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In Portugal, emergency situations caused by sea waves are common, and usually have serious consequences for the economy and society. It is thus crucial to implement an early warning system to forecast the occurrence of these situations in relation to wave overtopping and flooding events in coastal/port areas. The European Framework Directive 2007/60/EC of 23 October 2007 recommended the development of risk maps and flood risk management plans, including the establishment of systems for forecasting and early warning. The national and local authorities need to implement short-term/emergency measures to prevent the loss of lives and reduce economic and environmental damage.

Nesta comunicação, descrevem-se os ensaios em modelo físico realizados com o objetivo de caracterizar o campo de ondas em torno de um navio livre, quando sujeito a condições de agitação incidente regular e irregular. Estes dados são especialmente importantes para a validação de modelos numéricos de caracterização da resposta de navios à ação da agitação incidente. Assim, para cada condição de agitação incidente, efetuaram-se medições da elevação da superfície livre e das componentes da velocidade em diversos pontos em redor do navio. Apresentam-se as seguintes análises dos dados experimentais: análise temporal e espetral (espetro de energia e wavelets) dos valores de elevação da superfície livre e análise temporal da velocidade das partículas, a meio da coluna de água. A análise temporal e espetral de cada série de medições obtida permitem a caracterização da agitação nos pontos em redor do navio, em termos de alturas, períodos e velocidade. Avalia-se também a influência do navio nas características da agitação.

Este artigo apresenta os resultados da aplicação do modelo numérico Simulating Waves Nearshore SWAN) com análises comparativas das medidas obtidas a partir dos resultados de modelagem e de edições durante as campanhas de campo em 2010 e 2012 no Litoral Setentrional do Rio Grande do Norte (NE do Brasil). O objetivo principal do presente estudo foi aplicar e validar o modelo numérico SWAN na determinação do clima de ondas, avaliar seus pontos fortes e limitações para a região de interesse. Os dados de campo realizados em dois pontos próximo da costa em profundidades de 3 m (PT_1) e 6 m (PT_2) por meio do uso de dois adcp: AWAC e AQUADOPP. Os dados adquiridos com estes equipamentos foram processados e permitiram a realização de análises espectrais de altura signifi cativa, HS (m), período médio, Tmed (s), e direção média, DIR (º). Para a implementação do modelo SWAN foram empregados para as condições de contorno os dados de agitação a partir do modelo de 3ª geração de escala oceânica Wavewatch III. Para o refi namento e aplicabilidade do modelo, foram introduzidos dados de ventos e maré locais, corrigidos com base no Manual de Engenharia Costeira (CEM), permitindo assim, melhor ajuste dos resultados da modelagem. O domínio de cálculo foi referenciado para as imensões da carta náutica 720, com três malhas regulares de diferentes dimensões e resolução: externa, intermediária e interna, sendo esta última, utilizada para fornecer os parâmetros de propagação da onda ao longo da costa. As confi gurações usadas para o SWAN foram as padrões em modo estacionário, com as formulações KOMEN, a dissipação devido à rebentação induzida pelo fundo com atrito de fundo usando a formulação JONSWAP com coefi ciente de atrito

Wave energy extraction in coastal regions may be an excellent alternative due to the increase in global demand for renewable energy. The viability study of this extraction depends on the evaluation of the wave energy potential that is higher in regions located in high latitudes. Therefore, this study shows evaluation and characterization of wave energy in the south of Brazil. Numerical simulations were carried out by the Mike 21 SW spectral model which was calibrated and validated in the region measurement campaigns. Annual, seasonal and monthly means and the temporal variability of the wave energy potential in a 10-year wave hindcast were analyzed offshore and nearshore. Annual mean fluxes in three points nearshore had similar values; the highest one was 6.7 kW/m, while the wave energy flux offshore was 22.3 kW/m. The refraction and the bottom friction dissipation were responsible for the wave attenuation from offshore to nearshore and, consequently, for the decrease in wave energy. The annual, seasonal and monthly variabilities of wave energy fluxes were moderate offshore and high nearshore. A directional analysis showed that the dominant wave directions were S and NE offshore whereas they were SSE and E nearshore.

No presente trabalho descreve-se a aplicação de uma metodologia para avaliação das consequências do galgamento no porto de Ponta Delgada, S. Miguel, Açores, recorrendo a uma análise multicritério (Processo de Análise Hierárquica, AHP) do impacto da ocorrência de galgamentos superiores aos limites admissíveis. Esta metodologia permite obter resultados baseados numa análise espacial dos indicadores que caraterizam a zona portuária em estudo, no que diz respeito à sua importância relativa.

This paper describes the analysis of the propagation of regular and irregular waves in a flume by using Fluent® model, which is based on the Navier-Stokes (NS) equations and employs the finite volume method and the Volume of Fluid (VoF) technique to deal with two-phase flows (air and water). At the end of the flume, a numerical beach is used to suppress wave reflections. The methodology consists of adding a damping sink term to the momentum equation. In this study, this term is calibrated for three cases of regular incident waves (H = 1 m, T = 5, 7.5, and 12 s) by varying the linear and quadratic damping coefficients of the formulation. In general, while lower values of damping coefficients cause residuals on the free surface elevation due to wave interactions with the outlet boundary, reflection occurs on the numerical beach when higher values are used. A range of optimal damping coefficients are found considering one of them null. In one of these cases, temporal series of free surface elevation are compared with theoretical ones and very good agreement is reached. Afterwards, an irregular wave propagation, characterized by a JONSWAP spectrum, is investigated. Several gauges along the flume are evaluated and good agreement between the spectrum obtained numerically and the ones imposed at beginning of the flume is verified. This study shows the capacity of NS models, such as Fluent®, to simulate adequately regular and irregular wave propagations in a flume with numerical beach to avoid reflections.

Scale-model tests are usually required to evaluate the hydraulic and structural behavior of proposed rubble-mound breakwater designs. In order to speed up and ease the armor layer damage assessment, we developed a technique based on stereo photogrammetry. A key feature of this technique is its ability to compensate for the refraction in the air-water interface, thus producing a survey of the envelope of the armor layer without the need to empty the wave flume or wave basin where the scale model tests are carried out. This article describes this technique and the tests made to establish confidence in it and in the damage evaluation on a breakwater scale model. Results led to an error estimation of only fractions of a centimeter.

A set of physical model tests was run in to characterize the ship

This paper presents the analysis of the probability of occurrence of wave overtopping events as well as its consequences at the Port of Las Nieves in Agaete, Gran Canaria Island, with the evaluation of the resulting level of flood risk. The study has been conducted using a third-generation spectral wave model to reproduce wave propagation from deep to shallow water depths considering the associated mean sea level, and a neural network-based model, for estimating mean wave overtopping discharges. Results reveal that overtopping in the initial sections of the port, located in the port access area, is substantially higher than that associated with the cross-sections of the main body of the breakwater, so that control actions to reduce overtopping are required due to the important socioeconomic implications regarding the infrastructure inoperability.

Neste trabalho, descreve-se a aplicação ao porto e baía da Praia da Vitória, na ilha Terceira, Açores, Portugal, da metodologia de avaliação do risco de galgamentos em estruturas marítimas em desenvolvimento no LNEC, considerando duas ferramentas neuronais para cálculo dos galgamentos baseadas em resultados da aplicação de redes neuronais artificiais, nomeadamente a ferramenta NN_Overtopping2 e a Overtopping Predictor v1.1. Em particular, avalia-se comparativamente quais as implicações que a utilização de cada uma destas ferramentas tem em termos de número de eventos de galgamento e magnitude dos caudais médios galgados, bem como consequente grau de risco, para as 9 secções-tipo de estruturas marítimas estudadas no porto e baía da Praia da Vitória. O período de estudo é de 5 anos (2008 a 2012).

IH-2VOF numerical model is applied to study wave interacting with a circular cylinder with adiameter of 0.02 m in a water depth of 0.27 m, with a wave period of 1.08 s and a wave heightof 0.047 m. The study includes analyses of convergence with the mesh discretization. Theconvergence of forces, velocities and Keulengan-Carpenter number was obtained when 32cells were used to define the cylinder.The influence of the wall proximity on the forces was also analyzed and 15 different ratiosbetween the pipe distance from the bottom and the pipe diameter were simulated, varying from0.0625 to 1.5. Results of lift, drag and inertia coefficients are compared with the experimentalresults of the experimental study of Jarno-Druaux et al. (1995) and the same trend in thevariation with the gap between the cylinder and the bottom was obtained with the modelgiving slightly larger values.

This paper compares the results obtained with the introduction of two new pressuredistribution functions in the numerical model FUNWAVE that was modified to simulate wavegeneration by sailing ships. The results obtained by Nascimento (2007) which used thepressure distribution functions of Li and Sclavounos (2002) in the free surface are taken as thereference values. Tests were performed with a ship sailing along the line defined by theintersection of a 1:50 slope with a constant depth bottom and the influence of the maximumpressure value was investigated. Whatever the pressure distribution function, the results showthat in the sloping bottom the crests of waves are bent along the slope and in the constantdepth the standard Kelvin wave patterns can be found.

Container ships traffic has increased significantly in recent years as well as the ship dimensions,therefore the need for port expansion and construction of new ports. Portugal is no exception to thisglobal phenomenon and there are plans to expand some of the major Portuguese ports (eg Sines andLeixões). These large ships require depths and widths of the entrance channels relatively large and itis inevitable that waves enter the ports. These waves can cause serious problems in port operation as aresult of excessive movement of the ship. The costs associated with berth downtime are enormous.For container ships, horizontal movements must be very small due to crane operation constraints.Excessive movements can also cause ship collisions with berth or with other ships or the breakage ofmooring lines, all with serious economic losses. From the above it becomes clear how important it isthe ability to know the sea conditions that lead to excessive movement of ships. This knowledgewould bring a huge asset to the port operational management and it could point out ways ofmitigating these problems.This paper describes the development of an integrated tool made of several numerical models able tocharacterize the wave climate and its effects in ports, particularly in terms of movements of shipsmoored to a port terminal. The validation of this tool is presented in the form of some simple testcases. Additionally an application to a real harbour situation is also presented. The informationobtained from this tool is a major help in port management and it can significantly increase thecompetitiveness of our ports.

O reservatório do lago da barragem de Ilha Solteira, que tem uma extensão de 100 km, está localizado no noroeste do estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Devido à sua grande dimensão, ondas geradas por ventos podem causar problemas à segurança de navegação, para a estabilidade das margens do rio, para as infra-estruturas de todo o reservatório, ou mesmo para a segurança pública. Em 2010/2011, uma campanha de dados de campo foi realizada a fim de medir o campo de ventos, de ondas e altura significativa. A batimetria de fundo do lago e a velocidade do vento foram usados no Swan (Simulating Waves Nearshore) para prever a altura significativa das ondas. A partir dos resultados obtidos pode-se dizer que a previsão do modelo numérico apresenta semelhanças com os valores experimentais.

Nesta comunicação descreve-se o projeto HIDRALERTA

Profile surveying in scale model tests of rubble-mound breakwaters, during a test series is,somehow, a time consuming procedure.Aiming to speed up this procedure, a photogrammetric method has been tested, as analternative to the mechanical profiler.This technique makes use of a software package that allows one to correct the refraction oflight at the air-water interface, enabling the realization of surveys without having to empty thecanal. This survey technique was already tested for two-dimensional scale models. The goal ofthe present work is to extend this survey technique to three-dimensional scale models.

This paper describes a wide range of wave flume tests which main objective is the study waveshoaling and breaking over a set of different gentle slopes for several incident waves and thusto contribute for a better understand of the hydrodynamics of wave transformation and wavebreaking.For a bichromatic wave resulting from a combination of two regular waves with periodsT=1.1 and 1.5s, with the same wave height H=0.08m, are presented and discussed thefollowing results: free surface elevation at selected sections along the flume; significant waveheight, significant and average periods along the flume; particle velocity components atdifferent locations along the flume; average, maximum and minimum values of thelongitudinal component of the velocity along the flume; free surface elevation and velocitycomponents spectral analysis; two dimensional distribution of the three components of thevelocity; and longitudinal velocity component vertical profiles.

Esta comunicação apresenta os resultados da introdução no modelo numéricoFUNWAVE de duas distribuições de pressão existentes na literatura para simular apropagação de ondas geradas por embarcações em regiões de batimetria variável. Aquelemodelo foi adaptado por Nascimento [1]de forma a incluir uma distribuição de pressõesmóvel nas equações da quantidade de movimento, na posição correspondente ao plano deflutuação do navio, sendo capaz de reproduzir a maioria dos fenómenos envolvidos napropagação da onda em direção à costa. Considerou-se como valores de referência osobtidos com a função de distribuição de Li e Sclavounos [2] implementada por Nascimento[1].

This paper presents the results for the two additional pressure distribution functionsincluded in the modified model FUNWAVE to simulate the propagation of waves generatedby ships, where the ship is represented by a pressure distribution function. This modifiedmodel was adapted by Nascimento [1] in order to include a specified moving pressure at thefree surface where the most of the phenomena involved in the transformation of the wave arereproduced. The value proposed by Nascimento [1] for the maximum value of the pressuredistribution function of Li and Sclavounos [6] was used as reference in the two new pressuredistribution functions.

Neste trabalho, é descrito a aplicação de umsistema de redes neurais ARTMAP-Fuzzy na previsão deagitação marítima na costa oeste portuguesa e, maisconcretamente, no Porto de Sines. O treinamento desta redeneural é efetuado com dados de medição de boia-ondógrafo aolargo do porto e resultados do modelo numérico de propagaçãode ondas na zona de entrada do porto, de 01/07/2010 a30/06/2012. Posteriormente, avaliou-se o desempenho da redequer para diferentes meses e uma semana selecionadosaleatoriamente no anterior período, quer para um anodesconhecido à rede, o de 2009. Estes testes mostram aspotencialidades e limitações da rede neste tipo de aplicações.

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C2IMPRESS is a multi-disciplinary project which aims to enhance understanding and public awareness on multi-hazard risk, based on innovative models, methods, frameworks, tools and technologies to develop decision-making platforms with a fine-grained spatio-temporal data to better assess impacts, vulnerability and resilience on natural hazards. This Report is the Deliverable 1.1 and belongs to Work Package 1, which is mainly addressed to identify the past climate and physical processes that underlie natural disaster events and their consequences

A major objective of TRA LISBON 2022 Conference is to boost research and innovation capacity for the transport sector, throughout a full innovation cycle, from idea to market. Having this in view, the project

The demonstration area will be one of the main focus points of TRA LISBON 2022, presenting multifunctional spaces and being prepared to receive a large number of different types of on-site demonstrations (indoor and outdoor). On-line demonstrations will also be an option, allowing for the widest possible coverage of access for all the participants.The dedicated areas will allow for interactive demonstrations of technological innovations to be carried out by and for industry partners, researchers, and other stakeholders. Demonstrations are an excellent opportunity to introduce conference attendees in an engaging way, as well as to promote new contacts and promising business.

According to the CSA project plan, WP5.2 task objective is to organize technical tours that feature attractive and interactive showcases aiming at engaging participants into novel technologies for all transport modes and enabling stakeholders and their companies to disseminate and even sell their products and applications to all interested parties.

This report is part of HYDRALAB+ Work Package 10, which seeks to strengthen the coherence of experimental hydraulic and hydrodynamic research undertaken by the HYDRALAB+ partner organisations. It outlines the work carried out by Samui Design & Management Ltd, supported by HR Wallingford, in relation to the development of a data repository structure that can be adopted by participants of the HYDRALAB+ project.

Reliable prediction of wave run-up/overtopping and structure damage is a key task in the design and safety assessment of coastal and harbor structures. Run-up/overtopping and damage must be below acceptable limits, both in extreme and in normal operating conditions, to guarantee the stability of the structure and the safety of people and assets on and behind the structure. The mean-sea-level rise caused by climate change and its effects on wave climate may increase the number and intensity of run-up/overtopping events and make the existing coastal/harbor structures more vulnerable to damage.Accurate estimates, through physical modelling, of the statistics of overtopping waves for a set of climate change conditions, are needed. The research project HYDRALAB+ (H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015) gathers an advanced network of environmental hydraulic institutes in Europe, which provides access to a suite of environmental hydraulic facilities. They play a vital role in the development of climate change adaptation strategies, by allowing the direct testing of adaptation measures and by providing data for numerical model calibration and validation. The use of physical (scale) models allows the simulation of extreme events as they are now, and as they are projected to be under different climate change scenarios.The enclosed dataset refers to the experimental work developed at LNEC within HYDRALAB+ and considers 2D damage and overtopping tests for a rock armor slope, with four different approaches to represent storms. Data of free surface elevation, overtopping and damage is presented.

The HYDRALAB+ project is aimed at strengthening the coherence of experimental hydraulic and hydrodynamic research undertaken across its partner organisations. This report is D10.2 of the HYDRALAB+ project, entitled

The HYDRALAB+ project is aimed at strengthening the coherence of experimental hydraulic and hydrodynamic research undertaken across its partner organisations. This report is D10.3 of the HYDRALAB+ project, entitled

This deliverable is related to task 8.2

Neste relatório inicial são apresentadas a arquitetura e as caraterísticas gerais dos protótipos do sistema de previsão, alerta e gestão de riscos causados pela agitação marítima para os portos de Madalena do Pico, São Roque do Pico e Praia da Vitória. Os três protótipos em desenvolvimento têm por base uma arquitetura semelhante, com características distintas, nomeadamente no que respeita à localização dos dados de base, às malhas computacionais utilizadas e às características físicas das fronteiras, tanto no plano horizontal (interface terra-mar), como no vertical (batimetria dos fundos). Caracteriza-se o layout geral dos portos, bem como a sua morfologia e operabilidade.

The project LIFEGARACHICO (LIFE20 CCA/ES/001641) proposes the creation of an effective flexible adaptation framework for the coastal unicipalities of Macaronesia, making specific local interventions to increase their resilience against extreme coastal events resulting from climate change. Social surveys were applied in Praia da Vitória, Terceira, Azores, to understand the civilians perception of coastal flooding events.

The project LIFE-GARACHICO (LIFE20 CCA/ES/001641) proposes the creation of an effective flexible adaptation framework for the coastal municipalities of Macaronesia, making specific local interventions to increase their resilience against extreme coastal events resulting from climate change. Social surveys were applied in both localities in order to understand the civilians perception of coastal flooding events

Realização de ensaios em modelo físico reduzido 3D para a avaliação da estabilidade do quebra-mar destacado do Porto Inlgês, Maio, Cabo-Verde

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Adverse sea conditions can cause emergency situations associated to wave overtopping, which endanger the safety of people and goods, with negative impacts for society, the economy and the environment. Therefore, a methodology to assess the overtopping risk in port and coastal areas is essential for a proper planning and management of these areas.The Portuguese National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC) has been developing the HIDRALERTA system, an integrated decision-support tool for port and coastal management, which focus in preventing and supporting the management of emergency situations and the long-term planning of interventions in the study areas. It enables the user to calculate the risk for various port and coastal activities, starting with the characterization of sea-waves, wind field and tide levels at the study regions.HIDRALERTA was already tested at different places in Portugal: Costa da Caparica beach, in Almada, and port of Praia da Vitória, in the Azores. However, in both cases, the evaluation of wave overtopping / flooding consequences was carried out using a quite simple approach. In fact, such consequences were assessed only at a global and qualitative level, based on information provided by the responsible authorities.This paper aims at testing a quantitative methodology to evaluate overtopping consequences: the Analytic Network Process (ANP). This methodology was proposed to solve complex decision-making problems and its objective is to calculate the priorities among decision elements which will define their final weights on the consequences. The ANP approach can produce interdependencies between criteria and compute the respective weight of each criterion. Such a network model with dependence and feedback improves the priorities derived from judgements and makes prediction more accurate. So, the ANP allows comparison among clusters of elements. Furthermore, in this methodology we take into account the impacts of alternatives on the importance of criteria, by normalizing the comparison matrix. Thus, the given alternatives can influence the ranking of criteria.Application of the ANP methodology to the case study of Praia da Vitória port is presented and a consequences level map is obtained.

Apresenta-se um novo sistema de alerta para navios amarrados em portos que se encontra em desenvolvimento no Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil. O sistema SWAMS_ALERTA é um sistema de previsão e alerta baseado na avaliação do risco associado ao comportamento de navios amarrados em zonas portuárias.Os riscos associados a navios amarrados decorrem de movimentos excessivos, quer no plano horizontal, quer no plano vertical. Estes movimentos podem condicionar as atividades portuárias, nomeadamente cargas e descargas, mas em casos extremos podem levar à ocorrência de situações de emergência, tais como rotura de cabos, rotura de cabeços de amarração ou até colisões com o cais. As consequências deste tipo de situações envolvem sempre grandes prejuízos materiais e por vezes humanos.O sistema SWAMS_ALERTA utiliza as medições e previsões de agitação marítima para a determinação dos seus efeitos em termos de movimentos nos seis graus de liberdade e forças nas amarras e defensas quando o navio se encontra estacionado no cais. Para tal, o sistema recorre a uma série de modelos numéricos, interligados entre si. A comparação destes valores com valores máximos admissíveis pré-estabelecidos permite a avaliação, em tempo real, de situações de emergência e a emissão de alertas dirigidos às entidades portuárias.O sistema é constituído por 4 módulos:I

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