production.

With its participation in PREPARED - Enabling Change, EPAL aims to demonstrate the feasibility of the innovative Water Cycle Safety Plan (WCSP) framework approach to climate change related risk management. The demonstration was applied to Lisbon´s water supply system and allowed the company to diagnose to what extent EPAL´s existing Water Safety Plan can be integrated as a System Safety Plan within the wider range of WCSP. Conclusions were that EPAL benefited from being integrated in the broader WCSP team and from broadening the scope of WSP aims. The main difficulties arose from the need to find a scale of consequences suitable for all the parties involved and from the fact that the upstream stakeholder in the river basin, where major interactions were found to happen, did not participate in the demo. The tools developed in order to support the risk identification, analysis and treatment phases proved to be useful, despite lacking a user-friendly interface. Overall, we can conclude that if the concept of the WCSP is to be fully implemented, it will definitely become a powerfull tool manage shared risks in the water cycle in an integrated manner.

O Guia Técnico n.º 27 concretiza a 4.ª geração do sistema de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços da ERSAR, sendo o resultado de um excelente exemplo de colaboração entre a ERSAR, enquanto entidade reguladora, o Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil e a Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, a quem não podíamos deixar de agradecer, alargando este agradecimento ao universo das entidades gestoras reguladas, cujos contributos prestados durante a consulta ao setor foram integrados nesta versão final.

The European project LIFE IMPETUS demonstrated low-investment, low-energy, flexible, and easy to implement measures for improving the removal of pharmaceutical compounds in urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with activated sludge (CAS) treatment, the most common biological process in those plants in Portugal and worldwide.The project addressed two major groups of technical solutions: i) operating strategies to enhance the biological treatment for PhC removal, measures identified using sound benchmarking tools, and ii) powdered activated carbon (PAC) addition to the biological reactor, using eco-friendly adsorbents, to control the recalcitrant PhCs and those with incomplete and variable biological removal. These technical guidelines compile the best practices and best lessons learned in LIFE IMPETUS project regarding PhC monitoring and improvement of PhC control in urban CAS-WWTPs using the approached technical solutions. The document aims at an easy and comprehensive use by water practitioners, water regulators, academia, and students of different backgrounds, answering to the questions of what, where, how, how much (cost), and when to monitor and control PhCs in urban CAS-WWTPs. Incentives for PhC control in urban WWTPs are also tackled.

The Technical Guide presents the 4th generation of the service quality assessment system, which abandons some 3rd generation indicators and adds new ones to respond to the latest challenges to supply services, urban waste water management and urban waste management. Changes are also made to definitions and benchmarks for some indicators are adjusted.

O projeto Avaler+

These technical guidelines provides guidance on the use of the hybrid process of powdered activate carbon adsorption and ceramic microfiltration for sustainable drinking water production. They were developed based on the field demonstration of the technology, in Portugal, with a pilot prototype, within the LIFE Hymenb project LIFE12 ENV/PT/001154 "Tailoring hybrid membrane processes for sustainable drinking water production", conducted by LNEC - the National Civil Engineering Laboratory and Águas do Algarve, S.A.

O objetivo do presente Guia é a apresentação e a especificação dosistema correspondente à 2.ª geração de avaliação da qualidade dosserviços de abastecimento de água, de saneamento de águas residuaisurbanas e de gestão de resíduos urbanos prestados pelas entidadesgestoras sujeitas a regulação.Este sistema constitui uma peça fundamental do modelo de regulaçãoem implementação pela ERSAR, sumariamente descrito neste Guia emais detalhadamente descrito em [1], nomeadamente no que respeitaà componente da regulação da qualidade do serviço, de forma a tornarpossível a avaliação quantificada.Note-se que, de acordo com o disposto na alínea e) do n.º 1 do artigo 5.ºdo Decreto-Lei n.º 277/2009, de 2 de outubro, a ERSAR tem atribuiçõesnão apenas para assegurar a regulação da qualidade de serviço prestadoaos utilizadores pelas entidades gestoras, mas também para avaliaro desempenho dessas entidades, promovendo a melhoria dos níveis deserviço. É no quadro destas atribuições que se pretende promover estesistema de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços de águas e resíduos.A 2.ª geração do sistema de avaliação da qualidade do serviço resultouda análise crítica do sistema de indicadores adotado na 1.ª geração e darespetiva aplicação desde 2004 ao universo das entidades concessionáriase teve em conta o estado atual de conhecimentos e a experiênciainternacional entretanto adquirida.Para além da identificação e da especificação de todos os componentesdo sistema de avaliação, e em particular do conjunto de indicadores dequalidade do serviço a utilizar em cada um dos três tipos de serviços,são também definidos os procedimentos de avaliação, através dadefinição da informação a obter, do cálculo de indicadores, da sua interpretaçãoe análise comparativa, numa perspetiva de benchmarking, eda produção do relatório de síntese.

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O objectivo do presente Guia é a apresentação e a especificação do sistema correspondente à 2.ª geração de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços de abastecimento de água, de saneamento de águas residuais urbanas e de gestão de resíduos urbanos prestados pelas entidades gestoras sujeitas a regulação. Este sistema constitui uma peça fundamental do modelo de regulação em implementação pela ERSAR, sumariamente descrito neste Guia e mais detalhadamente descrito em [1], nomeadamente no que respeita à componente da regulação da qualidade do serviço, de forma a tornar possível a avaliação quantificada. Note-se que, de acordo com o disposto nas alíneas e) do artigo 5.º do Decreto-Lei n.º 277/2009, de 2 de Outubro, a ERSAR tem atribuições não apenas para assegurar a regulação da qualidade de serviço prestado aos utilizadores pelas entidades gestoras bem como para avaliar o desempenho dessas entidades, promovendo a melhoria dos níveis de serviço. É no quadro destas atribuições que se pretende promover este sistema de avaliação da qualidade dos serviços de águas e resíduos. A 2.ª geração do sistema de avaliação da qualidade do serviço resultou da análise crítica do sistema de indicadores adoptado na 1.ª geração e da respectiva aplicação desde 2004 ao universo das entidades concessionárias e teve em conta o estado actual de conhecimentos e a experiência internacional entretanto adquirida. Para além da identificação e da especificação de todos os componentes do sistema de avaliação, e em particular do conjunto de indicadores de qualidade do serviço a utilizar em cada um dos três tipos de serviços, são também definidos os procedimentos de avaliação, através da definição da informação a obter, do cálculo de indicadores, da sua interpretação e análise comparativa, numa perspectiva de benchmarking, e da produção do relatório de síntese.

Os objetivos da nova DARU são ambiciosos, exigindo maior eficácia e eficiência

Asset management (AM) has become increasingly important in various sectors and organizations over the lastfew decades. This introductory chapter provides an overview of asset management to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of AM, summarizing its application to urban drainage asset management (UDAM), an asset-intensive sector. The chapter includes a short history, from general AM to UDAM, and refers to milestones, key organizations, and standards. It describes AM principles and different perspectives to approach the subject. The UDAM context is outlined, providing the general processes which can influence strategic, tactical, or operational decision levels, accounting for the specific perspectives and objectives on the subject. The main approaches applied to UDAM are broadly described, some of which incorporate a balance of costs, risks, opportunities, and performance, while others focus on specific aspects. The chapter presents different types of approaches to AM, ranging from those based on condition, reliability, and risk to those based on value, followed by those based on performance or quality of service, highlighting common aspects or overlaps between them. When appropriate, guidance to the chapters where additional information on the subject can be found is provided. Finally, challenges, limitations and opportunities are highlighted.

The number of climate-related disasters has progressively increased in the last two decades and this trend will drastically exacerbate in the medium- and long-term horizons according to climate change projections. In this framework, through a multi-disciplinary team and a strong background acquired in recent projects, ICARIA aims to promote the use of asset-level modeling to achieve a better understanding of climate related tangible direct and indirect impacts on critical assets due to complex, cascading, and compound disasters. Furthermore, it takes into account the related risk reduction provided by suitable, sustainable, and cost-effective adaptation solutions. ICARIA focuses on both (i) critical assets and services that were not designed for potential climate change-related impacts that can increase the unplanned outages and failures, and (ii) on housing, natural areas, and population. Cutting edge methods regarding climate scenario building, asset-level-coupled models, and multi-risk assessment approaches will be implemented and replicated in three EU regions to understand how future climate scenarios might affect critical assets and to provide decision-making support tools to private and public risk owners to assess the costs and benefits of various adaptation solutions.

Activated carbons are versatile adsorbents that can play a crucial role in the enhancement of wastewater treatment, namely by controlling organic microcontaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and organic matter. These materials have a 100-year market availability, large scientific testing at lab-scale and applicability in consolidated technologies. However, the use of activated carbons at full-scale wastewater treatment is still emerging, driven by the increasing awareness on environmental and human threats mainly resulting from CECs. The present chapter reviews the literature on the application of activated carbons in full- or large pilot-scale plants, highlighting the state-of-art knowledge on practical issues on operational set-ups, improvements on water overall quality, and costs. The selection criteria and properties of the powdered and granular (PAC and GAC) materials used, and the pros and critical aspects of their application, relevant for product development and process optimisation, are also analysed and determine the research needs proposed for a technical, economic, and environmentally sustainable application of activated carbon in full-scale advanced wastewater treatment.

Urban areas are dynamic, complex, and vulnerable systems involving multiple strategic services such as water supply, wastewater, and stormwater and waste management. Climate-change trends may directly affect the urban water cycle, through heavy rainfall, tides, and droughts, potentially causing cascading impacts with serious consequences for people, the natural and built environments, and the economy. These challenges to urban areas require an integrated and sustainable approach to increase their resilience, with the allocation of the needed resources, including the development and implementation of disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies, plans, and regulations in all relevant sectors. This chapter describes a resilience-assessment framework to be used by cities and urban-service managers. It considers a structured and objective-driven assessment aiming at supporting the development and monitoring of cities' and urban services' resilience action plans, thus contributing to appropriate DRR investments. Our approach considers four resilience dimensions: organizational, spatial, functional, and physical. It is aligned with the UNDRR's Disaster Resilience Scorecard for Cities and addresses the priorities of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. In this chapter, we apply the resilience-assessment framework to the waste and mobility sectors in Lisbon (Portugal), identifying main opportunities to enhance their resilience and supporting the development of resilience and DRR strategies.

Atualmente os sistemas urbanos de água são reconhecidos como infraestruturas in­dispensáveis de suporte para a prestação de serviços públicos de primeira necessida­de à saúde e bem-estar das populações e à economia das sociedades

This paper aims to explain why and how innovative technologies are enablers of strategic asset management (SAM) of water supply, wastewater and storm water systems.

Urban areas are dynamic, complex, and vulnerable systems involving multiple strategic urban services, stakeholders, and citizens. Strategic services essential to society include water and sewerage (water supply, and wastewater and stormwater management), waste management, energy supply, public lighting, transport, and public security. The potential effects of climate dynamics on the urban areas might lead to the aggravation of existing fragile conditions and the emergence of new hazards or risk factors, with major impacts on strategic urban services, people, the natural and built environment, and the economy. Climate change challenges to urban areas thus require an integrated and sustainable approach to increase their resilience, with the allocation of the needed resources at all administrative levels. These include the development and implementation of disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies, policies, plans, laws, and regulations in all relevant sectors (UNISDR, 2015). This chapter describes a resilience assessment framework to be used by cities and urban-service managers. The framework considers a structured and objective-driven assessment aiming at supporting the development and monitoring of cities

This chapter briefly presents concepts and methodologies to support the management of urban drainage infrastructure. After the introduction, data requirements for assessing the condition of urban drainage systems are presented. Data can be collected in different ways. Data analysis allows for determining structural and functional issues and system performance. The causes and consequences of failures are required for condition assessment and are the subject of the risk section. Any intervention in the urban drainage system has a cost that must be assessed. Mathematical modelling of the urban drainage systems has an advantage for evaluating the hydraulic and structural performance. Decisions on the management of urban drainage rehabilitation need to be addressed considering the different points of view or aspects that are often contradictory. This may be addressed by using multi-criteria decision analysis methodologies.

Urban water services make use of extensive networked infrastructures - water supply and drainage systems. Efficient management of these services relies on the quality of measurements of hydraulic variables in pipes and sewers to support robust analysis of systems

This research aims at developing a comprehensive approach for assessing the energy use and efficiency in wastewater systems, considering the water-energy-greenhouse gas (W-E-G) emissions nexus supported by methods and tools, such as a tailored energy balance and a performance assessment system (PAS). This approach is aligned with continuous improvement principles and allows carrying out the diagnosis of energy efficiency in wastewater systems supporting the building of a portfolio of energy use improvement measures responding to strategic objectives and attending to the systems

Drinking water storage tanks are essential components of water supply systems to store water, to level off pressure in networks and to meet emergency storage. They are also frequent sources of deterioration of drinking water quality and safety owing to inadequate tank design and operation. Mostly, existing tanks design, dimensions and operation do not account for water mixing and renewal.

Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) are crucial to achieving the goals of the United Nations Agenda 2030 for sustainable development and other global agendas, such as the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. In the last decade, the NBS umbrella concept has become more relevant intending to contribute to urban resilience and to address the climate change challenges. NBS are living solutions inspired by nature that use or mimic natural processes intending to face several societal challenges, from the perspective of resource-efficient use and the promotion of economic and environmental benefits. Currently, cities are encouraged to understand and measure the NBS contribution to identify adequate strategies for enhancing resilience and prioritize investments accordingly. The objective of the present thesis is to promote and enhance the NBS implementation in cities, focused on solutions for stormwater management and control. Based on the analysis of their contribution to urban resilience, the potential to meet environmental, social, and economic challenges and to adapt across diverse urban scales and contexts is demonstrated. In this sense, a Resilience Assessment Framework (RAF) to assess the NBS contribution to urban resilience was developed. This framework aims to assess the NBS contribution to urban resilience. Moreover, a Guidance for the RAF application in cities with different resilience maturity was developed, which involved the RAF validation by seven cities (from a national and international context), that participated voluntarily in this phase. In this context, the developed RAF is comprehensive and multidimensional. It is driven by the definition of objectives, criteria, and metrics, according to the proposed structure for assessing the water supply and wastewater system service performance in the framework of the ISO 24500 standards of the International Organization for Standardization. For an oriented assessment of the criteria, qualitative and quantitative metrics were defined, considering data from different sources and complexity. Reference values were also identified and metrics' classifications were defined. In this classification, each answer is associated with a resilience development level, intending to assess the NBS contribution to urban resilience on a normalized scale. To support the RAF application to cities with different resilience maturity (in terms of resilience and available information), three analysis degrees (essential, complementary, and comprehensive) and a set of metrics were proposed, which are pre-defined in the guidance for the RAF application. To support the selection of the analysis degree more adequate to any city, a structure to characterize the city's profile was developed. This complementary profile also supports the interpretation of the RAF results, both at the city and at the level of specific NBS. To conclude, the application of the RAF essential analysis degree to the seven participating cities, with different challenges regarding urban resilience and NBS, and of the comprehensive analysis degree (complete RAF) to Porto´s urban area, through an assemble assessment at the city and NBS levels, were presented.

Over the past two decades, performance assessment (PA) has been one of the areas show-ing the greatest advancement in the water sector. PA aims to measure effectiveness and/or efficiency of an activity or process using performance metrics, supporting the decision-making process and the continuous improvement of water utilities. Despite the potential benefits, few projects, and initiatives on PA have been undertaken regarding storm water systems (SWS). The present thesis aims to develop a performance assessment framework (PAF), applicable to both conventional SWS and sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS), objective driven and focused on systems

Infrastructure asset management (IAM) has been increasingly becoming a key topic in the mind-set shift of the water sector managers and policy makers, allowing to assist in the operational, tactical and strategic decision-making in urban water infrastructures. Nevertheless, IAM implementation by the water utilities is still far from needed and not widespread, due to several challenges and constraints, mainly associated with limited human, technological and financial resources. The current research aims at enhancing urban water infrastructure asset management through an integrated decision-making approach, that includes novel methodologies for condition assessment, service life prediction and cost modelling. This approach can be applied at three assessment levels

Este trabalho tem como objetivo melhorar a eficiência energética dos sistemas de abastecimento de água através do desenvolvimento de uma metodologia orientada por objetivos e com recurso ao balanço energético e a métricas de desempenho que permitem identificar as principais origens de ineficiência energética dos sistemas, comparar diferentes alternativas de intervenção e contribuir para a melhoria contínua destes sistemas.A metodologia de investigação seguida contempla desenvolvimentos científicos aliados a uma aplicação prática num conjunto alargado de casos de estudo através de ferramentas de cálculo automático desenvolvidas para o efeito. Os desenvolvimentos científicos consistem na formulação matemática de um balanço energético flexível em termos de dados necessários para a sua implementação; o desenvolvimento de métricas de desempenho que permitem identificar a origem das ineficiências energéticas (equipamentos, perdas de água ou configuração e operação) e a sua sistematização numa metodologia que segue os princípios de melhoria contínua (Plan-Do-Check-Act). A aplicação a casos de estudo é efetuada em três etapas. A primeira etapa consiste na aplicação do balanço energético agregado e métricas de desempenho para diagnosticar ineficiências a nível global em sistemas sem modelo matemático. A segunda etapa consiste na aplicação de um balanço detalhado com recurso a modelos matemáticos, bem como uma análise de sensibilidade aos diferentes métodos. A terceira etapa centra-se na aplicação detalhada de dois casos de estudo para ilustrar a metodologia.Os principais resultados são: i) uma metodologia integrada para o diagnóstico água-energia em sistemas de abastecimento de água; ii) um novo balanço energético para sistemas de abastecimento de água; iii) resultados da aplicação do balanço e das métricas de eficiência energética em 110 sistemas; iv) ferramentas para cálculo das diferentes formulações de balanço energético e de métricas de desempenho; e v) valores reais e exemplos de soluções não convencionais que conduziram a melhorias de desempenho energético.

As estações de tratamento de águas residuais (ETAR) são atualmente alvo de esforços de melhoria do seu desempenho técnico, ambiental e económico. Empresas, reguladores e organismos de financiamento têm utilizado sistemas de avaliação de desempenho para apoiar as suas decisões. Neste contexto, o LNEC desenvolveu a 1.ª e 2.ª geração do sistema de avaliação de desempenho (PAS) de ETAR baseado em indicadores (PIs) e índices de desempenho (PXs). Para ambos, os valores de referência para o julgamento do desempenho são elementos chave. Apesar de serem elementos cruciais, os valores de referência precisavam ainda de ser definidos para avaliar e melhorar o desempenho das ETAR com foco na eficiência energética e gestão de afluências pluviais. Assim, o objetivo da tese foi desenvolver a terceira geração do PAS com valores de referência para avaliar o desempenho. Os PIs e PXs focam os objetivos principais da ETAR, ou seja, garantir a sustentabilidade técnica, econômica e ambiental, garantindo um tratamento eficaz e fiável com o consumo mínimo de energia, reagentes e produção de lamas. A estratégia seguida consistiu em desenvolver ou selecionar a partir da segunda geração do PAS sub-conjuntos de PIs e PXs de acordo com os objetivos, nomeadamente, eficácia, fiabilidade, desempenho energético e consumo de reagentes e gestão das lamas. Os valores de referência foram derivados com base numa revisão da literatura, equações empíricas e/ou estudos de campo e, sempre que aplicável, incorporam o efeito de parâmetros chave, de modo a avaliar o efeito das variações de caudal e de concentração. Foi desenvolvida uma análise estatística dos PXs para avaliar a fiabilidade da ETAR. Foi também demonstrada a flexibilidade do sistema de avaliação de desempenho para diferentes objetivos e uma abordagem para diagnosticar oportunidades de melhoria do desempenho, utilizando os PIs e PXs num ciclo PDCA (plan-do-check-act).

Este trabalho de investigação teve como objectivo principal propor, aplicar e validar uma metodologia que permitisse transformar dados de consumo urbano de água, obtidos a partir de sistemas de telemetria, em informação útil para a gestão dos serviços de água e para os consumidores.A metodologia encontra-se estruturada em quatro módulos: planeamento e monitorização,processamento de dados, produção de informação de caracterização e previsão eclassificação. Tirando partido de dados de consumo telemedidos aos vários níveis, desde o cliente individual às zonas de medição e controlo (ZMC), procede-se à aplicação dametodologia para caracterização de grandes consumidores, previsão do consumodoméstico nocturno, avaliação do efeito da variação de pressão no consumo autorizado enas perdas de água e previsão do consumo em ZMC.Para além da metodologia estruturada para a análise de consumos, as principaiscontribuições inovadoras são o desenvolvimento de modelos de previsão e de classificação do consumo em ZMC, em função das variáveis explicativas mais significativas, e a obtenção de expressões para a variação do consumo autorizado e das perdas reais com a pressão.O trabalho desenvolvido contribuirá para um uso mais eficiente da água, através de ummelhor conhecimento sobre as várias componentes do consumo urbano de água, assimcomo para o estabelecimento de critérios de projecto e de exploração da rede maissustentados.

Os serviços de abastecimento de água (SAA) têm vindo a incorporar princípios desustentabilidade na sua prática de gestão. O estado da arte em metodologias de avaliação dedesempenho de SAA mostrou a necessidade de abordar especificamente o tratamento,considerado insatisfatoriamente nas abordagens sistematizadas existentes.Na presente dissertação desenvolveu-se um sistema de avaliação de desempenho (PAS) deestações de tratamento de água (ETA), orientado por objectivos, normalizado e quantitativo,destinado a apoiar a tomada de decisão, e cobrindo os domínios qualidade da água tratada,eficiência/fiabilidade, utilização de água, energia e materiais, gestão de subprodutos, segurança,recursos humanos e económico financeiros.O PAS integra uma componente para avaliação do desempenho global, baseada em indicadoresde desempenho, e uma componente para avaliação do desempenho operacional, baseada emíndices de desempenho que avaliam, numa escala 0-300, a qualidade da água tratada, eficiênciasdas várias operações/processos unitários (OPU) e sua relação com condições de operação.Foi desenvolvida uma ferramenta de cálculo automático do PAS.A aplicação do PAS a cinco ETA de características diversas permitiu avaliar a evoluçãotemporal do seu desempenho, comparar estações e OPU, e identificar oportunidades de melhoriana operação das OPU, na qualidade da água tratada e utilização de recursos.

In this document, the Lisbon Living Lab presents the sequence of quarterly exchanges of specification between Task (T) 2.4 and T3.5 that occurred from March 2021 (M7) until February 2023 (M30). The output of subtasks 2.4.2, 2.4.3 and 2.4.4 fed the development of the software tools in T3.5 and its outputs. A short and concrete description of the exchange of specification is provided.

This report documents the final release of the water cycle modelling and assessment solutions toolkit, which is comprised of the following ten tools: the water reuse strategic platform (#16), the environment for decision support and alternative course selection (#17), Re-Actor (#18), the sludge management platform (#19), the UWC observatory (#20), the stormwater reuse management system (#21), the Nessie System (#29), the Environmental Dashboard (#30), the Digital Enabler (#32) and the climate-readiness certification tool (#33) . It includes the following aspects: tool description, attributes and information around pre-existing background, developments and advancements within the project, navigation and primary functionalities, interoperability, indicative applications and synergistic benefits and how to access each tool and test data. It presents the use of the tools in the LLs by explaining the tools' integrative use, conceptual links, data flows and pilot interactions.

This report documents the final release of the water cycle modelling and assessment solutions toolkit, which is comprised of the following eight tools: UWOT #22, regional demand-supply matching GIS tool #23, reclaimed water distribution network water quality model #24, water-energy-phosphorous balance planning module #25, QMRA+ #26, risk assessment for urban water reuse module #27, short-term demand forecasting tool #28 and SuTRa #31 and complements the other toolkit. It includes the following aspects: tool description, attributes and information around pre-existing background, developments and advancements within the project, navigation and primary functionalities, interoperability, indicative applications and synergistic benefits and how to access each tool and test data. It presents the use of the tools in the LLs by explaining the tools' integrative use, conceptual links, data flows and pilot interactions.

This report offers a preliminary overview of the main drivers and barriers related to the policy and governance dimensions across the six Living Labs of B-WaterSmart: Alicante (Spain), Bodø (Norway), East Frisia (Germany), Flanders (Belgium), Lisbon (Portugal) and Venice (Italy). It provides an overview of the policy framework with implications for water management in the European Union, including the main plans and strategies related to adaptation to climate change and implementation of a circular economy, along the nexus water-energy-resources-waste. Furthermore, we added a section that describes succinctly the main models of water governance in Europe.

The main objective of the EMPOWER+ project is to develop new high-performing GACs and PACs and reusable magnetic powdered activated carbons (MPACs), prepared by steam and CO2 activation of pine nut shells (PNS/Steam and PNS/CO2 activated carbons) following the protocol developed for PACs under the framework of LIFE Impetus project.

MS16 consists of the first, preliminary version, V0, of the B-WaterSmart Assessment Framework (BWS AF) developed by WP6 in Task 6.2. The MS16 is composed of an excel file and this document. The excel file provides the list of elements forming the framework: the strategic objectives, the assessment criteria and the metrics proposed. This document, after background information about the BWS AF use, scope and development phases, describes the structure and the elements listed in the excel file. All the information provided by MS16 will be embedded into a web-application by end of April 2022, so to facilitate the validation phase carried out by the InAll, during the period April-August 2022.The planning of the period to release the web-application has been agreed with Task 1.4 and it is aligned with the activities planned within the InAll. Given the continuous work on refinement of metrics planned in collaboration with the InAll, the web-application, as well as this MS16, will be kept as living files for updating as and when required until the V2 of the BWS AF will be finalized.

Este trabalho envolve dois aspetos diferenciadores face a estudos anteriores: Diagnóstico aprofundado do subsistema D.S5-EEA3, quer espacial quer temporalmente, recorrendo à modelação hidráulica, aos cenários de operação de inverno e verão e cobrindo aspetos como a pressão, velocidade e idade da água na situação de referência e futura.Especificação e análise comparativa de alternativas (desempenho, custos, benefícios) para a sua priorização atendendo ao seu impacto a médio e longo-prazo (e.g., 10 anos e 20 anos).O diagnóstico aprofundado e a priorização de alternativas atenderão à evolução futura do sistema mediante cenários que serão identificados em conjunto com a EG, designadamente, alteração nos padrões de uso da água potável em usos não potáveis, com redução do seu uso para, por exemplo, rega de espaços públicos verdes, lavagem de ruas, climatização e alterações de contexto interno (e.g., expansão da rede do subsistema D.S5-EEA3). Este relatório visa apresentar a metodologia e o sistema de avaliação para diagnóstico aprofundado de subsistemas.

One of the key objectives of B-WaterSmart is to deliver a water-smartness assessment framework (BWS AF) fully tested in the six living labs (LLs) of the project. This deliverable aims at providing first recommendations to support both the refinement of the BWS AF and the development of the corresponding dashboard. This deliverable describes (i) the approach followed to obtain the recommendations within the innovation alliance (InAll), the InAll process (Task 1.4), and an overview of the testing process of BWS AF version V0 (delivered by WP6). It further presents (ii) the feedback on the framework from the LL problem-owners (LLi) (with support from WP6 for feedback collection and processing of raw results), the respective analysis, and subsequent recommendations both for refinement of the framework, and the development of the dashboard-type software to facilitate its use.

D6.2 consists of the Version 1 of the B-WaterSmart Assessment Framework (BWS AF) developed by WP6 under Task 6.2. V1 builds on the V0 (MS16), which provided the preliminary list of the elements forming the framework. MS16 built on the theoretical background given by D6.1, describing the preliminary conceptual design of the framework. V1 is a transitional step between V0 and the final version V2 (by Task 6.3). To deliver V1, first the information provided by MS16 have been embedded into a web-application, to facilitate a validation phase carried out by the Innovation Alliance (InAll) under the coordination of Task 1.4 in the period April-August 2022. Afterwards, the InAll have been trained to the use of the web application and, by using the feedback forms made available, their insights have been shared with Task 6.2. The feedback has been analyzed by Task 6.2 in September and either already addressed in V1 or included in this document as input to Task 6.3. D6.2 is composed therefore by this supporting document and the web-application incorporating the updated version of the BWS-AF allowing further testing by the InAll. This document consists of two parts: part I includes background information about the BWS AF scope, the description of the co-creation process established with the InAll, and the updated version of the elements forming the framework V1 (incorporated in the web-application), as well as the aggregated analysis of the feedbacks provided by the InAll. Part II addresses Task 3.9, which will convert the BWS AF V2 into a dashboard, by sharing insights based on the experience gained during the development of the web-application and the validation phase. Last, D6.2 is closely related with D1.3 describing the scope and process of validation of V0 and also providing insights to Task 6.3 and Task 3.9 from the InAll perspective.

O projeto AGIR

Este estudo visa aumentar a confiança na reutilização segura da água, utilizando tecnologias de tratamento avançado como ultrafiltração, ozonização e osmose inversa para avaliar a sua eficácia e limitações. Desenvolvido numa estação de tratamento de águas residuais (ETAR), o estudo comparou a qualidade da água resultante de processos em grande escala, como a ultrafiltração, com água tratada adicionalmente através de um sistema piloto de ozonização e osmose inversa, ou apenas osmose inversa. Todos os esquemas de tratamento estudados produziram água adequada ao consumo humano.

EXCLUSIVO: AWARE-P vence prémio alemão e conquista novo reconhecimento internacional: É a primeira vez que é distinguido um projecto de um país que não fala alemão, entrevista de Ana Santiago (Jornalista do Jornal Água & Ambiente - Portal Ambiente Online) a Helena Alegre, 19 de Agosto de 2014

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