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In Portugal, emergency situations caused by sea waves are common, and usually have serious consequences for the economy and society. It is thus crucial to implement an early warning system to forecast the occurrence of these situations in relation to wave overtopping and flooding events in coastal/port areas. The European Framework Directive 2007/60/EC of 23 October 2007 recommended the development of risk maps and flood risk management plans, including the establishment of systems for forecasting and early warning. The national and local authorities need to implement short-term/emergency measures to prevent the loss of lives and reduce economic and environmental damage.

Nesta comunicação, descrevem-se os ensaios em modelo físico realizados com o objetivo de caracterizar o campo de ondas em torno de um navio livre, quando sujeito a condições de agitação incidente regular e irregular. Estes dados são especialmente importantes para a validação de modelos numéricos de caracterização da resposta de navios à ação da agitação incidente. Assim, para cada condição de agitação incidente, efetuaram-se medições da elevação da superfície livre e das componentes da velocidade em diversos pontos em redor do navio. Apresentam-se as seguintes análises dos dados experimentais: análise temporal e espetral (espetro de energia e wavelets) dos valores de elevação da superfície livre e análise temporal da velocidade das partículas, a meio da coluna de água. A análise temporal e espetral de cada série de medições obtida permitem a caracterização da agitação nos pontos em redor do navio, em termos de alturas, períodos e velocidade. Avalia-se também a influência do navio nas características da agitação.

Este artigo apresenta os resultados da aplicação do modelo numérico Simulating Waves Nearshore SWAN) com análises comparativas das medidas obtidas a partir dos resultados de modelagem e de edições durante as campanhas de campo em 2010 e 2012 no Litoral Setentrional do Rio Grande do Norte (NE do Brasil). O objetivo principal do presente estudo foi aplicar e validar o modelo numérico SWAN na determinação do clima de ondas, avaliar seus pontos fortes e limitações para a região de interesse. Os dados de campo realizados em dois pontos próximo da costa em profundidades de 3 m (PT_1) e 6 m (PT_2) por meio do uso de dois adcp: AWAC e AQUADOPP. Os dados adquiridos com estes equipamentos foram processados e permitiram a realização de análises espectrais de altura signifi cativa, HS (m), período médio, Tmed (s), e direção média, DIR (º). Para a implementação do modelo SWAN foram empregados para as condições de contorno os dados de agitação a partir do modelo de 3ª geração de escala oceânica Wavewatch III. Para o refi namento e aplicabilidade do modelo, foram introduzidos dados de ventos e maré locais, corrigidos com base no Manual de Engenharia Costeira (CEM), permitindo assim, melhor ajuste dos resultados da modelagem. O domínio de cálculo foi referenciado para as imensões da carta náutica 720, com três malhas regulares de diferentes dimensões e resolução: externa, intermediária e interna, sendo esta última, utilizada para fornecer os parâmetros de propagação da onda ao longo da costa. As confi gurações usadas para o SWAN foram as padrões em modo estacionário, com as formulações KOMEN, a dissipação devido à rebentação induzida pelo fundo com atrito de fundo usando a formulação JONSWAP com coefi ciente de atrito

Wave energy extraction in coastal regions may be an excellent alternative due to the increase in global demand for renewable energy. The viability study of this extraction depends on the evaluation of the wave energy potential that is higher in regions located in high latitudes. Therefore, this study shows evaluation and characterization of wave energy in the south of Brazil. Numerical simulations were carried out by the Mike 21 SW spectral model which was calibrated and validated in the region measurement campaigns. Annual, seasonal and monthly means and the temporal variability of the wave energy potential in a 10-year wave hindcast were analyzed offshore and nearshore. Annual mean fluxes in three points nearshore had similar values; the highest one was 6.7 kW/m, while the wave energy flux offshore was 22.3 kW/m. The refraction and the bottom friction dissipation were responsible for the wave attenuation from offshore to nearshore and, consequently, for the decrease in wave energy. The annual, seasonal and monthly variabilities of wave energy fluxes were moderate offshore and high nearshore. A directional analysis showed that the dominant wave directions were S and NE offshore whereas they were SSE and E nearshore.

No presente trabalho descreve-se a aplicação de uma metodologia para avaliação das consequências do galgamento no porto de Ponta Delgada, S. Miguel, Açores, recorrendo a uma análise multicritério (Processo de Análise Hierárquica, AHP) do impacto da ocorrência de galgamentos superiores aos limites admissíveis. Esta metodologia permite obter resultados baseados numa análise espacial dos indicadores que caraterizam a zona portuária em estudo, no que diz respeito à sua importância relativa.

This paper describes the analysis of the propagation of regular and irregular waves in a flume by using Fluent® model, which is based on the Navier-Stokes (NS) equations and employs the finite volume method and the Volume of Fluid (VoF) technique to deal with two-phase flows (air and water). At the end of the flume, a numerical beach is used to suppress wave reflections. The methodology consists of adding a damping sink term to the momentum equation. In this study, this term is calibrated for three cases of regular incident waves (H = 1 m, T = 5, 7.5, and 12 s) by varying the linear and quadratic damping coefficients of the formulation. In general, while lower values of damping coefficients cause residuals on the free surface elevation due to wave interactions with the outlet boundary, reflection occurs on the numerical beach when higher values are used. A range of optimal damping coefficients are found considering one of them null. In one of these cases, temporal series of free surface elevation are compared with theoretical ones and very good agreement is reached. Afterwards, an irregular wave propagation, characterized by a JONSWAP spectrum, is investigated. Several gauges along the flume are evaluated and good agreement between the spectrum obtained numerically and the ones imposed at beginning of the flume is verified. This study shows the capacity of NS models, such as Fluent®, to simulate adequately regular and irregular wave propagations in a flume with numerical beach to avoid reflections.

Scale-model tests are usually required to evaluate the hydraulic and structural behavior of proposed rubble-mound breakwater designs. In order to speed up and ease the armor layer damage assessment, we developed a technique based on stereo photogrammetry. A key feature of this technique is its ability to compensate for the refraction in the air-water interface, thus producing a survey of the envelope of the armor layer without the need to empty the wave flume or wave basin where the scale model tests are carried out. This article describes this technique and the tests made to establish confidence in it and in the damage evaluation on a breakwater scale model. Results led to an error estimation of only fractions of a centimeter.

A set of physical model tests was run in to characterize the ship

This paper presents the analysis of the probability of occurrence of wave overtopping events as well as its consequences at the Port of Las Nieves in Agaete, Gran Canaria Island, with the evaluation of the resulting level of flood risk. The study has been conducted using a third-generation spectral wave model to reproduce wave propagation from deep to shallow water depths considering the associated mean sea level, and a neural network-based model, for estimating mean wave overtopping discharges. Results reveal that overtopping in the initial sections of the port, located in the port access area, is substantially higher than that associated with the cross-sections of the main body of the breakwater, so that control actions to reduce overtopping are required due to the important socioeconomic implications regarding the infrastructure inoperability.

Neste trabalho, descreve-se a aplicação ao porto e baía da Praia da Vitória, na ilha Terceira, Açores, Portugal, da metodologia de avaliação do risco de galgamentos em estruturas marítimas em desenvolvimento no LNEC, considerando duas ferramentas neuronais para cálculo dos galgamentos baseadas em resultados da aplicação de redes neuronais artificiais, nomeadamente a ferramenta NN_Overtopping2 e a Overtopping Predictor v1.1. Em particular, avalia-se comparativamente quais as implicações que a utilização de cada uma destas ferramentas tem em termos de número de eventos de galgamento e magnitude dos caudais médios galgados, bem como consequente grau de risco, para as 9 secções-tipo de estruturas marítimas estudadas no porto e baía da Praia da Vitória. O período de estudo é de 5 anos (2008 a 2012).

This paper describes the advances on the research project DITOWEC

Nesta comunicação, descreve-se o sistema HIDRALERTA (sistema de previsão e alerta de inundações em zonas costeiras e portuárias), sistema em ambiente SIG que tem como ideia-base a utilização de previsões da agitação marítima (a 180 horas) para calcular os seus efeitos na costa, nomeadamente em termos de galgamentos e inundações. Dos desenvolvimentos mais recentes ou em curso destacam-se: a construção de mapas de risco costeiro, a partir da análise de uma série de 30 anos de dados de agitação marítima; o desenvolvimento e aplicação do sistema de alerta e da plataforma WEB para a zona da praia de São João da Caparica e para o porto e baía da Praia da Vitória (Terceira, Açores); a aplicação, com recurso a ferramentas SIG, de metodologias quantitativas de análise das consequências do galgamento/inundação (por exemplo, o Processo de Análise Hierárquica

The behaviour of a coastal structure depends on the nearshore hydrodynamics which isdependent from waves and their interaction with the structure. The knowledge of the wave transformationand breaking characteristics close to coastal structures becomes crucial for understanding the physicalprocesses that are involved and to the design of those coastal structures. Physical models and laboratoryexperiments are important tools for a better knowledge and characterization of these phenomena. In thiswork, wave flume tests were performed to analyse the wave hydrodynamics in the vicinity of a structure,constructed with a typical slope of a rubble-mound breakwater. We measured the free surface elevationand velocities by means of resistive probes and Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry. The results enable theidentification of complex phenomena in velocity field and several changes in the velocity field and waveheight caused by set-up, reflexion and wave breaking due to the presence of the structure. The increase ofthree-dimensional effects in the vicinity of the structure was also verified. The reliable experimental datacould be used to numerical models data validation.

Monitoring of water particle velocity on the sea bed is crucial to study morphological shore changes in a coast at intermediate and shallow water depth under progressive surface waves and tidal flow current. Therefore, 3-D particle velocity was monitored continuously at the bottom of Santa Maria del Mar (SMM) beach (SW Spain) by means of a single point current meter during 3 weeks in 2007 since August 28. The current meter was placed at 0.45m above the seabed in order to acquire instantaneous velocity. Wave properties (height and period) were taken from the nearby wave buoy and tidal data were taken from a tidal gauge station. Wave-induced bottom particle velocities were obtained during spring and neap tides at a d/L (depth over wave length) parameter ranging from 0.06 to 0.3. Bottom water particle velocity near the seabed ranges from 0 to ± 0.5 m/sec of which about 82% does not exceed 0.2 m/sec during monitoring. Therefore, only 18% of the surveyed water particle velocities exceed the critical Shield parameter of the beach sand (d50 = 0.23mm) which is about 0.05-0.2 depending on Reynolds number. Results show that maximum horizontal speed is obviously lower during the slack tide (high or low tide) in comparison with flood tide and ebb tide. Moreover, speed is higher during ebb tide in comparison to adjacent flood tide, with steady wave climate. Finally and among other conclusions, the maximum real values of the bottom current surveyed in SMM, as well as the Shield parameter, substantially coincide with the theoretical estimates calculated for a given wave and tidal climate.

No domínio específico do projeto e construção de obras marítimas e portuárias, ao contrário de outro tipo de obras de engenharia, não existe normativa de carácter obrigatório. No entanto, embora não haja legislação específica, existem, em diversos países, recomendações nacionais que reúnem os conceitos e critérios necessários ao Projeto, de forma a melhorar a segurança e otimizar obras de grande importância económica. Normalmente as recomendações focam não só o dimensionamento e construção de obras marítimo-portuárias e costeiras, novas ou extensão das existentes, mas também a sua monitorização e manutenção. Esta comunicação resume as recomendações internacionais existentes, já que em Portugal não há normativas nem recomendações nacionais para apoio ao dimensionamento hidráulico/estrutural de obras marítimas, incluindo as específicas para o dimensionamento geotécnico de obras marítimas e uma breve comparação entre elas.

The need for shelter zones in coastal areas leads to the construction ofstructures for shore protection such as breakwaters. Its design is mainly made based insemi-empirical formulas [1] [2] [3] and in the experience of the project designer, being thee ectiveness of the breakwater carried out through physical modelling.The Harbours and Maritime Structures Division of National Laboratory (NPE, portugueseacronym) for Civil Engineering (LNEC, portuguese acronym) have developed several ex-periments in bidimensional and tridimensional models. Through this experiments, thestability of the breakwater is tested and the evaluation of damage is made by counting thearmor units dislocated (movements or displacements).This damage evaluation is currentlydone by visual inspection thus being a subjective method where some relevant movementsmay go unnoticed.

Rubble-mound structures are commonly used for coastal and port protection and needs aproperly design as well as inspection and maintenance during its lifetime. The design of such breakwatersusually requires a physical scale model to be tested under different irregular incident wave and tideconditions in order to evaluate its hydraulic and structural behaviour, namely the stability of the proposeddesign. Armour units displacement and fall analysis in physical models are then a key point in the designverification and usually requires a trained technician. In this work, an algorithm made in Matlab® ispresented, consisting in digital images processing and analysis which allows automatic and precisedisplacement detection as well as its location in time and space. For a selected displacement, it is alsopossible to characterize it.

The HIDRALERTA system is current1y being implemented as a novel ear1y warning system to assess the risk of flooding in coastal and port region areas. With forecasted sea wave conditions at coastal and port areas, the system is able to determine the effects of waves in terms of wave overtopping and flooding, to compare those results with pre-specified thresholds, to build alert maps, and, if necessary, to issue alert messages. The system will be applied to two case studies: Praia da Vitória harbor, in Terceira Island, Azores, and Caparica beach, near Lisbon. One of the major inputs of this integrated system is the characterization of sea wave conditions at the site of interest, so that both measured wave data and selected numerical models are used. Numerical models, however, should be calibrated for each area of application. This paper is a contribution to get a better insight of the wave characteristics at one of those case studies, the Caparica beach, to provide adequate calibration of the mentioned numerical models. Therefore, two measurement campaigns were organized at that location, using several instruments. Data was collected and analyzed, then compared with those transferred from the Port of Lisbon wave buoy, by using numerical wave propagation models, which then enabled one to evaluate SWAN's performance and to calibrate some of its parameters. Thus, the paper describes the sea wave characterization using both in-situ data and transferred data from the Port of Lisbon wave buoy, and discusses the SWAN' s strengths and weaknesses to simulate thewave conditions measured at the two above mentioned campaigns.

O sistema HIDRALERTA é um sistema de previsão e alerta de risco de galgamento e inundações emáreas costeiras e portuárias, atualmente em desenvolvimento. Para obtenção das condições de agitação marítimalocais são utilizados modelos numéricos de propagação de ondas, nomeadamente o modelo SWAN. Este trabalhovisa contribuir para uma melhor compreensão das características da agitação marítima local num dos casos deestudo considerados no projeto: a praia de S. João de Caparica. Assim, utilizaram-se os dados recolhidos em duascampanhas de medição naquela zona, os quais foram depois analisados e comparados com os resultados obtidospelo modelo SWAN para o mesmo local. Foi ainda feita a comparação entre os dados fornecidos pela boia daAPL e o modelo SWAN, no local da boia. Estes procedimentos permitiram avaliar o desempenho do modeloSWAN para este local.

Este artigo descreve a aplicação do modelo SWAN-VEG para o lago da barragem de Ilha Solteira - São Paulo, Brasil, que faz parte da Hidrovia Tietê-Paraná, a fim de analisar a influência da vegetação sobre a redução da energia das ondas perto das margens do lago. Primeiramente, o modelo é aplicado, considerando uma profundidade constante em todo o reservatório da barragem e uma pequena área de vegetação localizada junto ao paredão da barragem. São testados vários valores de velocidade e direção do vento, bem como diferentes tipos de vegetação. Em seguida, a batimetria real do lago é considerada, bem como vegetação em determinadas zonas nas margens do lago. Várias condições de vento são testadas e comparadas para as situações com e sem vegetação.

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C2IMPRESS is a multi-disciplinary project which aims to enhance understanding and public awareness on multi-hazard risk, based on innovative models, methods, frameworks, tools and technologies to develop decision-making platforms with a fine-grained spatio-temporal data to better assess impacts, vulnerability and resilience on natural hazards. This Report is the Deliverable 1.1 and belongs to Work Package 1, which is mainly addressed to identify the past climate and physical processes that underlie natural disaster events and their consequences

A major objective of TRA LISBON 2022 Conference is to boost research and innovation capacity for the transport sector, throughout a full innovation cycle, from idea to market. Having this in view, the project

The demonstration area will be one of the main focus points of TRA LISBON 2022, presenting multifunctional spaces and being prepared to receive a large number of different types of on-site demonstrations (indoor and outdoor). On-line demonstrations will also be an option, allowing for the widest possible coverage of access for all the participants.The dedicated areas will allow for interactive demonstrations of technological innovations to be carried out by and for industry partners, researchers, and other stakeholders. Demonstrations are an excellent opportunity to introduce conference attendees in an engaging way, as well as to promote new contacts and promising business.

According to the CSA project plan, WP5.2 task objective is to organize technical tours that feature attractive and interactive showcases aiming at engaging participants into novel technologies for all transport modes and enabling stakeholders and their companies to disseminate and even sell their products and applications to all interested parties.

This report is part of HYDRALAB+ Work Package 10, which seeks to strengthen the coherence of experimental hydraulic and hydrodynamic research undertaken by the HYDRALAB+ partner organisations. It outlines the work carried out by Samui Design & Management Ltd, supported by HR Wallingford, in relation to the development of a data repository structure that can be adopted by participants of the HYDRALAB+ project.

Reliable prediction of wave run-up/overtopping and structure damage is a key task in the design and safety assessment of coastal and harbor structures. Run-up/overtopping and damage must be below acceptable limits, both in extreme and in normal operating conditions, to guarantee the stability of the structure and the safety of people and assets on and behind the structure. The mean-sea-level rise caused by climate change and its effects on wave climate may increase the number and intensity of run-up/overtopping events and make the existing coastal/harbor structures more vulnerable to damage.Accurate estimates, through physical modelling, of the statistics of overtopping waves for a set of climate change conditions, are needed. The research project HYDRALAB+ (H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015) gathers an advanced network of environmental hydraulic institutes in Europe, which provides access to a suite of environmental hydraulic facilities. They play a vital role in the development of climate change adaptation strategies, by allowing the direct testing of adaptation measures and by providing data for numerical model calibration and validation. The use of physical (scale) models allows the simulation of extreme events as they are now, and as they are projected to be under different climate change scenarios.The enclosed dataset refers to the experimental work developed at LNEC within HYDRALAB+ and considers 2D damage and overtopping tests for a rock armor slope, with four different approaches to represent storms. Data of free surface elevation, overtopping and damage is presented.

The HYDRALAB+ project is aimed at strengthening the coherence of experimental hydraulic and hydrodynamic research undertaken across its partner organisations. This report is D10.2 of the HYDRALAB+ project, entitled

The HYDRALAB+ project is aimed at strengthening the coherence of experimental hydraulic and hydrodynamic research undertaken across its partner organisations. This report is D10.3 of the HYDRALAB+ project, entitled

This deliverable is related to task 8.2

Neste relatório inicial são apresentadas a arquitetura e as caraterísticas gerais dos protótipos do sistema de previsão, alerta e gestão de riscos causados pela agitação marítima para os portos de Madalena do Pico, São Roque do Pico e Praia da Vitória. Os três protótipos em desenvolvimento têm por base uma arquitetura semelhante, com características distintas, nomeadamente no que respeita à localização dos dados de base, às malhas computacionais utilizadas e às características físicas das fronteiras, tanto no plano horizontal (interface terra-mar), como no vertical (batimetria dos fundos). Caracteriza-se o layout geral dos portos, bem como a sua morfologia e operabilidade.

The project LIFEGARACHICO (LIFE20 CCA/ES/001641) proposes the creation of an effective flexible adaptation framework for the coastal unicipalities of Macaronesia, making specific local interventions to increase their resilience against extreme coastal events resulting from climate change. Social surveys were applied in Praia da Vitória, Terceira, Azores, to understand the civilians perception of coastal flooding events.

The project LIFE-GARACHICO (LIFE20 CCA/ES/001641) proposes the creation of an effective flexible adaptation framework for the coastal municipalities of Macaronesia, making specific local interventions to increase their resilience against extreme coastal events resulting from climate change. Social surveys were applied in both localities in order to understand the civilians perception of coastal flooding events

Realização de ensaios em modelo físico reduzido 3D para a avaliação da estabilidade do quebra-mar destacado do Porto Inlgês, Maio, Cabo-Verde

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Adverse sea conditions can cause emergency situations associated to wave overtopping, which endanger the safety of people and goods, with negative impacts for society, the economy and the environment. Therefore, a methodology to assess the overtopping risk in port and coastal areas is essential for a proper planning and management of these areas.The Portuguese National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC) has been developing the HIDRALERTA system, an integrated decision-support tool for port and coastal management, which focus in preventing and supporting the management of emergency situations and the long-term planning of interventions in the study areas. It enables the user to calculate the risk for various port and coastal activities, starting with the characterization of sea-waves, wind field and tide levels at the study regions.HIDRALERTA was already tested at different places in Portugal: Costa da Caparica beach, in Almada, and port of Praia da Vitória, in the Azores. However, in both cases, the evaluation of wave overtopping / flooding consequences was carried out using a quite simple approach. In fact, such consequences were assessed only at a global and qualitative level, based on information provided by the responsible authorities.This paper aims at testing a quantitative methodology to evaluate overtopping consequences: the Analytic Network Process (ANP). This methodology was proposed to solve complex decision-making problems and its objective is to calculate the priorities among decision elements which will define their final weights on the consequences. The ANP approach can produce interdependencies between criteria and compute the respective weight of each criterion. Such a network model with dependence and feedback improves the priorities derived from judgements and makes prediction more accurate. So, the ANP allows comparison among clusters of elements. Furthermore, in this methodology we take into account the impacts of alternatives on the importance of criteria, by normalizing the comparison matrix. Thus, the given alternatives can influence the ranking of criteria.Application of the ANP methodology to the case study of Praia da Vitória port is presented and a consequences level map is obtained.

Apresenta-se um novo sistema de alerta para navios amarrados em portos que se encontra em desenvolvimento no Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil. O sistema SWAMS_ALERTA é um sistema de previsão e alerta baseado na avaliação do risco associado ao comportamento de navios amarrados em zonas portuárias.Os riscos associados a navios amarrados decorrem de movimentos excessivos, quer no plano horizontal, quer no plano vertical. Estes movimentos podem condicionar as atividades portuárias, nomeadamente cargas e descargas, mas em casos extremos podem levar à ocorrência de situações de emergência, tais como rotura de cabos, rotura de cabeços de amarração ou até colisões com o cais. As consequências deste tipo de situações envolvem sempre grandes prejuízos materiais e por vezes humanos.O sistema SWAMS_ALERTA utiliza as medições e previsões de agitação marítima para a determinação dos seus efeitos em termos de movimentos nos seis graus de liberdade e forças nas amarras e defensas quando o navio se encontra estacionado no cais. Para tal, o sistema recorre a uma série de modelos numéricos, interligados entre si. A comparação destes valores com valores máximos admissíveis pré-estabelecidos permite a avaliação, em tempo real, de situações de emergência e a emissão de alertas dirigidos às entidades portuárias.O sistema é constituído por 4 módulos:I

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